Cardano (blockchain platform)

From HandWiki
Short description: Public blockchain platform
Cardano
Cardano Logo.jpg
Denominations
SymbolADA, ₳
Subunits
 ​1⁄1000000Lovelace
Development
Original author(s)Charles Hoskinson & Jeremy Wood
White paperCardano whitepaper
Initial release27 September 2017 (6 years ago) (2017-09-27)[1]
Latest release8.1.2 / 26 July 2023 (11 months ago) (2023-07-26)[2]
Code repositoryhttps://cardanoupdates.com/
Development statusActive
Written inHaskell
Operating systemCross-platform
Developer(s)Cardano Foundation, IOHK, EMURGO
Source modelFree and open-source software
LicenseApache
Websitecardano.org
Ledger
Timestamping schemeProof of stake
Block time20 seconds
Block explorerAdatools.io

Pooltool.io

Cardanoscan.io
Circulating supply36.365 billion ₳ (as of Nov. 2023)
Supply limit45 billion ₳[3]
Valuation
Exchange rateFloating

Cardano is a public blockchain platform. It is open-source and decentralized, with consensus achieved using proof of stake. It can facilitate peer-to-peer transactions with its internal cryptocurrency, ADA.[4]

Cardano's development began in 2015, led by Ethereum co-founder Charles Hoskinson. The project is overseen and supervised by the Cardano Foundation based in Zug, Switzerland .[5][6] When launched in 2017, it was the largest cryptocurrency to use a proof-of-stake blockchain, which is seen as a greener alternative to proof-of-work protocols.[7]

Cardano co-founder Charles Hoskinson. (2022, Web Summit)

History

After leaving Ethereum in 2014 Charles Hoskinson and Jeremy Wood set out their plans for Cardano in 2015.[8][9][10] Hoskinson had left Ethereum after a dispute with another co-founder, Vitalik Buterin. Hoskinson wanted to accept venture capital and create a company, while Buterin wanted to keep it as a nonprofit organization. Woods and Hoskinson co-founded the business IOHK to develop blockchains for use by corporations, governments, and education institutions.[10]

Cardano was initially released to the public in 2017.[3] That year, IOHK partnered with the University of Edinburgh to launch the Blockchain Technology Laboratory.[11][12] The lab had six post-doctoral and professorial positions with up to 35 jobs created in total, and was led by Aggelos Kiayias, developer of the Ouroboros protocol.[13]

Cardano reached a market cap of $77 billion in May 2021, which was the fourth highest for a cryptocurrency at that time.[14][15]

Advertising agency MBLM ranked Cardano 26th for brand intimacy out of 600 brands in August 2022, in between Ford and Nestlé and the highest rank for a cryptocurrency. Citing an MBLM partner, advertising industry magazine Ad Age said Cardano's high ranking "can likely be chalked up to the gambling element of crypto".[16]

Design

Cardano technical overview. (2019)

Governance

Cardano is controlled by three entities:

  • Cardano foundation aims to standardize and promote the ecosystem (based in Switzerland).
  • IOHK: an engineering company responsible for building the Cardano blockchain.
  • Emurgo: responsible for commercial applications.[3]

As of 2021, Frederik Gregaard is known to be the CEO of the Cardano Foundation.[17]

The platform is named after Italian mathematician Gerolamo Cardano, while the cryptocurrency itself is named after the English mathematician Ada Lovelace. The Ada sub-unit is the Lovelace; one Ada = 1,000,000 Lovelaces.[18] Cardano differentiates itself from many other cryptocurrencies by focusing on scientific research and working together with universities.[3][19]

Technical design

Atypically, Cardano does not have a white paper. Instead, it uses design principles intended to overcome issues faced by earlier cryptocurrencies such as scalability, interoperability, and regulatory compliance.[20] Cardano claims that it overcomes problems found in other cryptocurrencies: mainly that Bitcoin is too slow and inflexible, and that Ethereum is not safe or scalable.[21] Like Bitcoin, Cardano uses a UTXO ledger model, though it is an extended version (EUTXO)[22][23] to facilitate smart contracts and scripting languages.[24]

Cardano uses a proof-of-stake (PoS) protocol named Ouroboros;[25] this is in contrast to Bitcoin and Ethereum, which use proof-of-work protocols (though the latter switched over in 2022).[26] Proof-of-stake blockchains use far less energy than proof-of-work chains.[26] This is achieved by eliminating the computing resources that a proof of work algorithm requires.[27] In February 2021, Hoskinson estimated the Cardano network used 6 GWh annually, less than 0.01% of the 110.53 TWh used by the Bitcoin network as calculated by the University of Cambridge.[28][29][3]

