Chemistry:Hybrid power

From HandWiki
Short description: Combinations between different technologies to generate electric power
Early hybrid power system. The gasoline/kerosine engine drives the dynamo which charges the storage battery.

Hybrid power are combinations between different technologies to produce power.

In power engineering, the term 'hybrid' describes a combined power and energy storage system.[1]

Examples of power producers used in hybrid power are photovoltaics, wind turbines, and various types of engine-generators – e.g. diesel gen-sets.[2]

Hybrid power plants often contain a renewable energy component (such as PV) that is balanced via a second form of generation or storage such as a diesel genset, fuel cell or battery storage system. They can also provide other forms of power such as heat for some applications.[3][4]

Hybrid power system

Hybrid systems, as the name implies, combine two or more modes of electricity generation together, usually using renewable technologies such as solar photovoltaic (PV) and wind turbines. Hybrid systems provide a high level of energy security through the mix of generation methods, and often will incorporate a storage system (battery, fuel cell) or small fossil fueled generator to ensure maximum supply reliability and security.[5]

Hybrid renewable energy systems are becoming popular as stand-alone power systems for providing electricity in remote areas due to advances in renewable energy technologies and subsequent rise in prices of petroleum products. A hybrid energy system, or hybrid power, usually consists of two or more renewable energy sources used together to provide increased system efficiency as well as greater balance in energy supply.[6]

Types

Hydro and solar

Floating solar is usually added to existing hydro rather than building both together.

Solar and wind

Hybrid solar and wind system
Block diagram of a PV/wind hybrid energy system

  • Typical wind and solar hybrid system

  • Hybrid on Žirje, Croatia

  • Small wind and solar hybrid system

Another example of a hybrid energy system is a photovoltaic array coupled with a wind turbine.[7] This would create more output from the wind turbine during the winter, whereas during the summer, the solar panels would produce their peak output. Hybrid energy systems often yield greater economic and environmental returns than wind, solar, geothermal or trigeneration stand-alone systems by themselves.[8]

Horizontal axis wind-turbine, combined with a solar panel on a lighting pylon at Weihai, Shandong province, China

A combine use of wind-solar systems results, in many places, to a smoother power output since the resources are anti-correlated. Therefore, the combined use of wind and solar systems is crucial for a large-scale grid integration.[9]

In 2019 in western Minnesota, a $5m hybrid system was installed. It runs 500 kW of solar power through the inverter of a 2 MW wind turbine, increasing the capacity factor and reducing costs by $150,000 per year. Purchase contracts limits the local distributor to a 5% maximum of self-generation.[10][11]

The Pearl River Tower in Guangzhou, China, will mix solar panel on its windows and several wind turbines at different stories of its structure, allowing this tower to be energy positive.[citation needed]

In several parts of China & India, there are lighting pylons with combinations of solar panels and wind-turbines at their top. This allows space already used for lighting to be used more efficiently with two complementary energy productions units. Most common models use horizontal axis wind-turbines, but now models are appearing with vertical axis wind-turbines, using a helicoidal shaped, twisted-Savonius system.[citation needed]

Solar panels on the already existing wind turbines has been tested, but produced blinding rays of light that posed a threat to airplanes. A solution was to produce tinted solar panels that do not reflect as much light. Another proposed design was to have a vertical axis wind turbine coated in solar cells that are able to absorb sunlight from any angle.[12]

Other solar hybrids include solar-wind systems. The combination of wind and solar has the advantage that the two sources complement each other because the peak operating times for each system occur at different times of the day and year. The power generation of such a hybrid system is more constant and fluctuates less than each of the two component subsystems.[13]

Hydro and wind

A wind-hydro system generates electric energy combining wind turbines and pumped storage. The combination has been the subject of long-term discussion, and an experimental plant, which also tested wind turbines, was implemented by Nova Scotia Power at its Wreck Cove hydro electric power site in the late 1970s, but was decommissioned within ten years. Since, no other system has been implemented at a single location as of late 2010.[14]

Wind-hydro stations dedicate all, or a significant portion, of their wind power resources to pumping water into pumped storage reservoirs. These reservoirs are an implementation of grid energy storage.

