2G

From HandWiki
Short description: First widely used digital cellular network


2G is a short notation for second-generation cellular network, a group of technology standards employed for cellular networks. 2G was commercially launched on the GSM standard in Finland by Radiolinja (now part of Elisa Oyj) in 1991.[1] After 2G was launched, the previous mobile wireless network systems were retroactively dubbed 1G. While radio signals on 1G networks are analog, radio signals on 2G networks are digital, though both systems use digital signaling to connect cellular radio towers to the rest of the mobile network system. 2G was superseded by 3G technology.

The most common 2G technology was the time-division multiple access (TDMA)-based GSM standard, used in most of the world outside Japan.[citation needed] In North America, Digital AMPS (IS-54 and IS-136) and cdmaOne (IS-95) were dominant, but GSM was also used.[2][citation needed] In Japan the ubiquitous system was Personal Digital Cellular (PDC) though another, Personal Handy-phone System (PHS), also existed.[citation needed]

Three primary benefits of 2G networks over their 1G predecessors were:

  1. Digitally encrypted phone conversations, at least between the mobile phone and the cellular base station but not necessarily in the rest of the network.
  2. Significantly more efficient use of the radio frequency spectrum enabling more users per frequency band.
  3. Data services for mobile, starting with SMS text messages then expanding to Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS).

With General Packet Radio Service (GPRS), 2G offers a theoretical maximum transfer speed of 40 kbit/s (5 kB/s).[3] With EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution), there is a theoretical maximum transfer speed of 384 kbit/s (48 kB/s).[3]

Evolution

Cellular network standards and generation timeline.

2.5G (GPRS)

2.5G ("second and a half generation"[4]) is used to describe 2G-systems that have implemented a packet-switched domain in addition to the circuit-switched domain. It does not necessarily provide faster service because bundling of timeslots is used for circuit-switched data services (HSCSD) as well.

2.75G (EDGE)

GPRS networks evolved to EDGE networks with the introduction of 8PSK encoding. While the symbol rate remained the same at 270.833 samples per second, each symbol carried three bits instead of one. Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE), Enhanced GPRS (EGPRS), or IMT Single Carrier (IMT-SC) is a backward-compatible digital mobile phone technology that allows improved data transmission rates, as an extension on top of standard GSM. EDGE was deployed on GSM networks beginning in 2003, initially by AT&T in the United States.

2.875G (EDGE Evolution)

Phase-out

2G, understood as GSM and CdmaOne, has been superseded by newer technologies such as 3G (UMTS / CDMA2000), 4G (LTE / WiMAX) and 5G (5G NR). However, 2G networks were still available (As of 2023) in most parts of the world, while notably excluding the majority of carriers in North America, East Asia, and Australasia.[5][6][7]

Many modern LTE-enabled devices have the ability to fall back to 2G for phone calls, necessary especially in rural areas where later generations have not yet been implemented.[8] In some places, its successor 3G is being shut down rather than 2G – Vodafone previously announced that it had switched off 3G across Europe in 2020 but still retains 2G as a fallback service.[9] In the US T-Mobile shut down their 3G services while retaining their 2G GSM network.[10][11]

Various carriers have made announcements that 2G technology in the United States, Japan, Australia, and other countries are in the process of being shut down, or have already shut down 2G services so that carriers can re-use the frequencies for newer technologies (e.g. 4G, 5G).[12][13]

In 2022, Android 12 introduced a system setting to disable 2G connectivity for the device, as 2G is considered to be insecure.[14] Specifically, there exist well known methods to attack weaknesses in GSM since 2009[15] with practical use in crime.[16] Attack routes on 2G CdmaOne were found later and remain less publicized.[17]

Criticism

In some parts of the world, including the United Kingdom, 2G remains widely used for older feature phones and for internet of things (IoT) devices such as smart meters, eCall systems and vehicle trackers to avoid the high patent licensing cost of newer technologies.[18] Terminating 2G services could leave vulnerable people who rely on 2G infrastructure unable to communicate even with emergency contacts, causing harm and possibly deaths.[19]

