2G

From HandWiki

2G refers to the second generation of cellular network technology, which were rolled out globally starting in the early 1990s. The main differentiator to previous mobile telephone systems, retrospectively dubbed 1G, is that the radio signals of 2G networks are digital rather than analog, for communication between mobile devices and base stations. In addition to voice telephony, 2G also made possible the use of data services.

The most common 2G technology has been the GSM standard, which became the first globally adopted framework for mobile communications. Other 2G technologies include cdmaOne and the now-discontinued Digital AMPS (D-AMPS/TDMA),[1] as well as the Personal Digital Cellular (PDC) and Personal Handy-phone System (PHS) in Japan.

The transition to digital technology enabled the implementation of encryption for voice calls and data transmission, significantly improving the security of mobile communications while also increasing capacity and efficiency compared to earlier analog systems. 2G networks were primarily designed to support voice calls and Short Message Service (SMS), with later advancements such as General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) enabling always-on packet data services, including email and limited internet access. 2G was succeeded by 3G technology, which provided higher data transfer rates and expanded mobile internet capabilities.

History

In 1990, AT&T Bell Labs engineers Jesse Russell, Farhad Barzegar and Can A. Eryaman filed a patent for a digital mobile phone that supports the transmission of digital data. Their patent was cited several years later by Nokia and Motorola when they were developing 2G digital mobile phones.[2]

2G was first commercially launched in 1991 by Radiolinja (now part of Elisa Oyj) in Finland in the form of GSM, which was defined by the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI).[3] The Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA) defined the cdmaOne (IS-95) 2G standard, with an eight to ten fold increase in voice call capacity compared to analog AMPS.[4] The first deployment of cdmaOne was in 1995.[5] In North America, Digital AMPS (IS-54 and IS-136) and cdmaOne (IS-95) were dominant, but GSM was also used.

Later 2G releases in the GSM space, often referred to as 2.5G and 2.75G, include General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) and Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE). GPRS allows 2G networks to achieve a theoretical maximum transfer speed of 40 kbit/s (5 kB/s). EDGE increases this capacity, providing a theoretical maximum transfer speed of 384 kbit/s (48 kB/s).

Three primary benefits of 2G networks over their 1G predecessors were:

Evolution of GSM 2G

Cellular network standards and generation timeline. (Large titles on the colored area refer to the lines to their right.

2.5G (GPRS)

Main article: GPRS

2.5G ("second-and-a-half generation") refers to 2G systems that incorporate a packet-switched domain alongside the existing circuit-switched domain, most commonly implemented through General Packet Radio Service (GPRS).[6] GPRS enables packet-based data transmission by dynamically allocating multiple timeslots to users, improving network efficiency. However, this does not inherently provide faster speeds, as similar techniques, such as timeslot bundling, are also employed in circuit-switched data services like High-Speed Circuit-Switched Data (HSCSD). Within GPRS-enabled 2G systems, the theoretical maximum transfer rate is 40 kbit/s (5 kB/s).[7]

2.75G (EDGE)

2.75G refers to the evolution of GPRS networks into EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution) networks, achieved through the introduction of 8PSK (8 Phase Shift Keying) encoding. While the symbol rate remained constant at 270.833 samples per second, the use of 8PSK allowed each symbol to carry three bits instead of one, significantly increasing data transmission efficiency. Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE), also known as Enhanced GPRS (EGPRS) or IMT Single Carrier (IMT-SC), is a backward-compatible digital mobile phone technology built as an extension to standard GSM. First deployed in 2003 by AT&T in the United States, EDGE offers a theoretical maximum transfer speed of 384 kbit/s (48 kB/s).[7]

2.875G (EDGE Evolution)

Evolved EDGE (also known as EDGE Evolution or 2.875G) is an enhancement of the EDGE mobile technology that was introduced as a late-stage upgrade to 2G networks. While EDGE was first deployed in the early 2000s as part of GSM networks, Evolved EDGE was launched much later, coinciding with the widespread adoption of 3G technologies such as HSPA and just before the emergence of 4G networks. This timing limited its practical application.

