Company:AST SpaceMobile

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AST SpaceMobile, Inc.
TypePublic
IndustrySpace
Founded2017; 9 years ago (2017)
Headquarters
Midland, Texas
,
U.S.
Key people
  • Abel Avellan (CEO)[1]
  • Scott Wisniewski (President) [1]
  • Andrew Johnson (CFO and CLO)[2][3]
  • Dr. Huiwen Yao (CTO)[4]
  • Chris Ivory (CCO) [1]
  • Shanti Gupta (COO) [1]
ServicesSpace-based cellular connectivity
Number of employees
578[5] (2024)
Websiteast-science.com

AST SpaceMobile, Inc. is a publicly traded satellite designer and manufacturer based in Midland, Texas, United States.[6][7] The company is building the SpaceMobile satellite constellation, a space-based cellular broadband network designed to connect directly to standard, unmodified smartphones. The network is intended to deliver 4G and 5G broadband coverage globally, particularly in remote and underserved regions.[8]

Its BlueWalker 3 prototype and BlueBird commercial satellites are reported as among the largest commercial communications arrays in low Earth orbit after their respective launches and unfoldings in 2022 and 2024.[9][10] The company's 2023 demonstrations included voice and data connections between standard smartphones and its BlueWalker 3 satellite.[11]

History

AST SpaceMobile was founded in May 2017 by Abel Avellan as AST & Science LLC.[8][12] Avellan remains the chairman and chief executive officer of the company.[13][14] Originally from Venezuela, Avellan is a United States citizen who previously worked for Swedish telecommunications conglomerate Ericsson.[15] In 1999, Avellan founded Emerging Markets Communications, a satellite-based communications services provider to maritime and other mobility markets, which was acquired in 2016 for US$550 million.[16][17] He also serves as a Commissioner of the UN Broadband Commission for Sustainable Development.[18]

AST & Science purchased a controlling interest in NanoAvionics, a Lithuanian satellite manufacturing company, on March 6, 2018.[19][20]

In March 2020, AST & Science LLC announced a Series B investment round, led by Vodafone and Rakuten, that raised $110 million for the company.[21] Samsung Next, American Tower, and Cisneros also participated.[22]

New Providence's first special-purpose acquisition company (SPAC) announced in April 2021 that its shareholders had approved a proposal to form AST SpaceMobile in a business combination with AST & Science LLC.[23][24][25] AST SpaceMobile began to trade on the Nasdaq in the week after that announcement.[26] New Providence had raised $462 million through an initial public offering (IPO) and a private investment in public equity (PIPE) to fully fund the development and first phase of its satellite constellation.[27][28]

AST SpaceMobile started generating revenue through a U.S. Government contract in 2024.[29] However, the company does not expect to begin generating substantial revenue through mobile network operators like AT&T and Verizon until the company's BlueBird 1-5 satellites are fully operational.[30][31] The mobile network operators with whom the company has agreements and understandings collectively serve over 2.8 billion existing subscribers.[32][33]

In July 2022, Nokia announced that it had won a five-year 4G and 5G deal from AST SpaceMobile.[34]

AST SpaceMobile sold its majority ownership stake in NanoAvionics to Kongsberg Defence & Aerospace in September 2022.[35][36]

In January 2024, AST SpaceMobile announced a new partnership with Google and AT&T to collaborate on product development, testing, and implementation plans for bringing satellite connectivity to Android smartphones.[37][38]

In May 2024, the company announced a $100 million partnership with Verizon to expand coverage to more remote parts of the United States, beyond the reach of a land-based network.[39]

On August 21, 2024, after the company confirmed its first commercial satellite launch in early September, AST SpaceMobile stock price jumped to $38.60 per share, or around 1,800% compared to record lows of $1.97 per share on April 2, 2024.[40][41] As a result, the company's market cap exceeded $8 billion in August 2024.[42] On December 9, 2024, AST SpaceMobile announced a commercial contract to provide space-based cellular broadband connectivity to Vodafone in Europe and Africa, as well as Vodafone's partners, through 2034;[43] making a first test mobile video call with a standard smartphone the following month.[44]

In December 2024, SpaceNews named AST SpaceMobile “Emerging Space Company of the Year” at its annual Icon Awards.[45]

As of Q2 2025, AST SpaceMobile has raised over US$2 billion.[46]

In October 2025, Time Magazine included the company's BlueBird satellite design in its Best Inventions list.[47]

In the same period, Fast Company recognized CEO Abel Avellan among its Visionaries of the Year, in its Next Big Things in Tech publication.[48]

In mid-October 2025, AST SpaceMobile shipped its first next-generation BlueBird Block 2 satellite, FM1 (designated BlueBird-6), to India for launch preparations.[49]

Following delivery, AST SpaceMobile prepared FM1 for a target launch date in December, 2025.[50][51]

On October 29, 2025, AST SpaceMobile announced a 10-year agreement with stc group that includes a $175 million prepayment commitment to support direct-to-device services in Saudi Arabia and selected regional markets.[52]

ISRO’s LVM3 successfully launched the BlueBird Block-2 satellite into low Earth orbit on December 24, 2025, lifting off from Sriharikota at 8:55 a.m. and deploying the satellite 15 minutes later.[53]