Wind and its generation potential is inherently variable. However, when this energy source is used to pump water into reservoirs at an elevation (the principle behind pumped storage), the potential energy of the water is relatively stable and can be used to generate electrical power by releasing it into a hydropower plant when needed.[15] The combination has been described as particularly suited to islands that are not connected to larger grids.[14]

During the 1980s, an installation was proposed in the Netherlands.[16] The IJsselmeer would be used as the reservoir, with wind turbines located on its dike.[17] Feasibility studies have been conducted for installations on the island of Ramea (Newfoundland and Labrador) and on the Lower Brule Indian Reservation (South Dakota).[18][19]

An installation at Ikaria Island, Greece, had entered the construction phase as of 2010.[14]

The island of El Hierro is where the first world's first wind-hydro power station is expected to be complete.[20] Current TV called this "a blueprint for a sustainable future on planet Earth". It was designed to cover between 80-100% of the island's power and was set to be operational in 2012.[21] However, these expectations were not realized in practice, probably due to inadequate reservoir volume and persistent problems with grid stability.[22]

100% renewable energy systems require an over-capacity of wind or solar power.[23]

Solar PV and solar thermal

Though Solar PV generates cheaper intermittent power during the day light time, it needs the support of sustainable power generation sources to provide round the clock power. Solar thermal plants with thermal storage are clean sustainable power generation to supply electricity round the clock.[24][25] They can cater the load demand perfectly and work as base load power plants when the extracted solar energy is found excess in a day.[26] Proper mix of solar thermal (thermal storage type) and solar PV can fully match the load fluctuations without the need of costly battery storage.[27][28]

During the day time, the additional auxiliary power consumption of a solar thermal storage power plant is nearly 10% of its rated capacity for the process of extracting solar energy in the form of thermal energy.[26] This auxiliary power requirement can be made available from cheaper solar PV plant by envisaging hybrid solar plant with a mix of solar thermal and solar PV plants at a site. Also to optimise the cost of power, generation can be from the cheaper solar PV plant (33% generation) during the day light whereas the rest of the time in a day is from the solar thermal storage plant (67% generation from Solar power tower and parabolic trough types) for meeting 24 hours base load operation.[29] When solar thermal storage plant is forced to idle due to lack of sunlight locally during cloudy days in monsoon season, it is also possible to consume (similar to a lesser efficient, huge capacity and low cost battery storage system) the cheap surplus / infirm power from solar PV, wind and hydro power plants by heating the hot molten salt to higher temperature for converting stored thermal energy in to electricity during the peak demand hours when the electricity sale price is profitable.[30][31]

Solar PV, battery and grid

System diagram of intelligent hybrid inverters used in domestic setting.

Solar PV gives variable output which can be buffered with battery storage. However, large variations exist in production over the day, as well in many places seasonally. The battery helps match the power with the load. A hybrid solar inverter additionally allows the storage of low cost electricity drawn down on cheap tariffs.[32]

Wind-hydrogen system

Wind hydrogen.JPG

One method of storing wind energy is the production of hydrogen through the electrolysis of water. This hydrogen is subsequently used to generate electricity during periods when demand can not be matched by wind alone. The energy in the stored hydrogen can be converted into electrical power through fuel cell technology or a combustion engine linked to an electrical generator.

Successfully storing hydrogen has many issues which need to be overcome, such as embrittlement of the materials used in the power system.