Figure 1: Epoch schedule for the Cardano blockchain. In Ouroboros time is divided into slots of roughly 20 seconds, with epochs (aggregations of slots) lasting approximately 5 days. (2021) [30][31][32]

Within the Cardano platform, Ada exists on the settlement layer. This layer is similar to Bitcoin and keeps track of transactions. The second layer is the computation layer and is designed to be similar to Ethereum, enabling smart contracts and applications to run on the platform.[21]

The cryptocurrency Ada (ADA) can be stored on Cardano's native digital wallet named "Daedalus".[3] The wallet downloads a full copy of the entire Cardano blockchain transaction history. Users face the risk of losing access to funds if the wallet's seed phrase is lost or stolen. The review in Investopedia highlighted the wallet's security and noted the lack of: mobile support, support for other tokens, and "onramp" to purchase assets with money.[33]

Development phases of Cardano, or "eras", are named after notable figures in poetry and computer science: Byron, Shelley, Goguen, Basho and Voltaire. The first three stages implemented a basic blockchain, and then implemented decentralisation and smart contracts. The Basho era focuses on scaling the blockchain.[34] Voltaire, the final era, adds voting and treasury management functionality to the blockchain.[35]

Once Voltaire is complete IOHK has said it plans to release the development of the network entirely to the community.[27] The "Cardano improvement proposal" CIP-1694 is the first step towards "on-chain" governance. It intends to allow ADA token holders to create proposals that may be voted upon by the community and, if successful, implemented. [36]

As with other proof-of-stake cryptocurrencies, Cardano offers "staking", which allows token holders to set-aside (delegate) tokens to potentially "validate" transactions on the same blockchain (see Figure 1). The quantity of tokens staked corresponds with the likelihood of being chosen to validate a transaction, and thus be rewarded by the algorithm with more of the same token.[37][38] Cardano's Daedalus wallet allows for staking.[33] For Cardano, users participate in "staking pools" with other token-holders.[27]

Applications

Cardano enthusiasts gather for Consensus conference, 2022.

Applications of the Cardano blockchain include:

  • In 2018, IOHK signed a memorandum of understanding with the government of Ethiopia to consider the use of Cardano in its coffee supply chain.[39] The partnership with the Ethiopian government also investigate other ways to deploy Cardano in the country.[40]
  • In 2019, the Ministry of Education in the country of Georgia signed a memorandum of understanding with the Free University of Tbilisi to use Cardano and Atala, IOHK's decentralized identity software, to build a credential verification system for Georgia.[41]
  • In 2019, New Balance announced a pilot program on the Cardano blockchain so buyers could track the authenticity of OMN1S Kawhi Leonard basketball shoes.[42]
  • In April 2021, IOHK and the Ethiopia Ministry of Education announced plans for an identity and record-keeping system on Cardano and Atala for the country's five million school pupils.[43]
  • In 2021, Hoskinson began working with electronic dance music DJ Paul Oakenfold to release an album, Zombie Lobster, on the Cardano blockchain.[44]
  • In 2021, IOHK and Dish Network announced a collaboration to investigate the use of distributed ledger technology.[45]
  • The Cardano blockchain was cited in Quartz as having the potential to help citizens in Zanzibar, Ethiopia and Burundi get digital IDs.[46]
  • World Mobile Token (WMT), a project built on Cardano, offers remote mobile network access in Africa with approximately 150 nodes in East Africa (2022). Mark Cuban is cited as being skeptical about the project and Cardano adoption.[47]
  • In 2023 a Ghanaian startup named "Mazzuma" received funding from the Adaverse, a Cardano ecosystem accelerator. Massuma(GPT) aims to use AI in its smart contract creation platform.[48]

Decentralized finance

Cardano implemented decentralized finance (DeFi) services on September 12, 2021, including an upgrade to enable smart contracts and the ability to build decentralized applications (DApps).[49] Also included is Plutus, a smart contract language written in Haskell, and Marlowe, a domain-specific language designed by Simon Thompson for non-programmers in the financial sector.[24][50][better source needed][51]