Technical milestones

BlueWalker 1

BlueWalker 1, the first satellite of AST & Science LLC, was launched on April 1, 2019, from the Satish Dhawan Space Centre in India on the 47th mission of the Indian Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV-C45).[54] Lithuanian smallsat company NanoAvionics built BlueWalker 1.[55] The satellite decayed from orbit on 29 November 2023.[56]

BlueWalker 3

In July 2021, AST SpaceMobile announced an agreement with SpaceX to launch its second satellite, BlueWalker 3.[57][58][59] It successfully launched on September 10, 2022, on a SpaceX Falcon 9 Block 5 rocket from Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39A.[60][61] The 693-square-foot (64 m2) antenna array of BlueWalker 3 was successfully unfolded to full deployment on November 10, 2022.[62] AST SpaceMobile expects BlueWalker 3 to have a field of view of over 300,000 square miles on Earth.[63] As of November 2022, BlueWalker 3 maintains low Earth orbit at an altitude between approximately 508 and 527 km (316 and 327 mi).[64]

On April 25, 2023, AST SpaceMobile made the world's first space-based two-way telephone call with unmodified smartphones (a Samsung Galaxy S22 and an Apple iPhone) using the BlueWalker 3 satellite. This initial call was made from Midland, Texas to Japan using an AT&T 2G cellular frequency spectrum.[65] The company also made the first 4G and 5G connectivity from a satellite in space directly to unmodified smartphones using the prototype satellite, achieving download rates as high as 21 Mbit/s.[66][67] The company used this connectivity to make the first-ever space-based 5G voice calls, when AST SpaceMobile staff in Hawaii used unmodified Samsung Galaxy S22 handsets connected directly to BlueWalker 3 to call a Vodafone employee in Madrid, Spain.[68] In 2023, the company conducted a test which resulted in the first successful video call via space between everyday smartphones.[11][69]

BlueBirds 1-5

In March 2022, AST SpaceMobile announced a multi-launch contract with SpaceX to launch its first BlueBird operational satellite.[70][71] AST SpaceMobile has stated that it plans to produce up to six BlueBird satellites per month at two manufacturing sites in Midland, Texas.[72][73] The company attributed delays in the deployment schedule of its first operational Block 1 BlueBird satellites to supply chain issues and price increases.[74] On September 12, 2024, the company launched all five satellites with its BlueBird 1–5 mission aboard a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket.[75] Hundreds of AST SpaceMobile's retail investors attended the mission's launch from Cape Canaveral, Florida. On October 4, 2024, Avellan announced the first of the mission's Block 1 satellites had unfolded “ahead of schedule.”[76] By October 25, the company stated all five satellites had completely unfolded.[77]

Next-generation BlueBird

On November 14, 2024, AST SpaceMobile announced a launch campaign for its next-generation Block 2 BlueBird satellites. The company revealed plans to utilize multiple launch providers, including Blue Origin's forthcoming New Glenn rocket, SpaceX's launch vehicles, and those operated by ISRO. This initiative aims to deploy up to 60 Block 2 BlueBird satellites, each equipped with a communication array spanning approximately 2,400 square feet (223 square meters). These satellites are designed to achieve data transmission speeds of up to 120 Mbit/s, enabling voice, data, and video communication capabilities for end users.[78][79]

AST SpaceMobile's next-generation Block 2 BlueBird satellites are more than three times larger than the previous Block 1 BlueBirds with 10 times the data capacity.[80]

On 23 December 2025, BlueBird 6 was successfully launched into orbit by India's ISRO on a LVM3 rocket from the Satish Dhawan Space Centre with the mission designation LVM3-M6. According to ISRO, BlueBird 6, weighing in at 6,100 kilograms, was the heaviest payload that the LVM3 has ever launched into LEO.[81]

Licenses

In April 2020, AST & Science LLC petitioned the Federal Communications Commission for permission to operate a constellation of 243 communications satellites in 16 orbital planes at altitudes between 725 and 740 km (450 and 460 mi).[82]

In October 2020, NASA filed a letter with the FCC during the public-comment period related to this petition to express concerns about the risk of collisions between the SpaceMobile satellite constellation and the A-train satellite constellation, due to the proposed orbital altitude for SpaceMobile as well as the size and scale of the SpaceMobile project.[83][84][85][86] In November 2020, NASA submitted a second letter to the FCC to revise its original stance as a result of AST SpaceMobile's demonstrated interest in collaborating with NASA to mitigate risks.[87] In its second letter, NASA stated that technical concerns "need not preclude the issuance of the requested license" and that NASA had no concern with the license being granted.[88] Three United States Senators and one United States Congressman also filed letters with the FCC in support of SpaceMobile.[89]

United States wireless provider AT&T has partnered with AST SpaceMobile in a joint effort to provide satellite-based wireless service to remote areas of its coverage area.[90][91][92] AT&T filed a letter with the FCC in support of the petition for a license to operate in the United States, while AT&T's major competitors T-Mobile and Verizon initially asked the FCC to deny such a license.[89] In May 2024, it was announced that Verizon had become an investor and strategic partner of AST SpaceMobile.[93] AST SpaceMobile later revealed it would use “a segment” of both AT&T and Verizon's 850 MHz spectrum to support 100% geographic coverage within the United States.[94]

