Chemistry:List of long-term side effects of antipsychotics
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This is a general list of long-term side effects associated with Antipsychotic (neuroleptic) medication.
Many patients will not develop these side effects, although there is still a significant possibility of risks associated with antipsychotic usage.
The percentage of patients affected by side effects like Tardive dyskinesia is significantly high and estimated to be a 20-50% prevalence.[1][2]
Overprescription of antipsychotics among seniors with dementia is evident[3][4][5][6][self-published source?] in spite of side effects.
List of potential long-term side effects
- Alzheimer's disease,[7][8]
- Akathisia
- Anhedonia
- Anxiety
- Cerebral atrophy[9][10]
- Cognitive dysfunction[11][12][13]
- Early dementia and dementia [14][15]
- Dementia worsening[16][17]
- Diabetes[18]
- Gynecomastia[19]
- Hyperglycemia
- Hyperprolactinemia causes impotence in males.[20]
- Hyponatremia low sodium blood levels.
- Metabolic syndrome
- Neuroleptic-induced deficit syndrome
- Neuroleptic malignant syndrome
- Oculogyric crisis
- Parkinsonism
- Somnolence
- Tardive dyskinesia[21]
- Weight gain[22]
There has been a study that suggests antipsychotics are associated with possible cortical reconfiguration and gray matter loss,[23] but correlational data also suggests patients who consume antipsychotics, like people with schizophrenia, tend to engage in unhealthy habits like smoking which may exacerbate gray matter loss.[24]
There are very few studies on healthy controls. There are also few studies of long term effects on animal controls. There are no studies on the long-term effects of polypharmacy (prescribing more than one anti-psychotic at a time), although the practice has been widespread.
See also
- Antipsychotic
- Psychiatry
- Anti-psychiatry
References
- ↑ Martha Rosenberg (November 2019). "Drugmakers discover tardive dyskinesia. And they profit in it.". https://www.kevinmd.com/blog/2019/11/drugmakers-discover-tardive-dyskinesia-and-they-profit-in-it.html.
- ↑ Waln, Olga; Jankovic, Joseph (12 July 2013). "An Update on Tardive Dyskinesia: From Phenomenology to Treatment". Tremor and Other Hyperkinetic Movements 3: 03. doi:10.7916/D88P5Z71. PMID 23858394.
- ↑ Gustafsson, Maria; Karlsson, Stig; Lövheim, Hugo (December 2013). "Inappropriate long-term use of antipsychotic drugs is common among people with dementia living in specialized care units". BMC Pharmacology and Toxicology 14 (1): 10. doi:10.1186/2050-6511-14-10. PMID 23391323.
- ↑ Jaffe, Ina (5 February 2018). "Risky Antipsychotic Drugs Still Overprescribed In Nursing Homes". NPR. https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2018/02/05/583435517/risky-antipsychotic-drugs-still-overprescribed-in-nursing-homes.
- ↑ Spielmans, Glen I. (25 February 2015). "Atypical antipsychotics: overrated and overprescribed". The Pharmaceutical Journal. https://pharmaceutical-journal.com/article/opinion/atypical-antipsychotics-overrated-and-overprescribed.
- ↑ "Antipsychotic overprescribing in people with learning disabilities". National Elf Service. 15 June 2016. https://www.nationalelfservice.net/learning-disabilities/challenging-behaviour/antipsychotic-overprescribing-in-people-with-learning-disabilities-ucljournalclub/.
- ↑ Yaffe, K.; Boustani, M. (9 September 2014). "Benzodiazepines and risk of Alzheimer's disease". BMJ 349 (sep09 6). doi:10.1136/bmj.g5312. PMID 25205606.
- ↑ Sultzer, David L.; Davis, Sonia M.; Tariot, Pierre N.; Dagerman, Karen S.; Lebowitz, Barry D.; Lyketsos, Constantine G.; Rosenheck, Robert A.; Hsiao, John K. et al. (July 2008). "Clinical Symptom Responses to Atypical Antipsychotic Medications in Alzheimer's Disease: Phase 1 Outcomes from the CATIE-AD Effectiveness Trial". The American Journal of Psychiatry 165 (7): 844–854. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2008.07111779. PMID 18519523.
- ↑ Weinmann, S.; Aderhold, V.; Haegele, C.; Heinz, A. (2015-03-28). "Brain Atrophy and Antipsychotic Medication – a Systematic Review". European Psychiatry. Abstracts of the 23rd European Congress of Psychiatry 30: 65. doi:10.1016/S0924-9338(15)30055-9. ISSN 0924-9338. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0924933815300559.
- ↑ Moncrieff, J.; Leo, J. (September 2010). "A systematic review of the effects of antipsychotic drugs on brain volume" (in en). Psychological Medicine 40 (9): 1409–1422. doi:10.1017/S0033291709992297. ISSN 1469-8978. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/psychological-medicine/article/abs/systematic-review-of-the-effects-of-antipsychotic-drugs-on-brain-volume/58DEC9FA7BDA049039A56990559CDCA9.