Past 2G networks

Country Network Shutdown date Standard Notes
  1. REDIRECT Template:Country data Åland Islands
 Ålcom 2024 GSM 2G availability cannot be guaranteed after 1 January 2022, all stations are planned to be shut down in 2024.[20]
 Australia Optus 2017-08-01 GSM 2G shut down in WA and NT on 3 April 2017.[21][22]
Telstra 2016-12-01 GSM [23]
Vodafone 2018-06-30 GSM
 Bahrain Batelco 2021-11-30 GSM [24]
 Belgium Orange 2030 GSM [25]
Telenet 2027 GSM [26]
Proximus 2027 GSM [27]
 Brunei DSTCom 2021-06-01 GSM [28][29]
Progresif 2021-06-01 GSM [28][29]
imagine 2021-06-01 GSM [28][29]
 Canada Bell 2019-04-30 cdmaOne Shutdown of CDMA transmitters commenced in remote areas in 2017, followed by an official announcement in June 2018 that 2G devices will lose service soon.[30][31]
Rogers Wireless GSM 1900 MHz shutdown in Jun 2021.
850 MHz remains active.[32][33][34][35]
SaskTel 2017-07-31 cdmaOne [36][37]
Telus Mobility 2017-05-31 cdmaOne [38][39]
 Cayman Islands Digicel 2020-07-01 GSM [40][41]
 China China Unicom GSM Local shutdown commenced in Q1 2021.[42][43][44]
China Telecom 2025 cdmaOne Local shutdown commenced on 16 June 2020.
CDMA2000 1xRTT, EV-DO Rev. A/B (3G) service also terminates.[45][46]
 Colombia Claro 2023-02-23 GSM [47][48]
Tigo 2022-11-01 GSM [49]
 France Bouygues 2026-12-31 GSM [50]
Orange 2025-12-31 GSM [25]
SFR 2026 GSM [51]
 Hong Kong 3 2021-09-30 GSM [52]
SmarTone 2022-10-14 GSM [53]
 Iceland 2025 GSM per government statement[54]
 Israel 2025 GSM per government statement[55]
 Jamaica FLOW 2022-09-30 GSM [56][57]
 Japan au KDDI 2008-03-31 cdmaOne
NTT Docomo 2012-03-31 PDC [58]
Softbank 2010-03-31 PDC [59]
 Jordan Umniah 2022-??-?? GSM [60]
 Luxembourg Orange 2030 GSM [25]
 Macau China Telecom 2010-??-?? cdmaOne [61]
CTM 2019-08-01 GSM Service for local customers terminated on 4 June 2015 with service remaining for roaming users.[62][61]
3 2019-08-01 GSM Service for local customers terminated on 4 June 2015 with service remaining for roaming users.[62][61]
SmarTone 2019-08-01 GSM Service for local customers terminated on 4 June 2015 with service remaining for roaming users.[62][61]
 Mexico AT&T GSM Local shutdown commenced in Q1 2019.[63]
Movistar 2021-01-01 GSM [64]
 Netherlands T-Mobile 2021-06-01 /
2023-11-15 (IoT) 		GSM [65]
 New Caledonia OPT-NC 2025 GSM Shutdown commenced in 2022.[66]
 New Zealand 2degrees 2018-03-15 GSM [67]
Spark 2012-07-31 cdmaOne [68][69]
 Norway Telenor 2025 GSM [70]
Telia 2025 GSM [70]
 Poland Orange 2030 GSM [25]
 Romania Orange 2030 GSM [25]
 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines FLOW 2023-09-30 GSM [71][72]
 Singapore M1 2017-04-18 GSM [73]
Singtel 2017-04-18 GSM [73]
StarHub 2017-04-18 GSM [73]
 Sint Maarten TelCell 2019-01-01 GSM [74]
UTS 2017-09-26 GSM [75]
 Slovakia Orange 2030 GSM [25]
 South Africa 2024-06-30 GSM per government statement[76][77]
 South Korea KT 2012-03-19 cdmaOne CDMA2000 1xRTT, EV-DO Rel. 0 (3G) service has also terminated.[78]
LG Uplus 2021-06-30 cdmaOne CDMA2000 1xRTT, EV-DO Rev. A/B (3G) service has also terminated.[79]
SK Telecom 2020-07-27 cdmaOne CDMA2000 1xRTT, EV-DO Rel. 0 (3G) service has also terminated.[80]
 Spain Orange 2030 GSM [25]
  Switzerland Salt 2020-12-31 GSM [81][82][83]
Shutdown commenced on 1 July 2020. A few single 2G-only sites remained until Sep 2023 to preserve CSFB functionality.
Sunrise 2023-01-03 GSM [84][85][86]
With the introduction of S-RAN in 2018 phaseout was postponed to 2022.
Swisscom 2021-04-07 GSM [87][88][89]
Official shutdown date was on 31 December 2020 (guaranteed availability).
 Taiwan Chunghwa Telecom 2017-06-30 GSM [90]
FarEasTone 2017-06-30 GSM [90]
Taiwan Mobile 2017-06-30 GSM [90]
 Trinidad and Tobago Digicel 2024-03-31 GSM [91][92]
 United Arab Emirates Du 2023-12-31 GSM [93]
Etisalat 2023-12-31 GSM [94]
 United Kingdom 2033 GSM per government statement on confirmation by mobile providers[95][96][97]
 United States
 Puerto Rico