In May 2022, the FCC granted AST SpaceMobile an experimental license to connect to the BlueWalker 3 satellite.[95] In August 2024, the FCC authorized the company to launch and operate the frequencies required to support the initial BlueBird 1–5 satellite mission, including gateway, feeder link, and telemetry, tracking, and control operations. As of November 2024, the FCC has not yet decided if AST SpaceMobile can operate in terrestrial cellular frequencies and enable the company to provide commercial satellite-to-cell services.[96]

In January 2025, the FCC granted AST SpaceMobile Special Temporary Authority to test its services with BlueBirds 1–5 using AT&T and Verizon spectrum in the U.S., followed by authorization in April 2025 to test on Band 14 spectrum for FirstNet, supporting first responder and public safety communications.[97]

On August 29, 2025, the FCC authorized AST SpaceMobile to deploy an additional 20 satellites and to perform telemetry, tracking, and command (TT&C) operations.[98]

On June 13, 2025, AST SpaceMobile was granted long-term access to 45 MHz of premium lower mid-band spectrum in the U.S. and Canada, including 40 MHz of L-Band Mobile Satellite Service spectrum and 5 MHz in the 1670–1675 MHz band. This agreement secures spectrum access for up to 80 years and is part of ongoing arrangements with spectrum holders to enable commercial satellite-to-cellular service.[99]

Impact on astronomy

BW3 imaged from the ground by M. Tzukran
Trail of BlueWalker 3 crossing the night sky, taken in Tucson, Arizona, on 20 November 2022.

The SpaceMobile constellation has drawn criticism for its potential contribution to light pollution in the night sky, as well as radio-frequency interference with certain telescopes that operate outside of the visible light spectrum.[57][100]

Observations of BlueWalker 3 were obtained after it unfolded into a large flat-panel shape in November 2022. The measurements indicate that the fully deployed satellite is very bright and usually approaches first magnitude when it is near the zenith.[101]

Follow-up observations revealed three deep but temporary periods of reduced brightness. The dimming was attributed to a change in the orientation of the flat-panel needed in order to boost solar power generation.[102] This finding indicated that the satellite operator can reduce the luminosity of their constellation and mitigate its adverse impact on astronomy by making a small adjustment to the spacecraft orientation.

Additional criticism was focused on the proliferation of similar satellites being developed by AST SpaceMobile which – as a group – could have a deleterious impact to the science of astronomy.[103] Notes the New York Times, "they create bright trails and an ambient glow in the sky that can destroy astronomical images and obscure fainter celestial objects that would otherwise be visible to the naked eye."[57]

In response to these concerns, AST SpaceMobile entered into a formal coordination agreement with the National Science Foundation to address potential impacts on ground-based astronomy.[104] The company has committed to implementing several mitigation measures, including the development of advanced surface coatings designed to reduce sunlight reflection, strategic satellite orientation adjustments during critical observation periods, and provision of high-precision orbital data to observatories at accelerated refresh rates to enable avoidance scheduling.[105][106] In contrast to satellite constellations that plan to deploy thousands of spacecraft, AST SpaceMobile intends to provide global coverage using approximately 90 satellites equipped with large antenna arrays.[107]

Radio frequency coordination and interference mitigation

AST SpaceMobile submitted a modification application to the FCC Space Bureau on June 20, 2025, seeking authority to use the 430–440 MHz band for satellite telemetry, tracking, and command.[108] This filing prompted significant opposition from the amateur radio community, with the ARRL and several IARU member societies lodging objections and the proceeding drawing well over 2,400 public submissions.[109][110]

In response to these concerns, AST SpaceMobile revised its frequency usage plans. It withdrew an earlier proposal to use the 400–410 MHz band for TT&C and instead requested restricted access to the 430–440 MHz band. The revised request limited use to non-routine TT&C operations during launch and early orbit phase (LEOP) or emergency situations, and only when other frequencies are unavailable.[111]

AST SpaceMobile received a limited grant from the Bureau on August 29, 2025, that permits use of 430–440 MHz for TT&C only during emergencies, for periods not exceeding 24 hours, and only for a defined set of additional satellites.[112]

AST SpaceMobile is working with the National Science Foundation and the National Radio Astronomy Observatory to characterize potential effects on radio astronomy and to ensure satellite downlinks and gateways do not cause harmful interference, including through field tests and coordination.[106]

Space safety and orbital debris mitigation

In December 2022, AST SpaceMobile entered into a Space Act Agreement with NASA to support information-sharing and conjunction assessment related to its test satellites.[113] Subsequently, the U.S. FCC accepted the company's Orbital Debris Assessment Report as part of its licensing proceedings.[114]