- ↑ Rehse, Michael; Bartolovic, Marina; Baum, Katlehn; Richter, Dagmar; Weisbrod, Matthias; Roesch-Ely, Daniela (2016). "Influence of Antipsychotic and Anticholinergic Loads on Cognitive Functions in Patients with Schizophrenia". Schizophrenia Research and Treatment 2016: 1–10. doi:10.1155/2016/8213165. PMID 27144021.
- ↑ Tampi, Rajesh R.; Tampi, Deena J.; Balachandran, Silpa; Srinivasan, Shilpa (September 2016). "Antipsychotic use in dementia: a systematic review of benefits and risks from meta-analyses". Therapeutic Advances in Chronic Disease 7 (5): 229–245. doi:10.1177/2040622316658463. PMID 27583123.
- ↑ MacKenzie, Nicole E.; Kowalchuk, Chantel; Agarwal, Sri Mahavir; Costa-Dookhan, Kenya A.; Caravaggio, Fernando; Gerretsen, Philip; Chintoh, Araba; Remington, Gary J. et al. (2018-12-05). "Antipsychotics, Metabolic Adverse Effects, and Cognitive Function in Schizophrenia". Frontiers in Psychiatry 9: 622. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00622. PMID 30568606.
- ↑ Ma, Li-Yun; Ou, Ya-Nan; Gao, Pei-Yang; Fu, Yan; Zhang, Dan-Dan; Yang, Liu; Feng, Jian-Feng; Cheng, Wei et al. (2024-03-15). "Associations between antipsychotics exposure and dementia risk: A prospective cohort study of 415,100 participants". Journal of Affective Disorders 349: 201–209. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2024.01.029. ISSN 0165-0327. PMID 38199419. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0165032724000387.
- ↑ Stroup, T. Scott; Olfson, Mark; Huang, Cecilia; Wall, Melanie M.; Goldberg, Terry; Devanand, Davangere P.; Gerhard, Tobias (June 2021). "Age-Specific Prevalence and Incidence of Dementia Diagnoses Among Older US Adults With Schizophrenia". JAMA Psychiatry 78 (6): 632–641. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2021.0042. ISSN 2168-622X. PMID 33688938.
- ↑ Mueller, Christoph; John, Christeena; Perera, Gayan; Aarsland, Dag; Ballard, Clive; Stewart, Robert (January 2021). "Antipsychotic use in dementia: the relationship between neuropsychiatric symptom profiles and adverse outcomes". European Journal of Epidemiology 36 (1): 89–101. doi:10.1007/s10654-020-00643-2. PMID 32415541.
- ↑ Steinberg, Martin; Lyketsos, Constantine G. (September 2012). "Atypical Antipsychotic Use in Patients with Dementia: Managing Safety Concerns". The American Journal of Psychiatry 169 (9): 900–906. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2012.12030342. PMID 22952071.
- ↑ Holt, Richard I. G. (October 2019). "Association Between Antipsychotic Medication Use and Diabetes". Current Diabetes Reports 19 (10): 96. doi:10.1007/s11892-019-1220-8. PMID 31478094.
- ↑ Keskin, Necla; Tamam, Lut (2017-09-22). "Paliperidone-related gynecomastia and treatment: a case report". Dusunen Adam: The Journal of Psychiatry and Neurological Sciences: 258–261. doi:10.5350/DAJPN2017300310.
- ↑ Tewksbury, Ashley; Olander, Amy (2016-07-01). "Management of antipsychotic-induced hyperprolactinemia". Mental Health Clinician 6 (4): 185–190. doi:10.9740/mhc.2016.07.185. PMID 29955468.
- ↑ Muller, Pavel; Seeman, Philip (1978). "Dopaminergic supersensitivity after neuroleptics: Time-course and specificity". Psychopharmacology 60 (1): 1–11. doi:10.1007/BF00429171. PMID 32574.
- ↑ Dayabandara, Madhubhashinee; Hanwella, Raveen; Ratnatunga, Suhashini; Seneviratne, Sudarshi; Suraweera, Chathurie; de Silva, Varuni (August 2017). "Antipsychotic-associated weight gain: management strategies and impact on treatment adherence". Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment 13: 2231–2241. doi:10.2147/NDT.S113099. PMID 28883731.
- ↑ Smith, Sarah (2007-09-15). "Brain Damage Caused by Neuroleptic Psychiatric Drugs — MFIPortal" (in en-US). https://mindfreedom.org/kb/neuroleptic-brain-damage/.
- ↑ Ho, Beng-Choon; Andreasen, Nancy C.; Ziebell, Steven; Pierson, Ronald; Magnotta, Vincent (2011-02-07). "Long-term Antipsychotic Treatment and Brain Volumes: A Longitudinal Study of First-Episode Schizophrenia". Archives of General Psychiatry 68 (2): 128–137. doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.199. PMID 21300943.
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