 US Virgin Islands 		AT&T 2017-01-01 GSM [98]
Cellcom 2023-12-01 cdmaOne CDMA2000 1xRTT, EV-DO Rev. A (3G) service has also terminated.
[99]
T-Mobile 2024-04-02 GSM [100]
T-Mobile (Sprint) 2022-05-31 cdmaOne CDMA2000 1xRTT, EV-DO Rev. A (3G) service has also terminated.
Shutdown commenced on 31 March 2022.[101][102][103][104]
Union Wireless 2015 GSM [105]
UScellular 2024-01-14 cdmaOne CDMA2000 1xRTT, EV-DO Rev. A (3G) service will also terminate.
[106][107]
Verizon 2022-12-31 cdmaOne CDMA2000 1xRTT, EV-DO Rev. A (3G) service also terminated.[108]
 Venezuela Digitel 2025 GSM Shutdown commenced in May 2021.
[109]
Movilnet 2025 GSM [109]
Movistar 2025 GSM Shutdown commenced on 1 July 2022.
[109]
 Vietnam GSM per government statement[110]
Shutdown commenced in Dec 2023.[111]
2024-09 (for 2G-only devices)[112]
2026-09 (for 3G and 4G (without VoLTE) devices)[113]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Radiolinja's History". 20 April 2004. http://www.elisa.com/english/index.cfm?t=6&o=6532.50. 
  2. ↑ "2G Sunset Brings Faster Speeds, Newer Technologies". 16 January 2017. https://about.att.com/innovationblog/2g_sunset. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 "GPRS & EDGE". https://www.3gpp.org/technologies/keywords-acronyms/102-gprs-edge. 
  4. ↑ "What is Second and a Half Generation (2.5G)". https://www.igi-global.com/dictionary/security-mobile-systems/26010. 
  5. ↑ "Germany's rural 4G users still spend one-fourth of their time on 3G and 2G networks". 13 June 2019. https://www.opensignal.com/blog/2019/06/13/germanys-rural-4g-users-still-spend-one-fourth-of-their-time-on-3g-and-2g-networks. 
  6. ↑ "T-Mobile Poland expects to keep 2G for five-to-six years". TeleGeography. 17 July 2019. https://www.telegeography.com/products/commsupdate/articles/2019/06/17/t-mobile-poland-expects-to-keep-2g-for-five-to-six-years/index.html. 
  7. ↑ "2G phase-out – modernisation of the Swisscom mobile network". Swisscom. https://www.swisscom.ch/en/about/company/portrait/network/2g-phase-out.html. 
  8. ↑ "SUNSET ON 2G/3G MOBILE NETWORKS? NOT EXACTLY...". CSL Group. https://www.csl-group.com/uk/news/sunset-on-2g3g-mobile-networks-not-exactly.html. 
  9. ↑ Hall, Kat. "Sod 3G, that can go, but don't rush to turn off 2G, UK still needs it – report". The Register. https://www.theregister.com/2019/10/18/dont_switch_off_2g_report/. 
  10. ↑ "T-Mobile Network Evolution". T-Mobile US. https://www.t-mobile.com/support/coverage/t-mobile-network-evolution. 
  11. ↑ "T-Mobile US to shut down 3G network on 1 July 2022". TeleGeography. 17 September 2021. https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2021/09/17/t-mobile-us-to-shut-down-3g-network-on-1-july-2022/. 
  12. ↑ Serr, Melanie (5 April 2017). "What You Need To Know About the 2G Network Shutdown". https://www.geotab.com/blog/2g-network-shutdown/. 
  13. ↑ "The status of the 2G/3G network sunset". nae_ global. 31 July 2019. https://nae.global/en/the-status-of-the-2g-3g-network-sunset/. 
  14. ↑ Amadeo, Ron (14 January 2022). "EFF praises Android's new 2G kill switch, wants Apple to follow suit". Ars Technica. https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2022/01/eff-praises-androids-new-2g-kill-switch-wants-apple-to-follow-suit/. 
  15. ↑ "The GSM encryption algorithm was broken". GSMArena. https://www.gsmarena.com/the_gsm_encryption_algorithm_was_broken-news-1347.php. 
  16. ↑ Russon, Mary-Ann (27 March 2014). "China Arrests 1,500 People for Sending Spam Text Messages from Fake Mobile Base Stations". International Business Times UK. https://www.ibtimes.co.uk/china-arrests-1500-people-sending-spam-text-messages-fake-mobile-base-stations-1442099. 
  17. ↑ Zhang, Chi; Liu, Jun-Rong; Gu, Da-Wu; Wang, Wei-Jia; Lu, Xiang-Jun; Guo, Zheng; Lu, Hai-Ning (1 September 2019). "Side-Channel Analysis for the Authentication Protocols of CDMA Cellular Networks". Journal of Computer Science and Technology 34 (5): 1079–1095. doi:10.1007/s11390-019-1961-5. 