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 "Management Team". https://investors.ast-science.com/management-team. 
  2. ↑ "Space internet business AST SpaceMobile hires CLO". Global Legal Post. https://www.globallegalpost.com/news/space-internet-business-ast-spacemobile-hires-clo-1579622072. 
  3. ↑ "AST SpaceMobile announces legal chief as CFO". Compliance Week. https://www.complianceweek.com/grc-appointments/ast-spacemobile-announces-legal-chief-as-cfo/35047.article. 
  4. ↑ "Our Team". AST SpaceMobile. https://ast-science.com/company/our-team/. 
  5. ↑ "AST SpaceMobile Inc". https://markets.ft.com/data/equities/tearsheet/profile?s=ASTS%3ANSQ. 
  6. ↑ "Space, the financial frontier". June 11, 2021. https://www.ft.com/content/e0ae2f7f-707a-4a68-8d50-1dd6e9e669e6. 
  7. ↑ Anderson IV, Edmund T. (April 12, 2022). "Opinion: MC should reconsider decision about aviation maintenance school". https://www.mrt.com/news/local/article/MC-should-reconsider-its-decision-about-aviation-17072358.php. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 "A new firm says it can link satellites to ordinary smartphones". The Economist. https://www.economist.com/science-and-technology/2020/03/07/a-new-firm-says-it-can-link-satellites-to-ordinary-smartphones. 
  9. ↑ Howell, Elizabeth (2022-11-16). "BlueWalker 3 satellite unfurls biggest commercial communications array ever" (in en). https://www.space.com/bluewalker-3-satellite-deploys-largest-commercial-array. 
  10. ↑ Rainbow, Jason (2024-10-25). "AST SpaceMobile unfolds debut production direct-to-smartphone satellites" (in en-US). https://spacenews.com/ast-spacemobile-unfolds-debut-production-direct-to-smartphone-satellites/. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Murray, Lance (2024-05-16). "AT&T and AST SpaceMobile To Launch First Space-Based Broadband Network for Cell Phones". https://dallasinnovates.com/att-and-ast-spacemobile-to-launch-first-space-based-broadband-network-for-cell-phones/. 
  12. ↑ Sheetz, Michael (December 16, 2020). "Satellite-to-smartphone broadband company AST & Science to go public through a SPAC". https://www.cnbc.com/2020/12/16/ast-science-going-public-through-spac-at-1point8-billion-valuation.html. 
  13. ↑ Fildes, Nic (May 16, 2020). "Africa races to fill telecoms 'not spots'". Financial Times. https://www.ft.com/content/763e9a64-6848-11ea-a6ac-9122541af204. 
  14. ↑ "10-Q". https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1780312/000095017022017458/asts-20220630.htm. 
  15. ↑ "Abel Avellan wants to connect your mobile phone to space" (in en-US). 2020-03-17. https://rakuten.today/tech-innovation/abel-avellan-wants-to-connect-your-mobile-phone-to-space.html. 
  16. ↑ Knapp, Alex (2020-03-03). "This Satellite Startup Raised $110 Million To Make Your Cellphone Work Everywhere". Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/alexknapp/2020/03/03/this-satellite-startup-raised-110-million-to-make-your-cell-phone-work-everywhere/. 
  17. ↑ "Global Eagle Entertainment Agrees to Acquire Emerging Markets Communications" (Press release). GlobeNewswire. 2016-05-19.
  18. ↑ "Mr. Abel Avellan AST SpaceMobile" (in en-US). https://www.broadbandcommission.org/commissioner/abel-avellan/. 
  19. ↑ Russell, Kendall (March 9, 2018). "AST&Science Announces Majority Investment in NanoAvionics". https://www.satellitetoday.com/business/2018/03/09/astscience-announces-majority-investment-in-nanoavionics/. 
  20. ↑ "Subsidiaries of AST SpaceMobile, Inc.". https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1780312/000149315221008574/ex21-1.htm. 
  21. ↑ "Vodafone & Rakuten lead investors in SpaceMobile – Company Announcement". https://markets.ft.com/data/announce/detail?dockey=1323-14445108-6LU49V4HUE2RAD0LRIVBVDIFH1. 
  22. ↑ Henry, Caleb (2020-03-05). "Megaconstellation startup raises $110 million to connect smartphones via satellite" (in en-US). https://spacenews.com/megaconstellation-startup-raises-110-million-to-connect-smartphones-via-satellite/. 
  23. ↑ "New Providence Acquisition Corp. Stockholders Approve Business Combination with AST & Science" (in en). 2021-04-01. https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20210401005621/en/New-Providence-Acquisition-Corp.-Stockholders-Approve-Business-Combination-with-AST-Science. 
  24. ↑ Sheetz, Michael (April 1, 2021). "Satellite company AST SpaceMobile expects to close SPAC deal next week and begin trading on Nasdaq". https://www.cnbc.com/2021/04/01/ast-science-to-close-spac-deal-begin-trading-on-nasdaq-next-week.html. 
  25. ↑ "Satellite Firm AST is Going Public in Blank-Check Deal". Bloomberg. 16 December 2020. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-12-16/satellite-firm-ast-said-to-be-going-public-in-blank-check-deal. 
  26. ↑ Sheetz, Michael (April 7, 2021). "AST SpaceMobile shares rise as the space SPAC stock begins trading on the Nasdaq". https://www.cnbc.com/2021/04/07/space-spac-stock-ast-spacemobile-begins-trading-on-the-nasdaq.html. 