This technology is being developed in many countries. In 2007 there was an IPO of an Australian firm called Wind Hydrogen that aimed to commercialise this technology in both Australia and the UK.[33] In 2008 the company changed its name and turned its operations to fossil fuel exploration.[34]

In 2007, technology test sites included:

Community Country Wind MW
Ramea, Newfoundland and Labrador[35] Newfoundland, Canada 0.3
Prince Edward Island Wind-Hydrogen Village[36] PEI, Canada
Lolland[37] Denmark
Bismarck[38] North Dakota, US
Koluel Kaike[39] Santa Cruz, Argentina
Ladymoor Renewable Energy Project (LREP)[40] Scotland
Hunterston Hydrogen Project Scotland
RES2H2[41] Greece 0.50
Unst[42] Scotland 0.03
Utsira[43] Norway 0.60

Wind and diesel

A wind-diesel hybrid power system combines diesel generators and wind turbines,[44] usually alongside ancillary equipment such as energy storage, power converters, and various control components, to generate electricity. They are designed to increase capacity and reduce the cost and environmental impact of electrical generation in remote communities and facilities that are not linked to a power grid.[44] Wind-diesel hybrid systems reduce reliance on diesel fuel, which creates pollution and is costly to transport.[44]

Wind-diesel generating systems have been under development and trialled in a number of locations during the latter part of the 20th century. A growing number of viable sites have been developed with increased reliability and minimized technical support costs in remote communities.[citation needed]

The successful integration of wind energy with diesel generating sets relies on complex controls to ensure correct sharing of intermittent wind energy and controllable diesel generation to meet the demand of the usually variable load. The common measure of performance for wind diesel systems is Wind Penetration which is the ratio between Wind Power and Total Power delivered, e.g. 60% wind penetration implies that 60% of the system power comes from the wind. Wind Penetration figures can be either peak or long term. Sites such as Mawson Station, Antarctica, as well as Coral Bay and Bremer Bay in Australia have peak wind penetrations of around 90%. Technical solutions to the varying wind output include controlling wind output using variable speed wind turbines (e.g. Enercon, Denham, Western Australia), controlling demand such as the heating load (e.g. Mawson), storing energy in a flywheel (e.g. Powercorp, Coral Bay). Some installations are now being converted to wind hydrogen systems such as on Ramea in Canada which is due for completion in 2010.[citation needed]

Recently,[when?] in Northern Canada wind-diesel hybrid power systems were built by the mining industry. In remote locations at Lac de Gras, in Canada's Northwest Territories, and Katinniq, Ungava Peninsula, Nunavik, two systems are used to save fuel at mines. There is another system in Argentina.[45]

Combined cycle hydrogen power plant

Renewable and conventional energy production in Germany over two weeks in 2022. In hours with low wind and PV production, hard coal and gas fill the gap. Nuclear and biomass show almost no flexibility. PV follows the increased consumption during daytime hours but varies seasonally.

Wind and solar power are variable renewable energy sources that aren't as consistent as base load energy and a combined cycle hydrogen power plant could help renewables by capturing excess energy, with electrolysis, when they produce to much and fill the gaps with that energy when they aren't producing as much.[46]

Other hybrid power systems

At power stations that use compressed air energy storage (CAES), electrical energy is used to compress air and store it in underground facilities such as caverns or abandoned mines. During later periods of high electrical demand, the air is released to power turbines, generally using supplemental natural gas.[47] Power stations that make significant use of CAES are operational in McIntosh, Alabama, Germany, and Japan.[48] System disadvantages include some energy losses in the CAES process; also, the need for supplemental use of fossil fuels such as natural gas means that these systems do not completely make use of renewable energy.[49]

The Iowa Stored Energy Park, projected to begin commercial operation in 2015, will use wind farms in Iowa as an energy source in conjunction with CAES.[50]

Combining solar and geothermal is also possible.[51]

Solar and diesel

A common type is a photovoltaic diesel hybrid system,[52][53] combining photovoltaics (PV) and diesel generators, or diesel gensets, as PV has hardly any marginal cost and is treated with priority on the grid. The diesel gensets are used to constantly fill in the gap between the present load and the actual generated power by the PV system.[54]

As solar energy is fluctuating, and the generation capacity of the diesel genesets is limited to a certain range, it is often a viable option to include battery storage in order to optimize solar's contribution to the overall generation of the hybrid system.[54][55]