Partner chains

In November 2023 Cardano began introducing sidechains, referred to by the project as "partner chains". Sidechains are intended to perform off-chain computations, known as smart contracts, while using the Cardano network for settlement. The first example of such a chain, named "Midnight", will make use of the Polkadot (cryptocurrency) framework in combination with Cardano.[52][better source needed]

Non-fungible tokens (NFTs)

Main page: Finance:Non-fungible token

Cardano also enables creating non-fungible tokens (NFTs). Snoop Dogg released several thousand NFTs in a project named "Baked Nation" for the Cardano chain in April 2022.[53] In 2023 a digital artist from the UK sold 7,200 individual works of humanoid deer for almost £500,000 on Cardano.[54][55]

Legal status and regulation

In 2023, the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), a US regulator, issued a complaint against the cryptocurrency exchange Kraken for offering unregistered securities (in violation of the Securities Act) and promising returns on investment for staking in multiple proof-of-stake cryptocurrencies, including Cardano.[38] Without any admission of wrongdoing, Kraken agreed to pay a fine of $30 million and halt its staking program in response.[56][38]

In June 2023, the SEC sued Binance. Among the allegations was that Cardano was a security and so the cryptocurrency exchange was trading illegally in the US.[57] IOG made a statement in response claiming that the filing was inaccurate and asserting that Ada was not a security.[58] The Ada price fell from $0.38 to $0.26 in a day on the FT Wilshire index. Both the Wall Street Journal and The Times linked a fall in the price of Cardano – 19 per cent in June – and a slide for other major coins to the SEC's actions.[59][60]