  18. ↑ "Freedom of Information: Right to know request". Ofcom. 3 June 2020. https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20210104120707mp_/https://www.ofcom.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0027/196632/uk-2g-infrastructure-shutdown.pdf. 
  19. ↑ Rockman, Simon. "Millions Will Lose Out When Government Kills 2G". Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/simonrockman1/2019/08/01/millions-will-lose-out-when-government-kills-2g/. 
  20. ↑ "Frågor och svar (FAQ). 2G" (in sv). Ålcom. https://www.alcom.ax/privat/kundservice/info/fragor-och-svar-faq/2g. 
  21. ↑ "Optus to shutter GSM network in April 2017". TeleGeography. 5 August 2015. https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2015/08/05/optus-to-shutter-gsm-network-in-april-2017/. 
  22. ↑ "2G Network Closure Update". Optus. 19 October 2016. http://www.optus.com.au/shop/support/answer/2g-network-closure-update?requestType=NormalRequest&id=5873&typeId=5/. 
  23. ↑ "Telstra switches off GSM network". TeleGeography. 2 December 2016. https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2016/12/02/telstra-switches-off-gsm-network/. 
  24. ↑ "Batelco to phase out 2G network on 30 November". TeleGeography. 28 September 2021. https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2021/09/28/batelco-to-phase-out-2g-network-on-30-november/. 
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 25.3 25.4 25.5 25.6 "Orange selects 5G SA vendors; provides timetable for 2G/3G shutdowns". TeleGeography. 1 March 2022. https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2022/03/01/orange-selects-5g-sa-vendors-provides-timetable-for-2g3g-shutdowns/. 
  26. ↑ "Telenet to switch off 3G from September 2024". TeleGeography. 19 September 2022. https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2022/09/16/telenet-to-switch-off-3g-from-september-2024/. 
  27. ↑ "Proximus to switch off 3G network by end-2024". TeleGeography. 30 November 2022. https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2022/11/30/proximus-to-switch-off-3g-network-by-end-2024/. 
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 28.2 "Cessation of 2G GSM services in Brunei Darussalam". UNN Brunei. 16 April 2021. https://unn.com.bn/storage/news/faq-cessation-of-2g-gsm-services.pdf. 
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 29.2 "FAQs - 2G Network Switch-off". Authority for Info-communications Technology Industry (AITI). https://www.aiti.gov.bn/SitePages/FAQs.aspx#2G-Network-Switch-off. 
  30. ↑ "CDMA Network Discontinuation". Bell Canada. https://support.bell.ca/mobility/smartphones_and_mobile_internet/cdma_evdo_network_change. 
  31. ↑ "Bell completing CDMA shutdown on 30 April". TeleGeography. 1 April 2019. https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2019/04/01/bell-completing-cdma-shutdown-on-30-april/. 
  32. ↑ "Rogers extends availability of GSM/GPRS network to December 2020". MobileSyrup. 4 May 2018. https://mobilesyrup.com/2018/05/04/rogers-extends-availability-of-gsm-gprs-network-to-december-2020/. 
  33. ↑ "Important Notice Regarding Upcoming 2G/3G Changes on the Rogers Network". BULWARK. 15 July 2020. https://bsav.ca/important-notice-regarding-upcoming-2g-3g-changes-on-the-rogers-network/. 
  34. ↑ "1900 MHz Shutdown on our 2G and 3G Wireless Networks". Rogers Communications. 1 March 2021. https://www.rogers.com/customer/support/article/business-network-updates. 
  35. ↑ "2G and 3G Shutdowns Continue". blog.telegeography.com. 15 February 2023. https://blog.telegeography.com/2g-and-3g-shutdowns-continue. 
  36. ↑ "Final countdown for Saskatchewan CDMA". TeleGeography. 6 July 2016. https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2016/07/06/final-countdown-for-saskatchewan-cdma/. 
  37. ↑ "SaskTel reminds CDMA customers of network shutdown". Sasktel. 11 January 2017. https://www.sasktel.com/about-us/news/2017/sasktel-rreminds-cdma-customers-of-network-shutdown. 
