Borel's lemma
In mathematics, Borel's lemma, named after Émile Borel, is an important result used in the theory of asymptotic expansions and partial differential equations.
Statement
Suppose U is an open set in the Euclidean space Rn, and suppose that f0, f1, ... is a sequence of smooth functions on U.
If I is any open interval in R containing 0 (possibly I = R), then there exists a smooth function F(t, x) defined on I×U, such that
- [math]\displaystyle{ \left.\frac{\partial^k F}{\partial t^k}\right|_{(0,x)} = f_k(x), }[/math]
for k ≥ 0 and x in U.
Proof
Proofs of Borel's lemma can be found in many text books on analysis, including (Golubitsky Guillemin) and (Hörmander 1990), from which the proof below is taken.
Note that it suffices to prove the result for a small interval I = (−ε,ε), since if ψ(t) is a smooth bump function with compact support in (−ε,ε) equal identically to 1 near 0, then ψ(t) ⋅ F(t, x) gives a solution on R × U. Similarly using a smooth partition of unity on Rn subordinate to a covering by open balls with centres at δ⋅Zn, it can be assumed that all the fm have compact support in some fixed closed ball C. For each m, let
- [math]\displaystyle{ F_m(t,x)={t^m\over m!} \cdot \psi\left({t\over \varepsilon_m}\right)\cdot f_m(x), }[/math]
where εm is chosen sufficiently small that
- [math]\displaystyle{ \|\partial^\alpha F_m \|_\infty \le 2^{-m} }[/math]
for |α| < m. These estimates imply that each sum
- [math]\displaystyle{ \sum_{m\ge 0} \partial^\alpha F_m }[/math]
is uniformly convergent and hence that
- [math]\displaystyle{ F=\sum_{m\ge 0} F_m }[/math]
is a smooth function with
- [math]\displaystyle{ \partial^\alpha F=\sum_{m\ge 0} \partial^\alpha F_m. }[/math]
By construction
- [math]\displaystyle{ \partial_t^m F(t,x)|_{t=0}=f_m(x). }[/math]
Note: Exactly the same construction can be applied, without the auxiliary space U, to produce a smooth function on the interval I for which the derivatives at 0 form an arbitrary sequence.
See also
References
- Erdélyi, A. (1956), Asymptotic expansions, Dover Publications, pp. 22–25, ISBN 0486603180
- Golubitsky, M.; Guillemin, V. (1974), Stable mappings and their singularities, Graduate Texts in Mathematics, 14, Springer-Verlag, ISBN 0-387-90072-1
- Hörmander, Lars (1990), The analysis of linear partial differential operators, I. Distribution theory and Fourier analysis (2nd ed.), Springer-Verlag, p. 16, ISBN 3-540-52343-X
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