References

  1. ↑ "Releases - input-output-hk/cardano-sl". https://github.com/input-output-hk/cardano-sl/releases/tag/v1.0.1. 
  2. ↑ "Releases - input-output-hk/cardano-node". https://github.com/input-output-hk/cardano-node/releases. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 "Cryptocurrencies and blockchain". July 2018. https://www.europarl.europa.eu/cmsdata/150761/TAX3%20Study%20on%20cryptocurrencies%20and%20blockchain.pdf. 
  4. ↑ "Die Grundlagen der Cardano-Kryptowährung" (in de). hamburg-magazin.de. 26 June 2020. https://www.hamburg-magazin.de/artikel/die-grundlagen-der-cardano-kryptow%C3%A4hrung. 
  5. ↑ "Bitcoin's Smaller Cousins". 20 December 2017. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-12-20/baby-altcoins-leading-crypto-rally-as-bitcoin-goes-mainstream. "Cardano, backed by the Zug, Switzerland-based Cardano Foundation, is a decentralized public blockchain that aims to protect user privacy, while also allowing for regulation" 
  6. ↑ "ZUG: Ex-Tezos-Mann geht zu Cardano" (in de). Luzerner Zeitung. 20 February 2018. https://www.luzernerzeitung.ch/wirtschaft/zug-ex-tezos-mann-geht-zu-cardano-ld.84805. 
  7. ↑ "What is Cardano? The 'green' crypto that hopes to surpass the tech giants" (in en). 2021-05-18. https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/cardano-crypto-bitcoin-elon-musk-b1849021.html. 
  8. ↑ "Ethereum Cofounder Says Blockchain Presents 'Governance Crisis'" (in en). https://fortune.com/2019/04/08/ethereum-cofounder-governance-charles-hoskinson/. 
  9. ↑ "ICOs explained". 6 October 2017. https://www.cnbc.com/2017/10/05/how-icos-setting-the-vc-world-ablaze-work.html. ""ethereum co-founder Charles Hoskinson says it has become increasingly more challenging to regulate this new asset class" and "ICO market could crash"" 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Au-Yeung, Angel (7 February 2018). "A Fight Over Ethereum Led A Cofounder To Even Greater Crypto Wealth". Forbes Magazine. https://www.forbes.com/sites/angelauyeung/2018/02/07/charles-hoskinson-ethereum-iohk-blockchain-crypto-cryptocurrency/. "IOHK's key project: Cardano, a public blockchain and smart-contract platform which hosts the Ada cryptocurrency." 
  11. ↑ "Beyond Bitcoin - IOHK and University of Edinburgh establish Blockchain Technology Laboratory". The University of Edinburgh (Press release). Retrieved 31 March 2020.
  12. ↑ "The University of Edinburgh is launching a blockchain research lab with one of the cofounders of Ethereum" (in en). www.insider.com. https://www.insider.com/iohk-sponsors-blockchain-research-lab-at-the-university-of-edinburgh-tokyo-tech-2017-2. 
  13. ↑ "Edinburgh laboratory to bring 35 jobs". The Times. 25 February 2017. https://iohk.io/docs/press/The%20Times%20UK%20coverage.pdf. 
  14. ↑ "What is Cardano? The 'green' crypto that hopes to surpass the tech giants" (in en). 2021-05-18. https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/cardano-crypto-bitcoin-elon-musk-b1849021.html. 
  15. ↑ "Cryptocurrency goes green: Could 'proof of stake' offer a solution to energy concerns?" (in en). June 2021. https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/tech-news/cryptocurrency-goes-green-proof-stake-offer-solution-energy-concerns-rcna1030. 
  16. ↑ "Crypto brands perform surprisingly well in brand intimacy report" (in en). 2022-08-17. https://adage.com/article/digital-marketing-ad-tech-news/how-crypto-brands-fared-brand-intimacy-report-2022/2426616. 
  17. ↑ "Cardano Unveils Multiple Strategic Partnerships at the Cardano Summit 2021, Pioneering Use Cases across Climate Restoration". PRNewswire (Press release). 28 September 2021. Retrieved 3 January 2023 – via Bloomberg News.
  18. ↑ "What is Ada?". https://cardano.org/what-is-ada/. 
  19. ↑ "Blockchain believers hold fast to a utopian vision". 27 January 2017. https://www.ft.com/content/a12d7476-bc6a-11e6-8b45-b8b81dd5d080. 
  20. ↑ "The Blockchain Galaxy A comprehensive research on distributed ledger technologies". 6 May 2020. https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/it/Documents/financial-services/Deloitte_Blockchain_galaxy.pdf. "The distinctive feature of Cardano is its "research-first" approach to design." 
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 "Cardano: a rising cryptocurrency". 24 February 2018. https://mashable.com/2018/02/24/cardano-hoskinson-interview/?europe=true#M7WXfcgYIkq2. "Cardano claims it will solve most of the issues that plague well-established cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin and Ethereum" 
  22. ↑ Chakravarty, Manuel M. T.; Chapman, James; MacKenzie, Kenneth; Melkonian, Orestis; Peyton Jones, Michael; Wadler, Philip (2020). Bernhard, Matthew; Bracciali, Andrea; Camp, L. Jean et al.. eds. "The Extended UTXO Model" (in en). Financial Cryptography and Data Security. Lecture Notes in Computer Science (Cham: Springer International Publishing): 525–539. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-54455-3_37. ISBN 978-3-030-54455-3. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-54455-3_37. 