The best business cases for diesel reduction with solar and wind energy can normally be found in remote locations because these sites are often not connected to the grid and transport of diesel over long distances is expensive.[56] Many of these applications can be found in the mining sector [57] and on islands [54][58][59]

In 2015, a case-study conducted in seven countries concluded that in all cases generating costs can be reduced by hybridising mini-grids and isolated grids. However, financing costs for diesel-powered electricity grids with solar photovoltaics are crucial and largely depend on the ownership structure of the power plant. While cost reductions for state-owned utilities can be significant, the study also identified short-term economic benefits to be insignificant or even negative for non-public utilities, such as independent power producers, given historical costs at the time of the study.[60][61]

More than 2 sources

Adding wave power to wind and solar may be possible.[62]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Ginn, Claire (8 September 2016). "Energy pick n' mix: are hybrid systems the next big thing?". CSIRO. https://blog.csiro.au/energy-pick-n-mix-hybrid-systems-next-big-thing/. Retrieved 9 September 2016. 
  2. ↑ "News Archives". September 2023. http://www.powerengineeringint.com/articles/print/volume-19/issue-8/features/fuel-savings-make-a-powerful-case-for-hybrid-diesel-generator-systems.html. 
  3. ↑ Badwal, Sukhvinder P. S.; Giddey, Sarbjit S.; Munnings, Christopher; Bhatt, Anand I.; Hollenkamp, Anthony F. (24 September 2014). "Emerging electrochemical energy conversion and storage technologies". Frontiers in Chemistry 2: 79. doi:10.3389/fchem.2014.00079. PMID 25309898. Bibcode: 2014FrCh....2...79B. 
  4. ↑ Ginn, Claire (8 September 2016). "Energy pick n' mix: are hybrid systems the next big thing?". CSIRO. https://blog.csiro.au/energy-pick-n-mix-hybrid-systems-next-big-thing/. Retrieved 9 September 2016. 
  5. ↑ Kamal, Mohasinina Binte; Mendis, Gihan J.; Wei, Jin (2018). "Intelligent Soft Computing-Based Security Control for Energy Management Architecture of Hybrid Emergency Power System for More-Electric Aircrafts [sic]". IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Signal Processing 12 (4): 806. doi:10.1109/JSTSP.2018.2848624. Bibcode: 2018ISTSP..12..806K. 
  6. ↑ Ginn, Claire (8 September 2016). "Energy pick n' mix: are hybrid systems the next big thing?". CSIRO. https://blog.csiro.au/energy-pick-n-mix-hybrid-systems-next-big-thing/. Retrieved 9 September 2016. 
  7. ↑ "Hybrid photovoltaic systems". Denis Lenardic. Archived from the original on 2010-11-28. https://web.archive.org/web/20101128022703/http://pvresources.com/en/hybrid.php. 
  8. ↑ Memon, Shebaz A.; Upadhyay, Darshit S.; Patel, Rajesh N. (2021-12-15). "Optimal configuration of solar and wind-based hybrid renewable energy system with and without energy storage including environmental and social criteria: A case study" (in en). Journal of Energy Storage 44: 103446. doi:10.1016/j.est.2021.103446. ISSN 2352-152X. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352152X21011300. 
  9. ↑ Weschenfelder, Franciele; De Novaes Pires Leite, Gustavo; Araújo Da Costa, Alexandre Carlos; De Castro Vilela, Olga; Ribeiro, Claudio Moises; Villa Ochoa, Alvaro Antonio; Araújo, Alex Maurício (2020). "A review on the complementarity between grid-connected solar and wind power systems". Journal of Cleaner Production 257: 120617. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.120617. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.120617. 