  38. ↑ "Telus 'shutting CDMA in 2015'". TeleGeography. 21 October 2013. https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2013/10/21/telus-shutting-cdma-in-2015/. 
  39. ↑ "CDMA network shut down - Information on the discontinuation of CDMA network support". TELUS. https://www.telus.com/en/on/support/article/cdma. 
  40. ↑ "2G Network Shut Down". Digicel Cayman. http://www.digicelfoundation.org/markets/cayman/en/mobile/Why-Digicel/network/G-Network-Shut-Down.html. 
  41. ↑ "Digicel Cayman announces network upgrade, discontinues 2G coverage". TeleGeography. 1 November 2019. https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2019/11/01/digicel-cayman-announces-network-upgrade-discontinues-2g-coverage/. 
  42. ↑ "Unicom to retire 2G by end-2021". TeleGeography. 13 November 2020. https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2020/11/13/unicom-to-retire-2g-by-end-2021/. 
  43. ↑ "China Unicom to retire 2G next year". Developing Telecoms Ltd.. 13 November 2020. https://www.developingtelecoms.com/telecom-business/operator-news/10286-china-unicom-to-retire-2g-next-year.html. 
  44. ↑ "China Unicom given green light to refarm 900MHz band for 5G". TeleGeography. 4 November 2022. https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2022/11/04/china-unicom-given-green-light-to-refarm-900mhz-band-for-5g/. 
  45. ↑ "China Telecom: 3G Network Will Be Shut down Gradually Starting from June". Montnets. 5 June 2020. https://www.montnets.com/en/wap/index.php/show-583.html. 
  46. ↑ "Turning off 2G in China harder than it looks". Light Reading. 29 June 2022. https://www.lightreading.com/asia/turning-off-2g-in-china-harder-than-it-looks/d/d-id/778630. 
  47. ↑ "Claro Colombia targets December 2022 2G shutdown". TeleGeography. 13 May 2022. https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2022/05/13/claro-colombia-targets-december-2022-2g-shutdown/. 
  48. ↑ "Claro now expects to switch off 2G network by Feb-23". TeleGeography. 20 September 2022. https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2022/09/20/claro-now-expects-to-switch-off-2g-network-by-feb-23/. 
  49. ↑ "Tigo switches off Colombian 2G network". TeleGeography. 2 November 2022. https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2022/11/02/tigo-switches-off-colombian-2g-network/. 
  50. ↑ "Bouygues Telecom to decommission 2G in 2026, 3G to follow in 2029". TeleGeography. 3 February 2023. https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2023/02/03/bouygues-telecom-to-decommission-2g-in-2026-3g-to-follow-in-2029/. 
  51. ↑ "SFR selects Nokia for 5G SA network; to decommission 2G/3G by 2028". TeleGeography. 27 January 2023. https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2023/01/27/sfr-selects-nokia-for-5g-sa-network-to-decommission-2g3g-by-2028/. 
  52. ↑ "3 Hong Kong to close 2G network at end-September". TeleGeography. 29 July 2021. https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2021/07/29/3-hong-kong-to-close-2g-network-at-end-september/. 
  53. ↑ "SmarTone announces October shutdown for 2G network". TeleGeography. 12 August 2022. https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2022/08/12/smartone-announces-october-shutdown-for-2g-network/. 
  54. ↑ "ECOI postpones 2G shutdown to 2025". TeleGeography. 24 November 2022. https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2022/11/24/ecoi-postpones-2g-shutdown-to-2025/. 
  55. ↑ "Ministry orders shutdown of Israeli 2G, 3G networks by 2025". TelGeography. 2 July 2021. https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2021/07/02/ministry-orders-shutdown-of-israeli-2g-3g-networks-by-2025/. 
  56. ↑ "Flow Jamaica 2G shutdown underway". TeleGeography. 5 August 2022. https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2022/08/05/flow-jamaica-2g-shutdown-underway/. 
  57. ↑ "Shutdown of Flow 2G Network". FLOW Jamaica. 9 August 2022. https://discoverflow.co/jamaica/2G-network. 