  27. ↑ "SPAC I – ASTS STOCK" (in en-US). https://newprovidencecorp.com/spac-i. 
  28. ↑ Sheetz, Michael (December 16, 2020). "Satellite-to-smartphone broadband company AST & Science to go public through a SPAC" (in en). https://www.cnbc.com/2020/12/16/ast-science-going-public-through-spac-at-1point8-billion-valuation.html. 
  29. ↑ "AST SpaceMobile Announces New Contract Award with United States Government Through Prime Contractor". 2024-02-08. https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20240207651001/en/AST-SpaceMobile-Announces-New-Contract-Award-with-United-States-Government-Through-Prime-Contractor. 
  30. ↑ "March 31, 2022 – 10-K: Annual report for year ending December 31, 2021Open document". March 31, 2022. https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/1780312/000095017022005212/asts-20211231.htm. 
  31. ↑ De Selding, Peter (2024-08-15). "AST SpaceMobile: 5 commercial sats launch in September; we're OK on cash for next 12 months; fresh US government interest" (in en-US). https://www.spaceintelreport.com/ast-spacemobile-5-commercial-sats-launch-in-september-were-ok-on-cash-for-next-12-months-fresh-us-government-interest/. 
  32. ↑ "AST SpaceMobile Announces Successful Orbital Launch of Its First Five Commercial Satellites". 2024-09-12. https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20240912442844/en/AST-SpaceMobile-Announces-Successful-Orbital-Launch-of-Its-First-Five-Commercial-Satellites. 
  33. ↑ "AST SpaceMobile Provides Interim Business Update to Confirm Upcoming Orbital Launch and Warrant Redemption". 2024-09-04. https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1780312/000149315224035008/ex99-1.htm. 
  34. ↑ "Nokia Radio Technology to Enable AST SpaceMobile's Direct-to-cell Phone Connectivity From Space" (in en). 2022-07-28. https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20220728005646/en/Nokia-Radio-Technology-to-Enable-AST-SpaceMobile%E2%80%99s-Direct-to-cell-Phone-Connectivity-From-Space. 
  35. ↑ Foust, Jeff (2022-07-05). "Kongsberg to acquire majority stake in NanoAvionics". https://spacenews.com/kongsberg-to-acquire-majority-stake-in-nanoavionics/. 
  36. ↑ "Form 8-K". U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. 2022-09-08. https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/0001780312/000149315222025374/form8-k.htm. 
  37. ↑ Rainbow, Jason (2024-01-20). "Google and AT&T join $155 million AST SpaceMobile investment" (in en-US). https://spacenews.com/google-and-att-join-155-million-ast-spacemobile-investment/. 
  38. ↑ Brodkin, Jon (2024-01-21). "Google and AT&T invest in Starlink rival for satellite-to-smartphone service". https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2024/01/google-and-att-invest-in-starlink-rival-for-satellite-to-smartphone-service/. 
  39. ↑ Jewett, Rachel (2024-05-29). "Verizon Jumps Into Satellite-to-Cell Market With AST SpaceMobile" (in en). https://www.satellitetoday.com/connectivity/2024/05/29/verizon-jumps-into-satellite-to-cell-market-with-ast-spacemobile/. 
  40. ↑ Alleven, Monica (2024-09-13). "A lot of people want to be in AST SpaceMobile's orbit" (in en). https://www.fierce-network.com/wireless/lot-people-want-be-ast-spacemobiles-orbit. 
  41. ↑ "AST SpaceMobile, Inc. Class A Common Stock (ASTS)". https://www.nasdaq.com/is/market-activity/stocks/asts. 
  42. ↑ "Starlink Competitor AST Soars After Confirming Satellite Launch". 2024-08-16. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-08-15/starlink-competitor-ast-soars-after-confirming-satellite-launch. 
  43. ↑ "AST SpaceMobile Announces Definitive Commercial Agreement with Vodafone Through 2034". 2024-12-09. https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20241208628293/en/AST-SpaceMobile-Announces-Definitive-Commercial-Agreement-with-Vodafone-Through-2034. 
  44. ↑ Robinson, Dan (30 January 2025). "Vodafone aims to offer satellite-to-phone connectivity starting later this year". https://www.theregister.com/2025/01/30/vodafone_aims_to_offer_satellitetophone/. 
  45. ↑ "SpaceNews Announces Winners of the 7th Annual Icon Awards". 2024-12-06. https://spacenews.com/spacenews-announces-winners-of-the-7th-annual-icon-awards/. 
  46. ↑ Dano, Mike (2025-03-06). "AST SpaceMobile: Satellite messaging isn't cool – but satellite broadband is" (in en). Light Reading. https://www.lightreading.com/satellite/ast-spacemobile-satellite-messaging-isn-t-cool-but-satellite-broadband-is. 
  47. ↑ Koren, Marina. "AST SpaceMobile BlueBird: The Best Inventions of 2025" (in en). TIME. https://time.com/collections/best-inventions-2025/7318228/ast-spacemobile-bluebird/. 
  48. ↑ McCracken, Harry (2025-10-14). "These 3 tech executives show uncommon vision". https://www.fastcompany.com/91410955/tech-visionaries-year-next-big-things-in-tech-2025. 