  10. ↑ Jossi, Frank (11 March 2019). "Wind-solar pairing cuts equipment costs while ramping up output". Energy News Network. https://www.renewableenergyworld.com/2019/03/11/windsolar-pairing-cuts-equipment-costs-while-ramping-up-output/. 
  11. ↑ Hughlett, Mike (2019-09-23). "Minnesota wind-solar hybrid project could be new frontier for renewable energy". Star Tribune. http://www.startribune.com/minnesota-wind-solar-hybrid-project-could-be-new-frontier-for-renewable-energy/560906672/. 
  12. ↑ Jha, AR (2011). Wind Turbine Technology. CRC Press. ISBN 9781439815069. 
  13. ↑ "Hybrid Wind and Solar Electric Systems". DOE. 2 July 2012. http://energy.gov/energysaver/articles/hybrid-wind-and-solar-electric-systems. 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 Papaefthymiou, Stefanos V.; Karamanou, Eleni G.; Papathanassiou, Stavros A.; Papadopoulos, Michael P. (2010). "A Wind-Hydro-Pumped Storage Station Leading to High RES Penetration in the Autonomous Island System of Ikaria". IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy (IEEE) 1 (3): 163. doi:10.1109/TSTE.2010.2059053. Bibcode: 2010ITSE....1..163P. 
  15. ↑ Garcia-Gonzalez, Javier; de la Muela, Rocío Moraga Ruiz; Santos, Luz Matres; Gonzalez, Alicia Mateo (22 April 2008). "Stochastic Joint Optimization of Wind Generation and Pumped-Storage Units in an Electricity Market". IEEE Transactions on Power Systems (IEEE) 23 (2): 460. doi:10.1109/TPWRS.2008.919430. Bibcode: 2008ITPSy..23..460G. 
  16. ↑ Bonnier Corporation (April 1983). "Popular Science". The Popular Science Monthly (Bonnier Corporation): 85, 86. ISSN 0161-7370. https://books.google.com/books?id=qq6GBPoHQpAC&pg=PA85. Retrieved 17 April 2011. 
  17. ↑ Erich Hau (2006). Wind turbines: fundamentals, technologies, application, economics. Birkhäuser. pp. 568, 569. ISBN 978-3-540-24240-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=Z4bhObd65IAC&pg=PA568. Retrieved 17 April 2011. 
  18. ↑ "Feasibility Study of Pumped Hydro Energy Storage for Ramea Wind-Diesel Hybrid Power System". Memorial University of Newfoundland. https://www.mun.ca/harriscentre/reports/arf/2009/ARF_Iqbal_RameaHybrid.pdf. 
  19. ↑ "Final Report: Lower Brule Sioux Tribe Wind-Pumped Storage Feasibility Study Project". United States Department of Energy. http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/tribalenergy/pdfs/lowerbrule03final.pdf. 
  20. ↑ "El Hierro, an island in the wind". The Guardian. 19 April 2011. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2011/apr/19/canary-island-renewable-energy-lehir. 
  21. ↑ "A blueprint for green". 5 September 2009. http://www.thenational.ae/arts-culture/a-blueprint-for-green. 
  22. ↑ "An Independent Evaluation of the El Hierro Wind & Pumped Hydro System". 23 February 2017. http://euanmearns.com/an-independent-evaluation-of-the-el-hierro-wind-pumped-hydro-system/. 
  23. ↑ "100% renewable energy sources require overcapacity: To switch electricity supply from nuclear to wind and solar power is not so simple" (in en). ScienceDaily. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2017/01/170125120742.htm. 
  24. ↑ "Solar Reserve awarded AU$78/MWh Concentrated Solar Power contract". http://helioscsp.com/solarreserve-awarded-au78mwh-concentrated-solar-power-contract/. Retrieved 23 August 2017. 
  25. ↑ "LuNeng 50 MW Concentrated Solar Power tower EPC bid reopened overseas suppliers win over". http://helioscsp.com/luneng-50mw-concentrated-solar-power-tower-epc-bid-reopened-oversea-suppliers-win-over/. Retrieved 12 September 2017. 