Evolved EDGE increased data throughput and reduced latencies (down to 80 ms) by utilizing improved modulation techniques, dual carrier support, dual antennas, and turbo codes. It achieved peak data rates of up to 1 Mbit/s, significantly enhancing network efficiency for operators that had not yet transitioned to 3G or 4G infrastructures. However, despite its technical improvements, Evolved EDGE was never widely deployed. By the time it became available, most network operators were focused on implementing more advanced technologies like UMTS and LTE. As of 2016, no commercial networks were reported to support Evolved EDGE.

Phase-out

2G, understood as GSM and CdmaOne, has been superseded by newer technologies such as 3G (UMTS / CDMA2000), 4G (LTE / WiMAX) and 5G (5G NR). However, 2G networks were still available as of 2023 in most parts of the world, while notably excluding the majority of carriers in North America, East Asia, and Australia.[8][9][10]

Many modern LTE-enabled devices have the ability to fall back to 2G for phone calls, necessary especially in rural areas where later generations have not yet been implemented.[11] In some places, its successor 3G is being shut down rather than 2G – Vodafone previously announced that it had switched off 3G across Europe in 2020 but still retains 2G as a fallback service.[12] In the US T-Mobile shut down their 3G services while retaining their 2G GSM network.[13][14]

Various carriers have made announcements that 2G technology in the United States, Japan, Australia, and other countries are in the process of being shut down, or have already shut down 2G services so that carriers can re-use the frequencies for newer technologies (e.g. 4G, 5G).[15][16]

As a legacy protocol, 2G connectivity is considered insecure.[17] Specifically, there exist well known methods to attack weaknesses in GSM since 2009[18] with practical use in crime.[19] Attack routes on 2G CdmaOne were found later and remain less publicized.[20]

Android 12 and later provide a network setting to disable 2G connectivity for the device.[21] iOS 16 and later can disable 2G connectivity by enabling Lockdown Mode.[22]

Criticism

In some parts of the world, including the United Kingdom, 2G remains widely used for older feature phones and for internet of things (IoT) devices such as smart meters, eCall systems and vehicle trackers to avoid the high patent licensing cost of newer technologies.[23] Terminating 2G services could leave vulnerable people who rely on 2G infrastructure unable to communicate even with emergency contacts, causing harm and possibly deaths.[24]