  23. ↑ Brünjes, Lars; Gabbay, Murdoch J. (2020). Margaria, Tiziana; Steffen, Bernhard. eds. "UTxO- vs Account-Based Smart Contract Blockchain Programming Paradigms" (in en). Leveraging Applications of Formal Methods, Verification and Validation: Applications. Lecture Notes in Computer Science (Cham: Springer International Publishing): 73–88. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-61467-6_6. ISBN 978-3-030-61467-6. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-61467-6_6. 
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 Lamela Seijas, Pablo; Nemish, Alexander; Smith, David; Thompson, Simon (2020). Bernhard, Matthew; Bracciali, Andrea; Camp, L. Jean et al.. eds. "Marlowe: Implementing and Analysing Financial Contracts on Blockchain" (in en). Financial Cryptography and Data Security. Lecture Notes in Computer Science (Cham: Springer International Publishing): 496–511. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-54455-3_35. ISBN 978-3-030-54455-3. 
  25. ↑ Badertscher, Christian; Gaži, Peter; Kiayias, Aggelos; Russell, Alexander; Zikas, Vassilis (15 January 2018). "Ouroboros Genesis". Proceedings of the 2018 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security. CCS '18. Toronto, Canada: Association for Computing Machinery. pp. 913–930. doi:10.1145/3243734.3243848. ISBN 978-1-4503-5693-0. https://doi.org/10.1145/3243734.3243848. 
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 Volpicelli, Gian M.. "A blockchain tweak could fix crypto's colossal energy problem" (in en-GB). Wired UK. ISSN 1357-0978. https://www.wired.co.uk/article/blockchain-cryptocurrency-energy-use. Retrieved 2021-05-13. 
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 27.2 "Cardano (ADA): What Is It and How Does It Differ from Bitcoin?". 6 May 2020. https://www.investopedia.com/cardano-definition-4683961. "The distinctive feature of Cardano is its "research-first" approach to design." 
  28. ↑ "Bitcoin's wild ride renews worries about its massive carbon footprint". 9 February 2021. https://www.cnbc.com/2021/02/05/bitcoin-btc-surge-renews-worries-about-its-massive-carbon-footprint.html. "Bitcoin has a carbon footprint comparable to that of New Zealand" 
  29. ↑ Ponciano, Jonathan. "Cardano Surges During $300 Billion Crypto Crash As Musk Eyes Sustainable Bitcoin Alternatives" (in en). https://www.forbes.com/sites/jonathanponciano/2021/05/13/cardano-surges-during-300-billion-crypto-crash-as-musk-eyes-sustainable-bitcoin-alternatives/. 
  30. ↑ Mellentin, Florian (January 2, 2021). The Cardano Proof of Stake Protocol "Ouroboros" (Thesis). Retrieved February 19, 2023.
  31. ↑ Kuçi, Arbër (March 1, 2021). Proof-of-stake blockchain: Ouroboros Analysis of epoch duration and transaction confirmation time (PDF) (MSc.). University of Bern. Retrieved February 19, 2023.
  32. ↑ Kiayias, Aggelos; Russell, Alexander; David, Bernardo; Oliynykov, Roman (27 July 2017). "Ouroboros: A Provably Secure Proof-of-Stake Blockchain Protocol". in Katz, J.; Shacham, H. (in en). Advances in Cryptology – CRYPTO 2017. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. 10401. Cham: Springer. pp. 357–388. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-63688-7_12. ISBN 978-3-319-63688-7. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-63688-7_12. 
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 "Daedalus Cryptocurrency Wallet Review". 20 December 2020. https://www.investopedia.com/daedalus-cryptocurrency-wallet-review-5270584. "Daedalus Wallet is a single-asset, desktop-based wallet" 
  34. ↑ Kiayias, Aggelos (2020-04-15). "Digital Banking Trends Of 2020" (in en-GB). https://www.globalbankingandfinance.com/digital-banking-trends-of-2020/. 
  35. ↑ "A Treasury System for Cryptocurrencies: Enabling Better Collaborative Intelligence" (in en-US). https://www.ndss-symposium.org/ndss-paper/a-treasury-system-for-cryptocurrencies-enabling-better-collaborative-intelligence/. 
  36. ↑ "Cardano Ballot event to mark blockchain’s move into its 'age of Voltaire'". City A.M.. https://uk.finance.yahoo.com/news/cardano-ballot-event-mark-blockchain-190556770.html. 
  37. ↑ Macheel, Tanaya. "What investors need to know about 'staking,' the passive income opportunity at the center of crypto's latest regulation scare" (in en). CNBC (11 February 2023). https://www.cnbc.com/2023/02/11/what-investors-need-to-know-about-crypto-staking.html. 
  38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 38.2 "Kraken to Discontinue Unregistered Offer and Sale of Crypto Asset Staking-As-A-Service Program and Pay $30 Million to Settle SEC Charges". 9 February 2023. https://www.sec.gov/litigation/complaints/2023/comp-pr2023-25.pdf. "To settle the SEC's charges, the two Kraken entities agreed to immediately cease offering or selling securities through crypto asset staking services or staking programs" 