  49. ↑ "US Satellite BlueBird 6 arrives in India for launch aboard ISRO's LVM3 rocket". 2025-10-16. https://www.uniindia.com/~/us-satellite-bluebird-6-arrives-in-india-for-launch-aboard-isro-s-lvm3-rocket/States/news/3613191.html. 
  50. ↑ Kumar, Chetan (2025-11-02). "Isro launches heaviest CommSat from India, to boost Navy's reach across IOR". The Times of India. ISSN 0971-8257. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/isro-launches-heaviest-commsat-from-india-to-boost-navys-reach-across-ior/articleshow/125037001.cms. 
  51. ↑ Forrester, Chris (2025-11-24). "AST SpaceMobile confirms December launch for BB6" (in en-GB). https://www.advanced-television.com/2025/11/24/ast-spacemobile-confirms-december-launch-for-bb6/. 
  52. ↑ Rainbow, Jason (2025-10-29). "Saudi Arabia's stc Group commits $175 million prepayment in AST SpaceMobile deal". https://spacenews.com/saudi-arabias-stc-group-commits-175-million-prepayment-in-ast-spacemobile-deal/. 
  53. ↑ C.S, Hemanth (2025-12-24). "BlueBird Block-2 mission: ISRO successfully launches LVM3-M6 rocket" (in en-IN). The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/isro-bluebird-block-2-mission-rocket-launch-december-24-2025/article70432346.ece. 
  54. ↑ "AST & Science Announces Successful Launch of Its First Satellite" (in en-US). Midland, Texas. April 23, 2019. https://ast-science.com/2019/04/23/successful-launch-of-first-satellite/. 
  55. ↑ "Two NanoAvionics Satellites were Launched with PSLV-C45, Communications Established Successfully" (in en). 2019-04-08. https://nanoavionics.com/news/two-nanoavionics-satellites-were-launched-with-pslv-c45-communications-established-successfully/. 
  56. ↑ "BLUEWALKER 1". N2YO.com. 29 November 2023. https://www.n2yo.com/satellite/?s=44105. 
  57. ↑ 57.0 57.1 57.2 Ferreira, Becky (2 October 2023). "A New Satellite Outshines Some of the Brightest Stars in the Sky - Astronomers warn that BlueWalker 3, a test spacecraft with a large array of antennas, could be the first of many larger satellites in low-Earth orbit that interfere with astronomical observations.". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/02/science/bluewalker3-ast-spacemobile-astronomy.html. 
  58. ↑ "BlueWalker 3" (in en-US). https://ast-science.com/spacemobile-network/bluewalker-3/. 
  59. ↑ "AST SpaceMobile Announces Launch Services Agreement to Deploy 693-Square-Foot Phased Array Spacecraft for Direct-to-Cell Phone Connectivity Testing" (in en). 2021-07-29. https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20210729005507/en/AST-SpaceMobile-Announces-Launch-Services-Agreement-to-Deploy-693-Square-Foot-Phased-Array-Spacecraft-for-Direct-to-Cell-Phone-Connectivity-Testing. 
  60. ↑ (in en) Starlink Mission, September 10, 2022, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a2lxdOPyR3Q, retrieved 2022-11-16 
  61. ↑ (in en) AST SpaceMobile's BlueWalker 3 direct-to-cell test satellite launches to orbit from Cape Canaveral, September 13, 2022, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7CIRwN9SDzo, retrieved 2022-11-14 
  62. ↑ (in en) 3D model of AST SpaceMobile's BlueWalker 3 satellite unfolding in orbit, November 14, 2022, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CrZiLiGZEik, retrieved 2022-11-14 
  63. ↑ "AST SpaceMobile Deploys Largest-Ever Commercial Communications Array in Low Earth Orbit" (in en). 2022-11-14. https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20221114005574/en/AST-SpaceMobile-Deploys-Largest-Ever-Commercial-Communications-Array-in-Low-Earth-Orbit. 
  64. ↑ "BLUEWALKER 3 satellite details". https://www.n2yo.com/satellite/?s=53807. 
  65. ↑ Weatherbed, Jess (2023-04-26). "AT&T-backed satellite connects an everyday audio call from space" (in en-US). https://www.theverge.com/2023/4/26/23699366/att-ast-spacemobile-satellite-cellular-connection-phone-call-space. 
  66. ↑ Rainbow, Jason (2023-09-20). "AST SpaceMobile's prototype satellite makes first 5G connection" (in en-US). https://spacenews.com/ast-spacemobiles-prototype-satellite-makes-first-5g-connection/. 
  67. ↑ Kan, Michael (2024-09-12). "AT&T Shares What To Expect From AST SpaceMobile's BlueBird Satellites" (in en-US). https://www.pcmag.com/news/att-shares-what-to-expect-from-asts-bluebird-satellites. 
  68. ↑ Roth, Emma (2023-09-19). "AT&T helped connect the first satellite 5G phone call". https://www.theverge.com/2023/9/19/23879527/att-cellular-satellite-ast-spacemobile-5g. 
  69. ↑ Kan, Michael (2024-07-01). "AST SpaceMobile: Our Satellite-Powered Phone Calls Will Work Indoors". https://www.pcmag.com/news/ast-spacemobile-our-satellite-powered-phone-calls-will-work-indoors. 
  70. ↑ "SpaceX [REDACTED Launch Services Multi Launch Agreement"]. https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1780312/000149315222006357/ex10-1.htm. 
