Biology:Tropicoporus tropicalis

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Short description: Species of fungus
External image
Fig. A – D on page 17 of Lima et al. (2022)'s paper on MNHN's website.

Tropicoporus tropicalis
Scientific classification edit
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Hymenochaetales
Family: Hymenochaetaceae
Genus: Tropicoporus
Species:
T. tropicalis
Binomial name
Tropicoporus tropicalis
(M.J. Larsen & Lombard) L.W. Zhou & Y.C. Dai (2015)
Synonyms[1]
  • Poria rickii Bres. (1920)
  • Phellinus rickii (Bres.) A. David & Rajchenb. (1985)
  • Phellinus tropicalis M.J. Larsen & Lombard (1988)
  • Inonotus tropicalis (M.J. Larsen & Lombard) T. Wagner & M. Fisch. (2002)

Tropicoporus tropicalis is a mushroom of the family Hymenochaetaceae.[2] Tropicoporus tropicalis is a wood-decaying basidiomycetes that rarely causes disease in animals and human, and is commonly found in humid climate such as Brazil.[3][4][5][6][7] In its natural environment, the fungus is associated with white rot woody angiosperms, and has its annual fruiting body on tree trunks and branches.[4] Tropicoporus tropicalis has two kinds of hyphae (a dimitic hyphal system), generative and skeletal, that lack clamp connections.[3][4][8][9]

Taxonomy

Poria rickii is a species described by Giacomo Bresadola in 1920.[10] Alix David and Mario Rajchenberg renamed it Phellinus rickii in 1985.[11]

However, there already is a pre-existing name Phellinus rickii Teixeira 1950. To avoid confusion, Larsen and Lombard (1988) gave David and Rajchenberg's P. rickii a new name Phellinus tropicalis.[9]

Wagner and Fischer (2002) showed that Phellinus tropicalis belong in Inonotus sensu stricto after phylogenetic analysis of the fungus's rDNA nuclear LSU sequence, and renamed it Inonotus tropicalis.[12]

In Zhou et al. (2015), Inonotus sensu lato (equivalent to Inonotus sensu stricto in Wagner and Fischer 2002) contains at least three clades (A, B, and C). Clade A is Inonotus sensu stricto, and clade B and C together form the Inonotus linteus complex. Clade B and C each was given names Tropicoporus and Sanghuangporus. The fungus, belonging to clade B, is renamed Tropicoporus tropicalis in the same time.[2]

Description

Tropicoporus tropicalis is a fungus with the growth characteristics of being appressed, short-downy, homogeneous, adherent, even margins, indistinct, and odourless.[9] It is also woolly and yellowish-orange colonies,[3] with annual fruiting bodies and dimitic hyphal system,[12] which refers to the appearance of two kinds of hyphae: generative (2.5 – 4 ɥm in diameter, thin-walled, simple-septate, and pale yellowish brown), and skeletal (3.5 – 4.5 ɥm in diameter, thick-walled, infrequently simple-septate, and dull yellowish brown).[4][8][9] Moreover, the fungus lacks setal hyphae and clamp connections in its hyphae, which is either thin or thick walled.[3][8] However, it has numerous reddish brown Hymenial setae that has a maximum length of 25 ɥm,[8][13] and has dull brown pores that becomes whiter near the margin.[9][13] The Basidiocarp of Tropicoporus tropicalis is annual, resupinate, and hyaline.[2][8] The abundant fungal spores are coloured yellowish to ochraceous, and shaped ovoid to broadly ellipsoid and smooth when mature.[13] Both the spores (7 - 9 per mm) and the basidiospores are small, with basidiospores having more than 3.5 um wide when it is ellipsoid, and are less than 3.5 um wide when it is sub-globose.[2][8]

Physiology

The fungus grows:

The mat diameter of the fungus depends on temperature, but the optimal growth temperature is around 36 °C, and the maximum temperature without growth (not killed) is 44 °C.[9] Even though all parts of the fungus could be darkened by 2% KOH, only the hyphae can be stained by phloxine, a reddish dye.[9] Furthermore, Tropicoporus tropicalis is also found to be highly resistant to caspofungin and posaconazole, two different anti-fungal compounds.[3]

Ecology and habitat

Tropicoporus tropicalis is a poroid wood-decaying basidiomycete[4][5] that is usually associated with white rot woody angiosperms,[3] grow on deciduous wood,[6] and have fruiting body on infected tree trunks and branches.[4] It is mainly found in the tropical zone[2] and humid climate,[6] such as Brazil; but is present in Mississippi, Florida, Georgia, Jamaica, Guadeloupe, Costa Rica, Colombia, East Africa, and Malaya, Johore, and Mawaii Malaysia.[7]

As a pathogen

Tropicoporus tropicalis rarely causes diseases in animals and human.[3] However, it is an opportunistic pathogen that has the potential to induce allergic and invasive diseases in mammals.[3]

Animal

The fungus has been recorded to cause fungal pericardial effusion and myocarditis in a French bulldog, that was under immunosuppressive therapy (species was non-pigmented, and has indication of a hyalohyphomycosis infection);[5] and induced a granulomatous mediastinal mass in an immunocompromised Irish Wolfhound dog.[14]

Human

The first association of an invasive infection on human occurred on a patient with chronic granulomatous disease.[7][15] In addition, two similar chronic granulomatous disease cases of I. tropicalis infection were later found in immunodeficient children and adults that had caused osteomyelitis.[6]