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 "Aurora: What you should know about Port Augusta's solar power-tower". 21 August 2017. http://reneweconomy.com.au/aurora-what-you-should-know-about-port-augustas-solar-power-tower-86715/. Retrieved 22 August 2017. 
  27. ↑ "SolarReserve receives environmental approval 390 MW solar thermal facility storage in Chile". https://solarthermalmagazine.com/2017/07/19/solarreserve-receives-environmental-approval-390-megawatt-solar-thermal-facility-storage-chile/. Retrieved 29 August 2017. 
  28. ↑ "SolarReserve Bids 24-Hour Solar At 6.3 Cents In Chile". 13 March 2017. https://cleantechnica.com/2017/03/13/solarreserve-bids-24-hour-solar-6-3-cents-chile/. Retrieved 29 August 2017. 
  29. ↑ "Cheap Baseload Solar At Copiapó Gets OK In Chile". 25 August 2015. https://cleantechnica.com/2015/08/25/cheap-baseload-solar-copiapo-gets-ok-chile-exclusive-info/. Retrieved 1 September 2017. 
  30. ↑ "Salt, silicon or graphite: energy storage goes beyond lithium ion batteries". 5 April 2017. https://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/2017/apr/06/salt-silicon-or-graphite-energy-storage-goes-beyond-lithium-ion-batteries. Retrieved 1 September 2017. 
  31. ↑ "Commercializing Standalone Thermal Energy Storage". 8 January 2016. http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/articles/print/volume-18/issue-110/features/thermal-renewable-energy/commercializing-standalone-thermal-energy-storage.html. Retrieved 1 September 2017. 
  32. ↑ Solar Hybrid Systems Design and Application By Ahmet Aktas, Yagmur Kircicek · 2021
  33. ↑ ""WHL Energy Limited (WHL)" is an Australian publicly listed company focused on developing and commercializing energy assets including wind energy, solar, biomass and clean fossil fuels". http://www.whlenergy.com/. 
  34. ↑ "Updated company presentation". 2011. https://www.asx.com.au/asxpdf/20110916/pdf/4214974brv18pw.pdf. 
  35. ↑ "Remote Community Wind-Hydrogen-Diesel Energy Solution" Renew ND. Retrieved 30 October 2007.
  36. ↑ "Prince Edward Island Wind-Hydrogen Village" Renew ND. Retrieved 30 October 2007.
  37. ↑ "First Danish Hydrogen Energy Plant Is Operational" Renew ND. Retrieved 30 October 2007.
  38. ↑ "North Dakota has first wind-to-hydrogen plant in nation" Renew ND. Retrieved 27 October 2007.
  39. ↑ "Clean Patagonian Energy from Wind and Hydrogen" Renew ND. Retrieved 30 October 2007
  40. ↑ "Proposals for Ladymoor Renewable Energy Project" Renew ND. Retrieved 2 November 2007
  41. ↑ "RES2H2 - Integration of Renewable Energy Sources with the Hydrogen Vector" Renew ND. Retrieved 30 October 2007.
  42. ↑ "Promoting Unst Renewable Energy (PURE) Project Update" Renew ND. Retrieved 30 October 2007.
  43. ↑ "Hydro Continues Utsira Project"[yes|permanent dead link|dead link}}] Renew ND. Retrieved 30 October 2007.
  44. ↑ 44.0 44.1 44.2 Wales, Alaska High-Penetration Wind-Diesel Hybrid Power System National Renewable Energy Laboratory
  45. ↑ "Database: Solar & wind systems in the mining industry ...". http://www.th-energy.net/english/platform-renewable-energy-and-mining/database-solar-wind-power-plants/. 
  46. ↑ https://www.powermag.com/ready-for-the-energy-transition-hydrogen-considerations-for-combined-cycle-power-plants/
  47. ↑ Madrigal, Alexis (9 March 2010). "Bottled Wind Could Be as Constant as Coal". Wired. https://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2010/03/compressed-air-plants/. Retrieved 2011-07-15. 