  58. ↑ "DoCoMo's nine-month profits up 16%, announces 2G shutdown March 2012". TeleGeography. 30 January 2009. https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2009/01/30/docomos-nine-month-profits-up-16-announces-2g-shutdown-march-2012/. 
  59. ↑ "Discontinuation Notice of 2G Service". Softbank. 24 November 2009. https://www.softbank.jp/en/corp/group/sbm/news/press/2009/20091124_01/. 
  60. ↑ Ali Hayajneh (7 February 2022). "New benchmark on switching off 2G and 3G networks in the MENA region". Cullen International. https://www.cullen-international.com/news/2022/02/New-benchmark-on-switching-off-2G-and-3G-networks-in-the-MENA-region.html. 
  61. ↑ 61.0 61.1 61.2 61.3 "Macau to shut down 2G networks for roaming users". TeleGeography. 10 April 2019. https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2019/04/10/macau-to-shut-down-2g-networks-for-roaming-users/. 
  62. ↑ 62.0 62.1 62.2 "Macau mobile users reach 1.56m in 3Q13; 2G users number less than 5,000 as switch off looms". TeleGeography. 29 October 2013. https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2013/10/29/macau-mobile-users-reach-1-56m-in-3q13-2g-users-number-less-than-5000-as-switch-off-looms/. 
  63. ↑ "AT&T Mexico 2G switch-off imminent, report says". TeleGeography. 16 January 2019. https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2019/01/16/att-mexico-2g-switch-off-imminent-report-says/. 
  64. ↑ "Movistar Mexico to switch off 2G on 1 January 2021". TeleGeography. 9 October 2020. https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2020/10/09/movistar-mexico-to-switch-off-2g-on-1-january-2021/. 
  65. ↑ "T-Mobile Netherlands delays consumer 2G shutdown to Jun-21; M2M 2G continues to Jun-23". TeleGeography. 9 October 2020. https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2020/10/19/t-mobile-netherlands-delays-consumer-2g-shutdown-to-jun-21-m2m-2g-continues-to-jun-23/. 
  66. ↑ "OPT-NC updates on 2G sunset progress". TeleGeography. 28 July 2022. https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2022/07/28/opt-nc-updates-on-2g-sunset-progress/. 
  67. ↑ "2degrees 2G shuts on 15 March". TeleGeography. 13 February 2018. https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2018/02/13/2degrees-2g-shuts-on-15-march/. 
  68. ↑ "Telecom NZ to close CDMA network by mid-2012". TeleGeography. 8 July 2010. https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2010/07/08/telecom-nz-to-close-cdma-network-by-mid-2012/. 
  69. ↑ "Telecom closes CDMA network". TeleGeography. 31 July 2012. https://www.nzherald.co.nz/business/telecom-closes-cdma-network/HUVTE22UMPOKCSH7FEG5ZQGTWU/. 
  70. ↑ 70.0 70.1 "Informasjon om slukking av 2G-nett i 2025". Nasjonal kommunikasjonsmyndighet (Nkom). 4 January 2021. https://www.nkom.no/fysiske-nett-og-infrastruktur/informasjon-om-slukking-av-2g-i-2025. 
  71. ↑ "Flow (SVG) announces plans to shutter 2G network". TeleGeography. 21 August 2022. https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2023/08/21/flow-svg-announces-plans-to-shutter-2g-network/. 
  72. ↑ Paul Lipscombe (23 August 2023). "Flow to retire 2G network in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines". Data Centre Dynamics. https://www.datacenterdynamics.com/en/news/flow-to-retire-2g-network-in-saint-vincent-and-the-grenadines/. 
  73. ↑ 73.0 73.1 73.2 "IMDA: 2G shutdown will start on 1 April". TeleGeography. 28 March 2017. https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2017/03/28/imda-2g-shutdown-will-start-on-1-april/. 
  74. ↑ "Out with the old on New Year's Eve: TelEm shuts 2G". TeleGeography. 20 December 2018. https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2018/12/20/out-with-the-old-on-new-years-eve-telem-shuts-2g/. 
  75. ↑ "UTS: not turning 2G network back on post-Hurricane Irma". TeleGeography. 26 September 2017. https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2017/09/26/uts-not-turning-2g-network-back-on-post-hurricane-irma/. 