  39. ↑ "Startups push blockchain beyond cryptocurrency". 2 July 2018. https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/Cryptocurrencies/Startups-push-blockchain-beyond-cryptocurrency. 
  40. ↑ Phillips, Ruari (11 June 2018). "Ethiopian government-Cardano Technology team up on blockchain" (in en-GB). https://www.busiweek.com/ethiopian-government-cardano-technology-team-up-on-blockchain/. 
  41. ↑ "Ministry of Education signs deal with Cardano Atala". 17 June 2019. https://forbes.ge/news/6500/Ministry-of-Education-signs-deal-with-Cardano-Atala-. 
  42. ↑ "Sneakers meet the blockchain in New Balance shoe authenticity pilot" (in en-US). 17 October 2019. https://siliconangle.com/2019/10/17/sneakers-meet-blockchain-new-balance-pilot-shoe-authenticity/. 
  43. ↑ Sorkin, Andrew Ross; Karaian, Jason; Kessler, Sarah; Merced, Michael J. de la; Hirsch, Lauren; Livni, Ephrat (2021-04-27). "Tesla Makes Money (Including From Selling Cars)" (in en-US). The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/27/business/dealbook/tesla-earnings-bitcoin.html. 
  44. ↑ Sunkel, Cameron (September 28, 2021). "There's a New Paul Oakenfold Album Arriving on the Cardano Blockchain" (in en). EDM.com. https://edm.com/news/paul-oakenfold-album-cardano-blockchain. 
  45. ↑ Vaughan-Nichols, Steven (26 October 2021). "Dish partners with FreedomFi to deliver 5G hotspots" (in en). ZDNET. https://www.zdnet.com/article/dish-partners-with-freedomfi-to-deliver-5g-hotspots/. 
  46. ↑ Ngila, Faustine (28 September 2022). "Blockchain startups are helping Africa solve its most pressing hurdles" (in en). Quartz. https://qz.com/blockchain-training-is-spreading-across-africa-1849589837. 
  47. ↑ Parkin, Darren (14 August 2022). "Mark Cuban goes head-to-head with World Mobile CEO over Cardano". CityAM. https://www.cityam.com/mark-cuban-goes-head-to-head-with-world-mobile-ceo-over-cardano/. 
  48. ↑ "Adaverse backs Ghana Web3 startup Mazzuma to unveil AI-based smart contract generator". https://www.techloy.com/adaverse-backs-ghana-web3-startup-mazzuma/. 
  49. ↑ BI India Bureau (13 September 2021). "Cardano can now mint NFTs, run DApps and more – but the creators themselves are asking people to keep their expectations in check". Times Internet Limited. https://www.businessinsider.in/cryptocurrency/news/cardano-can-now-mint-nfts-run-dapps-and-more-but-the-creators-themselves-are-asking-people-to-keep-their-expectations-in-check/articleshow/86164625.cms. 
  50. ↑ "Say Hello to IOHK's New Cardano Blockchain Tools, Plutus and Marlowe". 11 December 2018. https://www.crowdfundinsider.com/2018/12/142217-say-hello-to-iohks-cardano-blockchain-tools-plutus-and-marlowe/. 
  51. ↑ Thompson, Simon (2019). Marlowe: financial contracts on Blockchain (Report). https://codesync.global/media/marlowe-financial-contracts-on-blockchain-cmldn19/. Retrieved 22 December 2023. 
  52. ↑ "IOG announces Midnight – a new blockchain to protect data and safeguard technology freedoms". https://www.cityam.com/iog-announces-midnight-a-new-blockchain-to-protect-data-and-safeguard-technology-freedoms/. 
  53. ↑ "5 crypto and NFT projects that Snoop Dogg has been involved with". https://www.cnbctv18.com/cryptocurrency/5-crypto-and-nft-projects-that-snoop-dogg-has-been-involved-with-16079141.htm. 
  54. ↑ "Cryptocurrency: Digital artist nets hundreds of thousands in NFT sale". https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-wales-65669069. 
  55. ↑ "Cardano Outperforms Crypto Rivals Amid Scaling, Fee Momentum". https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-01-17/cardano-outperforms-crypto-rivals-amid-scaling-fee-momentum. 
  56. ↑ "Crypto Exchange Kraken Ends Staking Program in $30 Million SEC Settlement" (in en). Bloomberg.com. 2023-02-09. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-02-09/crypto-exchange-kraken-ends-staking-program-in-sec-settlement. 
  57. ↑ Michaels, Dave; Ostroff, Caitlin; Kowsmann, Patricia (2023-06-05). "SEC Says Binance Misused Customer Funds, Ran Illegal Crypto Exchange in U.S." (in en-US). Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. https://www.wsj.com/articles/sec-sues-crypto-exchange-binance-over-u-s-rule-violations-6918ed0f. 
  58. ↑ Anon (June 7, 2023). "IOG response to the recent SEC filings". https://iohk.io/en/blog/posts/2023/06/07/iog-response-to-the-recent-sec-filings/. 
  59. ↑ "Crypto Prices Slide After SEC Sues Binance" (in en-US). https://www.wsj.com/livecoverage/stock-market-today-dow-jones-06-05-2023/card/crypto-prices-plummet-after-sec-sues-binance-ObwMCh0dWdKC93JxCM0k. 
  60. ↑ Russell-Jones, Lily (2023-11-06). "Everything you need to know about crypto" (in en). ISSN 0140-0460. https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/everything-you-need-to-know-about-crypto-ndfqck3kb. 

External links



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