  48. ↑ Sio-Iong Ao; Len Gelman (29 June 2011). Electrical Engineering and Applied Computing. Springer. p. 41. ISBN 978-94-007-1191-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=FI0JNXJ3R4EC&pg=PA41. Retrieved 15 July 2011. 
  49. ↑ "Overview of Compressed Air Energy Storage". Boise State University. p. 2. http://coen.boisestate.edu/WindEnergy/resources/ER-07-001.pdf. 
  50. ↑ "Frequently Asked Questions". Iowa Stored Energy Project. http://www.isepa.com/FAQs.asp#7. 
  51. ↑ "Zorlu to expand Alaşehir geothermal power plant with 3.6 MW solar unit" (in en-US). 2021-02-10. https://balkangreenenergynews.com/zorlu-to-expand-alasehir-geothermal-power-plant-with-3-6-mw-solar-unit/. 
  52. ↑ Thomas Hillig (24 February 2016). "Hybrid Power Plants". http://www.th-energy.net/english/platform-renewable-energy-and-mining/hybrid-power-plants/. 
  53. ↑ Amanda Cain (22 January 2014). "What Is a Photovoltaic Diesel Hybrid System?". http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/blog/post/2014/01/what-is-a-photovoltaic-diesel-hybrid-system. 
  54. ↑ 54.0 54.1 54.2 "Hybrid power plants (wind- or solar-diesel)". TH-Energy.net – A platform for renewables & mining. http://www.th-energy.net/english/platform-renewable-energy-and-mining/hybrid-power-plants/. 
  55. ↑ Kunal K. Shah, Aishwarya S. Mundada, Joshua M. Pearce. Performance of U.S. hybrid distributed energy systems: Solar photovoltaic, battery and combined heat and power. Energy Conversion and Management 105, pp. 71–80 (2015). DOI: 10.1016/j.enconman.2015.07.048. doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2015.07.048. https://www.academia.edu/14674492. Retrieved 2015-08-15. 
  56. ↑ Thomas Hillig (22 January 2015). "Renewables for the Mining Sector". http://www.decentralized-energy.com/articles/print/volume-16/issue-1/features/renewables-for-the-mining-sector.html. 
  57. ↑ "Database "Renewable Energy & Mining": Wind & solar". http://www.th-energy.net/english/platform-renewable-energy-and-mining/database-solar-wind-power-plants/. 
  58. ↑ Thomas Hillig (January 2016). "Sun For More Than Fun". http://www.solarindustrymag.com/issues/SI1601/FEAT_03_Sun-For-More-Than-Fun-Island-Resorts-Benefit-From-Solar-Power.html. 
  59. ↑ "Database: Solar & wind power plants on Islands". http://www.th-energy.net/english/platform-renewable-energy-on-islands/database-solar-wind-power-plants/. 
  60. ↑ "New study: Hybridising electricity grids with solar PV saves costs, especially benefits state-owned utilities". SolarServer.com. 31 May 2015. Archived from the original on 26 July 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150726213948/http://www.solarserver.com/solar-magazine/solar-news/current/2015/kw22/new-study-hybridising-electricity-grids-with-solar-pv-saves-costs-especially-benefits-state-owned-utilities.html. 
  61. ↑ "Renewable Energy in Hybrid Mini-Grids and Isolated Grids: Economic Benefits and Business Cases". Frankfurt School – UNEP Collaborating Centre for Climate & Sustainable Energy Finance. May 2015. http://fs-unep-centre.org/publications/renewable-energy-hybrid-mini-grids-and-isolated-grids-economic-benefits-and-business#overlay-context=publications. 
  62. ↑ Casey, Tina (2021-11-26). "Crazy Floating Renewable Energy Gizmo" (in en-US). https://cleantechnica.com/2021/11/26/crazy-floating-all-in-one-renewable-energy-gizmo-has-everybody-suddenly-talking/. 

External links



Retrieved from "https://handwiki.org/wiki/index.php?title=Chemistry:Hybrid_power&oldid=3332244"