  76. ↑ "South Africa to ban 2G devices by March 2023". TeleGeography. 16 June 2022. https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2022/06/16/south-africa-to-ban-2g-devices-by-march-2023/. 
  77. ↑ "SA comms minister proposes 2G/3G switch-offs in 2024/2025". 6 September 2022. https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2022/09/06/sa-comms-minister-proposes-2g3g-switch-offs-in-20242025/. 
  78. ↑ "Terminating 2G Service in Korea: Policy Issues and Suggestions". International Telecommunications Policy Review. 1 March 2014. http://www.itpr.or.kr/include/asp/downloadPdf.asp?articleuid={488A63FE-B14B-4856-90D3-29DDAACE4D42}. 
  79. ↑ "S. Korea to end 2G network services by June". The Korea Herald. 17 January 2021. http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20210117000147. 
  80. ↑ "SK Telecoms shutters 2G service". TeleGeography. 28 July 2020. https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2020/07/28/sk-telecoms-shutters-2g-service/. 
  81. ↑ "Salt und Swisscom besiegeln das Aus für Uralt-Handys – 2020 wird das 2G-Netz abgeschaltet" (in de). watson. 7 April 2017. https://www.watson.ch/digital/schweiz/853324977-das-aus-fuer-uralt-handys-kommt-2020-wird-das-2g-netz-abgeschaltet. 
  82. ↑ "Schweiz: GSM-Netz bei Salt noch nicht ganz weg" (in de). Teltarif.de. 23 June 2020. https://www.teltarif.de/schweiz-abschaltung-2g-salt/news/81046.html. 
  83. ↑ "GSM-Mobilfunk: Die Schweiz schaltet ab" (in de). heise online. 29 December 2020. https://www.heise.de/news/GSM-Mobilfunk-Die-Schweiz-schaltet-ab-5000513.html. 
  84. ↑ "Sun sets on 2G technology for Swiss cellco". TeleGeography. 20 June 2017. https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2017/06/20/sun-sets-on-2g-technology-for-swiss-cellco/. 
  85. ↑ "Schweiz: Sunrise schaltet 2G vorerst doch nicht ab" (in de). Teltarif.de. 23 November 2018. https://www.teltarif.de/gsm-2g-abschaltung-technik-sunrise-swisscom-salt-schweiz/news/74771.html. 
  86. ↑ "Abschaltung: Die Tage von GSM sind in der Schweiz gezählt" (in de). Teltarif.de. 20 June 2020. https://www.teltarif.de/gsm-abschaltung-schweiz/news/81021.html. 
  87. ↑ "Swisscom plots the end of 2G as it moves to launch 5G in 2020". Fierce Wireless. 9 October 2016. https://www.fiercewireless.com/europe/swisscom-plots-end-2g-as-it-moves-to-launch-5g-2020. 
  88. ↑ "Swisscom schaltet GSM-Netz komplett ab" (in de). Teltarif.de. 13 April 2021. https://www.teltarif.de/schweiz-gsm-abschaltung/news/84102.html. 
  89. ↑ "Swisscom hat Refarming von GSM abgeschlossen" (in de). Golem.de. 13 April 2021. https://www.golem.de/news/schweiz-swisscom-hat-refarming-von-gsm-abgeschlossen-2104-155701.html. 
  90. ↑ 90.0 90.1 90.2 "Taiwanese cellcos shutter 2G networks". TeleGeography. 3 July 2017. https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2017/07/03/taiwanese-cellcos-shutter-2g-networks/. 
  91. ↑ "Digicel to decommission 2G network". LoopTT. 10 November 2023. https://tt.loopnews.com/content/digicel-decommission-2g-network. 
  92. ↑ "Digicel to shut down Trinidadian 2G network on 31 March 2024". TeleGeography. 13 November 2023. https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2023/11/13/digicel-to-shut-down-trinidadian-2g-network-on-31-march-2024/. 
  93. ↑ "du - 2G Shutdown". du. https://www.du.ae/2g-shutdown. 
  94. ↑ "Etisalat UAE -Goodbye 2G". Etisalat UAE. https://www.etisalat.ae/en/c/generic/goodbye-2g.html. 
  95. ↑ "UK 2G and 3G networks will be switched off by 2033". Techradar. 8 December 2021. https://www.techradar.com/news/uk-2g-and-3g-networks-will-be-switched-off-by-2033. 
  96. ↑ "Switching off the UK’s 3G mobile networks: what you need to know". Ofcom. https://www.ofcom.org.uk/phones-telecoms-and-internet/advice-for-consumers/advice/3g-switch-off. 