  71. ↑ "AST SpaceMobile Announces Multi-Launch Agreement With SpaceX for Planned Direct-to-Cell Phone Connectivity" (in en). 2022-03-09. https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20220309005369/en/AST-SpaceMobile-Announces-Multi-Launch-Agreement-With-SpaceX-for-Planned-Direct-to-Cell-Phone-Connectivity. 
  72. ↑ Avellan, Abel [@AbelAvellan]. "While our Maryland team preps to unfold BlueWalker 3, the Midland team is tasked on BlueBirds planned for launch next year! Our two sites in Texas will have a combined 185,000 sq ft of space for manufacturing up to six BlueBirds per month. #5G 📶🇺🇸🤠". https://twitter.com/AbelAvellan/status/1586143949336580096.  Missing or empty |date= (help)
  73. ↑ Robinson, Rachel (September 12, 2022). "Midland-based company launches satellite into space" (in en-US). https://www.newswest9.com/article/news/local/midland-based-company-launches-satellite-into-space/513-33f9b001-badd-4da0-a250-54448f275cfe. 
  74. ↑ Rainbow, Jason (August 16, 2022). "AST SpaceMobile delays commercial satellite debut by six months". SpaceNews. https://spacenews.com/ast-spacemobile-delays-commercial-satellite-debut-by-six-months/. 
  75. ↑ Robinson-Smith, Will (2024-09-12). "SpaceX launches five BlueBird satellites on Falcon 9 flight from Cape Canaveral – Spaceflight Now" (in en-US). https://spaceflightnow.com/2024/09/12/live-coverage-spacex-to-launch-5-bluebird-satellites-on-falcon-9-flight-from-cape-canaveral/. 
  76. ↑ Kan, Michael (2024-10-04). "Starlink Rival AST SpaceMobile Starts to Unfold Its Massive Satellites" (in en). https://www.pcmag.com/news/starlink-rival-ast-spacemobile-starts-to-unfold-its-massive-satellites. 
  77. ↑ "AST SpaceMobile Successfully Completes Unfolding of First Five Commercial Satellites in Low Earth Orbit". 2024-10-25. https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20241025345390/en/AST-SpaceMobile-Successfully-Completes-Unfolding-of-First-Five-Commercial-Satellites-in-Low-Earth-Orbit. 
  78. ↑ Pashankar, Sana (2024-11-14). "AST SpaceMobile Buys Launches From Blue Origin, SpaceX". Bloomberg. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-11-14/ast-spacemobile-buys-rocket-launches-from-bezos-blue-origin. 
  79. ↑ Robinson-Smith, Will (2024-11-17). "AST SpaceMobile secures multi-launch agreements with Blue Origin, ISRO and SpaceX". Spaceflight Now. https://spaceflightnow.com/2024/11/17/ast-spacemobile-secures-multi-launch-agreements-with-blue-origin-isro-and-spacex/. 
  80. ↑ Rainbow, Jason (2025-08-12). "Fully funded key-market coverage plan lifts AST SpaceMobile". https://spacenews.com/fully-funded-key-market-coverage-plan-lifts-ast-spacemobile/. 
  81. ↑ Wall, Mike (2025-12-23). "Indian rocket launches record-breaking BlueBird 6 smartphone satellite to orbit (video)". Space. https://www.space.com/space-exploration/launches-spacecraft/indian-rocket-launch-bluebird-6-satellite-ast-spacemobile. 
  82. ↑ "Attachment Petition SAT-PDR-20200413-00034". https://fcc.report/IBFS/SAT-PDR-20200413-00034/2257215. 
  83. ↑ Fonder, Samantha (30 October 2020). "NASA comments to AS". https://licensing.fcc.gov/myibfs/download.do?attachment_key=2765834. 
  84. ↑ "NASA Makes a Surprise Statement, Calling Out Private Space Start-up for Big Risks". November 3, 2020. https://observer.com/2020/11/nasa-object-satellite-constellation-startup-spacex-starlink-project/. 
  85. ↑ "Star wars: why Nasa objects to Elon Musk's space race". Financial Times. February 23, 2022. https://www.ft.com/content/deaebceb-97ed-4022-84ad-e7057240afbf. 
  86. ↑ "Texas satellite company defends itself against NASA criticisms". Ars Technica. November 5, 2020. https://arstechnica.com/science/2020/11/texas-satellite-company-defends-itself-against-nasa-criticisms/. 
  87. ↑ "Policymakers oblige 5G satellite aspirants". Light Reading. https://www.lightreading.com/iot/policymakers-oblige-5g-satellite-aspirants/d/d-id/765585. 
  88. ↑ Fonder, Samantha (20 November 2020). "NASA Response to AST". https://licensing.fcc.gov/myibfs/download.do?attachment_key=2858625. 
  89. ↑ 89.0 89.1 "FCC International Bureau File Number = SATPDR2020041300034". https://licensing.fcc.gov/cgi-bin/ws.exe/prod/ib/forms/reports/related_filing.hts?f_key=-441408&f_number=SATPDR2020041300034. 
  90. ↑ Moritz, Scott (5 October 2022). "AT&T CEO Says His Satellite Service Has Lead on Musk's". https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-10-05/at-t-ceo-says-his-satellite-phone-service-has-lead-over-musk-s. 
  91. ↑ Shields, Todd; Moritz, Scott (14 November 2022). "Direct-to-Satellite Cell-Phone Service Poised For Another Try". https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-11-14/direct-to-satellite-cell-phone-service-poised-for-another-try. 
  92. ↑ Sheetz, Michael (November 14, 2022). "AST SpaceMobile hits key milestone toward satellite-to-smartphone 5G service" (in en). https://www.cnbc.com/2022/11/14/ast-spacemobile-deploys-bluewalker-3-satellite-antenna.html. 