In 2021, the first case of Tropicoporus tropicalis infection on a immunocompetent human was reported.[16]

References

  1. ↑ "Species Fungorum - GSD Species". https://www.speciesfungorum.org/Names/GSDspecies.asp?RecordID=373923. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Zhou, Li-Wei; Vlasák, Josef; Decock, Cony; Assefa, Addisu; Stenlid, Jan; Abate, Dawit; Wu, Sheng-Hua; Dai, Yu-Cheng (26 April 2015). "Global diversity and taxonomy of the Inonotus linteus complex (Hymenochaetales, Basidiomycota): Sanghuangporus gen. nov., Tropicoporus excentrodendri and T. guanacastensis gen. et spp. nov., and 17 new combinations". Fungal Diversity 77: 335–347. doi:10.1007/s13225-015-0335-8. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 Chowdhary, A.; Kathuria, S.; Agarwal, K.; Meis, J. F. (8 September 2014). "Recognizing filamentous basidiomycetes as agents of human disease: A review". Medical Mycology 52 (8): 782–797. doi:10.1093/mmy/myu047. PMID 25202126. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 De Simone, Daniele; D’Amico, Lorella; Bressanin, Daniela; Motta, Emma; Annesi, Tiziana (17 August 2010). "Molecular characterization of Inonotus rickii /Ptychogaster cubensis isolates from different geographic provenances". Mycological Progress 10 (3): 301–306. doi:10.1007/s11557-010-0702-5. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Ribas, Thibault; Pipe-Martin, Hannah; Kim, Kenneth S.; Leissinger, Mary K.; Bauer, Rudy W.; Grasperge, Britton J.; Grooters, Amy M.; Sutton, Deanna A. et al. (June 2015). "Fungal myocarditis and pericardial effusion secondary to Inonotus tropicalis (phylum Basidiomycota) in a dog". Journal of Veterinary Cardiology 17 (2): 142–148. doi:10.1016/j.jvc.2015.01.004. PMID 26003903. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 Nguyen, D.K.; Davis, C.M.; Chinen, J.; Vallejo, J.G.; Noroski, L.M. (February 2009). "Basidiomycetous Inonotus (Phellinus) tropicalis Osteomyelitis in Pediatric and Adult X-linked Chronic Granulomatous Disease". Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 123 (2): S13. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2008.12.060. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Sutton, D. A.; Thompson, E. H.; Rinaldi, M. G.; Iwen, P. C.; Nakasone, K. K.; Jung, H. S.; Rosenblatt, H. M.; Paul, M. E. (4 February 2005). "Identification and First Report of Inonotus (Phellinus) tropicalis as an Etiologic Agent in a Patient with Chronic Granulomatous Disease". Journal of Clinical Microbiology 43 (2): 982–987. doi:10.1128/JCM.43.2.982-987.2005. PMID 15695724. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 Campos-Santana, Marisa De; Robledo, Gerardo; Decock, Cony; Silveira, Rosa Mara Borges Da (March 2015). "Diversity of the Poroid Hymenochaetaceae (Basidiomycota) from the Atlantic Forest and Pampa in Southern Brazil". Cryptogamie, Mycologie 36 (1): 43–78. doi:10.7872/crym.v36.iss1.2015.43. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6 9.7 Larsen, Michael J.; Lombard, Frances F. (January 1988). "Studies in the Genus Phellinus. I. The Identity of Phellinus rickii with Notes on Its Facultative Synonyms". Mycologia 80 (1): 72. doi:10.2307/3807495. https://zenodo.org/record/1235183. 
  10. ↑ "Poria rickii". https://www.mycobank.org/MB/187607. 
  11. ↑ "Pore fungi from French Antilles and Guiana". Mycotaxon 22 (2): 285–325. 1985. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Wagner, T; Fischer, M (2002). "Proceedings towards a natural classification of the worldwide taxa Phellinus s.l. and Inonotus s.l., and phylogenetic relationships of allied genera.". Mycologia 94 (6): 998–1016. doi:10.2307/3761866. PMID 21156572. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 Gottlieb, Alexandra M.; Wright, Jorge E.; Moncalvo, Jean-Marc (August 2002). "Inonotus s. l. in Argentina — Morphology, cultural characters and molecular analyses". Mycological Progress 1 (3): 299–313. doi:10.1007/s11557-006-0028-5. 
  14. ↑ Sheppard, B. J.; McGrath, E.; Giuffrida, M.; Craft, S. L. M.; Kung, C. Y.; Smith, M. E. (8 August 2013). "Report of wood decay fungus Inonotus tropicalis (phylum Basidiomycota) from a dog with a granulomatous mediastinal mass". Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 25 (5): 566–572. doi:10.1177/1040638713499341. PMID 23929678. 
  15. ↑ Davis, CM; Noroski, LM; Dishop, MK; Sutton, DA; Braverman, RM; Paul, ME; Rosenblatt, HM (July 2007). "Basidiomycetous fungal Inonotus tropicalis sacral osteomyelitis in X-linked chronic granulomatous disease.". The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 26 (7): 655–6. doi:10.1097/inf.0b013e3180616cd0. PMID 17596815. 
  16. ↑ "First case of Tropicoporus tropicalis keratitis in an immunocompetent host from India and review of the literature". Journal of Medical Mycology 32 (1). 2021. doi:10.1016/j.mycmed.2021.101205. 

Wikidata ☰ Q28401349 entry



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