  97. ↑ "A joint statement on the sunsetting of 2G and 3G networks and public ambition for Open RAN rollout as part of the Telecoms Supply Chain Diversification Strategy". Gov.uk. 8 December 2021. https://www.gov.uk/government/news/a-joint-statement-on-the-sunsetting-of-2g-and-3g-networks-and-public-ambition-for-open-ran-rollout-as-part-of-the-telecoms-supply-chain-diversificatio. 
  98. ↑ "AT&T confirms 2G shutdown took place on 1 January". TeleGeography. 18 January 2017. https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2017/01/18/att-confirms-2g-shutdown-took-place-on-1-january/. 
  99. ↑ "Regional US mobile operator Cellcom to switch off 2G on 1 December; 3G was deactivated in March". TeleGeography. 20 September 2023. https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2023/09/20/regional-us-mobile-operator-cellcom-to-switch-off-2g-on-1-december-3g-was-deactivated-in-march/. 
  100. ↑ "T-Mobile to finally turn off 2G in 2024". LightReading. 15 February 2023. https://www.lightreading.com/5g/t-mobile-to-finally-turn-off-2g-in-2024. 
  101. ↑ "T-Mobile aiming to shut down legacy Sprint networks in 2022". TeleGeography. 10 December 2020. https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2020/12/10/t-mobile-aiming-to-shut-down-legacy-sprint-networks-in-2022/. 
  102. ↑ "T-Mobile US to shut down 3G network on 1 July 2022". TeleGeography. 17 September 2021. https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2021/09/17/t-mobile-us-to-shut-down-3g-network-on-1-july-2022/. 
  103. ↑ "T-Mobile delays CDMA shutdown by three months". TeleGeography. 25 October 2021. https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2021/10/25/t-mobile-delays-cdma-shutdown-by-three-months/. 
  104. ↑ "T-Mobile US commences CDMA shutdown; expands 5G Home Internet footprint". TeleGeography. 31 March 2022. https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2022/03/31/t-mobile-us-commences-cdma-shutdown-expands-5g-home-internet-footprint/. 
  105. ↑ "Union Wireless to Phase Out 2G Network - Provide Customers with Better Wireless Experience". Union Wireless. 3 August 2015. https://www.unionwireless.com/union-wireless-to-phase-out-2g-network-provide-customers-with-better-wireless-experience. 
  106. ↑ "USCellular to Expand Cellular Service in Rural Missouri With USD 5.8 Million Grant". Telecom Talk. 6 November 2023. https://telecomtalk.info/uscellular-to-expand-cellular-service-rural-missouri/893813/. 
  107. ↑ "UScellular to switch off CDMA network on 14 January 2024". TeleGeography. 1 December 2023. https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2023/12/01/uscellular-to-switch-off-cdma-network-on-14-january-2024/. 
  108. ↑ "Verizon to shut down 3G CDMA networks on 31 December 2022". TeleGeography. 31 March 2021. https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2021/03/31/verizon-to-shut-down-3g-cdma-networks-on-31-december-2022/. 
  109. ↑ 109.0 109.1 109.2 "Venezuela aims to phase out 2G in 2025; targets 1.8m fibre subs by that date". TeleGeography. 27 June 2023. https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2023/06/27/venezuela-aims-to-phase-out-2g-in-2025-targets-1-8m-fibre-subs-by-that-date/. 
  110. ↑ "Vietnam to commence 2G switch-off in December 2023". TeleGeography. 15 September 2023. https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2023/09/15/vietnam-to-commence-2g-switch-off-in-december-2023/. 
  111. ↑ "Việt Nam sẽ tắt sóng 2G từ tháng 9.2024" (in vi). laodong.vn. 5 December 2023. https://laodong.vn/cong-nghe/viet-nam-se-tat-song-2g-tu-thang-92024-1276036.ldo. 
  112. ↑ "Nhà mạng sẽ chặn không cho điện thoại 'cục gạch' 2G mới nhập mạng" (in vi). Báo điện tử VTC News. 6 December 2023. https://vtc.vn/nha-mang-se-chan-khong-cho-dien-thoai-cuc-gach-2g-moi-nhap-mang-ar838770.html. 
  113. ↑ "Sắp tắt sóng 2G, tiến tới tắt sóng 3G" (in vi). Báo điện tử VTC News. 6 December 2023. https://tienphong.vn/post-1593019.tpo. 
Preceded by
1st Generation (1G) 		Mobile Telephony Generations Succeeded by
3rd Generation (3G)



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