  93. ↑ "AST SpaceMobile and Verizon Announce Plans to Target 100 Percent Geographical Coverage of the Continental United States from Space on Premium 850 MHz Cellular Spectrum". 2024-05-29. https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20240529554741/en/AST-SpaceMobile-and-Verizon-Announce-Plans-to-Target-100-Percent-Geographical-Coverage-of-the-Continental-United-States-from-Space-on-Premium-850-MHz-Cellular-Spectrum. 
  94. ↑ Engebretson, Joan (2024-07-01). "Beyond 850 MHz: AST SpaceMobile Reveals More On AT&T/Verizon U.S. Coverage". https://www.telecompetitor.com/beyond-850-mhz-ast-spacemobile-reveals-more-on-att-verizon-u-s-coverage/. 
  95. ↑ "FCC Grants AST SpaceMobile Experimental License". Satellite Today. May 3, 2022. https://www.satellitetoday.com/telecom/2022/05/03/fcc-grants-ast-spacemobile-experimental-license/. 
  96. ↑ Jewett, Rachel (2024-08-05). "FCC Grants AST SpaceMobile Partial Approval for its First 5 Satellites" (in en-US). https://www.satellitetoday.com/connectivity/2024/08/05/fcc-grants-ast-spacemobile-partial-approval-for-its-first-5-satellites/. 
  97. ↑ Jewett, Rachel (2025-01-31). "FCC Approves AST SpaceMobile Testing in the US With Verizon and AT&T" (in en-US). https://www.satellitetoday.com/connectivity/2025/01/31/fcc-approves-ast-spacemobile-testing-in-the-us-with-verizon-and-att/. 
  98. ↑ "Space Bureau, Wireless Telecommunications Bureau, And Public Safety And Homeland Security Bureau Accept For Filing Applications Of AST & Science, LLC And AT&T, Verizon, And Firstnet Requesting Supplemental Coverage From Space Authorization And Seek Comment On Waiver Requests". 2025-09-29. https://docs.fcc.gov/public/attachments/DA-25-815A1.pdf. 
  99. ↑ Robuck, Mike (2025-06-16). "AST, Ligado agree spectrum deal" (in en-GB). https://www.mobileworldlive.com/north-america/ast-ligado-agree-spectrum-deal/. 
  100. ↑ "Giant satellite outshines stars, sparking fresh concerns for astronomers" (in en). https://www.science.org/content/article/giant-satellite-outshines-stars-sparking-fresh-concerns-astronomers. 
  101. ↑ Mallama, A.; Cole, R.E.; Harrington, S.; Maley, P.D. (2022-11-30). Visual magnitude of the BlueWalker 3 satellite (Report). 
  102. ↑ Mallama, A.; Cole, R.E.; Tilley, S.; Bassa, C.; Harrington, S. (2022-05-01). BlueWalker 3 satellite brightness characterized and modeled (Report). 
  103. ↑ Nandakumar, S., Eggl, S., Tregloan-Reed, J. et al. The high optical brightness of the BlueWalker 3 satellite. Nature (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-06672-7
  104. ↑ Kan, Michael (2025-01-08). "AST SpaceMobile's Large Satellites to Roll and Tilt to Prevent Astronomy Interference". https://www.pcmag.com/news/ast-spacemobiles-large-satellites-to-roll-and-tilt-to-prevent-astronomy. 
  105. ↑ Kan, Michael (2025-04-29). "AST SpaceMobile Makes Deal to Curb Its Huge Satellites' Astronomy Interference" (in en-au). https://au.pcmag.com/networking/110758/ast-spacemobile-makes-deal-to-curb-its-huge-satellites-astronomy-interference. 
  106. ↑ 106.0 106.1 "NSF and AST SpaceMobile establish satellite coordination agreement | NSF - National Science Foundation" (in en). 2025-05-06. https://www.nsf.gov/mps/updates/nsf-ast-spacemobile-establish-satellite-coordination. 
  107. ↑ Knapp, Alex (2025-05-21). "This Billionaire Immigrant Is Racing Elon Musk To Connect Your Phone From Space" (in en). Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/alexknapp/2025/05/21/this-billionaire-immigrant-is-racing-elon-musk-to-connect-your-phone-from-space/. 
  108. ↑ "Space Bureau Accepts For Filing AST & Science, LLC Modification Application". 2025-06-20. https://docs.fcc.gov/public/attachments/DA-25-532A1.pdf. 
  109. ↑ "ARRL Files Comments to Protect 70-Centimeter Amateur Band" (in en). 2025-07-22. https://www.arrl.org/news/arrl-files-comments-to-protect-70-centimeter-amateur-band. 
  110. ↑ "RSGB submits response to consultation" (in en-US). 2025-07-25. https://rsgb.org/main/blog/news/rsgb-notices/2025/07/25/rsgb-submits-response-to-consultation/. 
  111. ↑ "Consolidated Response Of AST & Science, LLC". https://www.fcc.gov/ecfs/document/10805136387802/1. 
  112. ↑ Harrison, Joel (2025-09-09). "Comments Filed by IARU Member Societies Results in Decision Regarding AST Space Mobile Expansion in the 430–440 MHz Band | International Amateur Radio Union (IARU)" (in en-US). https://www.iaru.org/comments-filed-by-iaru-member-societies-results-in-decision-regarding-ast-space-mobile-expansion-in-the-430-440-mhz-band/. 
  113. ↑ Warner, Cheryl (2022-12-15). "NASA, AST & Science Sign Joint Spaceflight Safety Agreement - NASA" (in en-US). https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-ast-science-sign-joint-spaceflight-safety-agreement/. 
  114. ↑ "FM1 - Orbital Debris Assessment Report". 2025-03-14. https://apps.fcc.gov/els/GetAtt.html?id=371450&x=.. 

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