Past 2G networks

Country Status Network Shutdown date Standard Notes
  1. REDIRECT Template:Country data Åland Islands
 Ålcom 2025-02-03 GSM [25]
 Anguilla Digicel active GSM 900 MHz: 5 MHz GSM + 5 MHz UMTS
1900 MHz: 5 MHz UMTS [26][27][28][29]
FLOW 2024-04-22 GSM [30][31]
 Antigua and Barbuda No Service APUA 2018-04-01 GSM [32]
Digicel 2024-05-31 GSM [33]
FLOW 2024-07-31 GSM [34]
 Aruba partially
unconfirmed 		Digicel Template:Partial2 GSM [35]
SETAR active GSM GSM-900 & GSM-1900
 Australia No Service Hutchison 3 2006-08-09 cdmaOne [36][37][38][39][40]
Optus 2017-08-01 GSM 2G shut down in WA and NT on 3 Apr 2017.[41][42]
Telstra 2008-04-28 cdmaOne [43][44][45][46][47]
Telstra 2016-12-01 GSM [48]
Vodafone 2018-06-14 GSM [49]
 Bahamas No Service Aliv N/A (no 2G)
BTC 2024-06-30 GSM [50][51][52]
 Bahrain Batelco 2021-11-30 GSM [53]
 Barbados partially
unconfirmed 		Digicel Template:Partial2 GSM 900 MHz: 6 MHz GSM /
1800 MHz: 12 MHz GSM [54]
FLOW Template:Partial2 GSM
 Belgium Orange Template:Partial2 GSM [55]
Telenet Template:Partial2 GSM [56]
Proximus Template:Partial2 GSM [57]
 Bermuda Digicel active GSM 1900 MHz: 15 MHz GSM + 15 MHz LTE [58]
One active GSM 1900 MHz: 5 MHz GSM + 20 MHz LTE [58]
 Bonaire partially
unconfirmed 		Digicel Template:Partial2 GSM
FLOW Template:Partial2 GSM
 British Virgin Islands CCT active GSM 1900 MHz: 10 MHz GSM + 20 MHz LTE [59]
Digicel active GSM 1800 MHz: 15 MHz GSM
1900 MHz: 5 MHz GSM + 10 MHz UMTS [59]
FLOW 2024-04-22 GSM [60]
 Brunei No Service UNN 2021-06-01 GSM National Wholesale Network used by DSTCom, Progresif and imagine.[61][62]
 Canada Bell 2019-04-30 cdmaOne Shutdown of CDMA transmitters commenced in remote areas in 2017, followed by an official announcement in June 2018 that 2G devices will lose service soon.[63][64]
Rogers Wireless Template:Partial2 GSM 1900 MHz shutdown in Jun 2021.
850 MHz remains active.[65][66][67][68]
SaskTel 2017-07-31 cdmaOne [69][70]
Telus Mobility 2017-05-31 cdmaOne [71][72]
 Cayman Islands partially
unconfirmed 		Digicel 2020-07-01 GSM [73][74]
FLOW Template:Partial2 GSM
 China China Mobile active GSM 900 MHz: 15 MHz GSM
1800 MHz: 25 MHz GSM [75]
China Telecom Template:Partial2 cdmaOne Local shutdown commenced on 01 Jun 2020.
CDMA2000 1xRTT, EV-DO Rev. A/B (3G) service also terminates.[75][76][77]
China Unicom Template:Partial2 GSM Local shutdown commenced on 18 Apr 2018.[75][78][79][77][80]
 Chile Entel Template:Partial2 GSM Local shutdown commenced on 22 Jul 2024 in the Arica and Parinacota Region.[81]
 Colombia Claro 2023-02-23 GSM [82][83]
Tigo 2022-11-01 GSM [84]
 Curaçao Digicel Template:Partial2 GSM
FLOW 2024-02-29 GSM [85][86]
 Dominica partially
unconfirmed 		Digicel Template:Partial2 GSM
FLOW Template:Partial2 GSM [87]
 France Bouygues Template:Partial2 GSM [88]
Orange Template:Partial2 GSM [55]
SFR Template:Partial2 GSM [89]
 Germany Deutsche Telekom Template:Partial2 GSM [90]
Vodafone Template:Partial2 GSM [91][92]
Telefónica (O2) Template:Partial2 GSM
 Grenada unconfirmed Digicel Template:Partial2 GSM
FLOW Template:Partial2 GSM
 Guam unconfirmed GTA Teleguam Template:Partial2 GSM
 Hong Kong 3 2008-11-20 cdmaOne Shut down due to license expiry. Government originally did not allow the license to be renewed due to unpopularity, however the government later reversed the decision and held an auction for CDMA2000 service, which PCCW-HKT won the auction and provided CDMA2000 service immediately after 3's license expiry.
3 2021-09-30 GSM [93]
CMHK active GSM
CSL 2005 D-AMPS Service previously provided by Pacific Link, which subsequently merged into CSL. Shut down due to license expiry. Government did not allow the license to be renewed due to unpopularity.
CSL 2017-10-31 cdmaOne Service previously provided by PCCW. After acquisition of CSL by HKT, its mobile business PCCW Mobile was merged into CSL. No service for local customers, only served incoming roaming tourists.
CSL terminated its CDMA family business upon its licence expiry, and CDMA2000 1xRTT, EV-DO Rev. A (3G) service has also terminated along with cdmaOne.[94]
CSL 2024-11-08 GSM [95]
SmarTone 2022-10-14 GSM [96]
 Iceland Nova 2025-01-28 GSM [97]
Síminn Template:Partial2 GSM [98]
Sýn 2025-06-01 GSM [99]
 Israel Hot Mobile 2019-12-31 iDEN [100]
Template:Partial2 GSM Per government statement.[101]
 Jamaica No Service Digicel 2024-08-31 GSM [102][103]
FLOW 2024-04-15 GSM [104][103][105]
 Japan No Service au KDDI 2012-07-22 cdmaOne [106]
NTT Docomo 2012-03-31 PDC [107]
Softbank 2010-03-31 PDC [108]
 Jordan Umniah 2021-03-11 GSM [109]
 Luxembourg Orange Template:Partial2 GSM [55]
 Macau No Service CTM 2019-08-01 GSM Service for local customers terminated on 4 Jun 2015, but remained for roaming users.[110][111][112]
3 2019-08-01 GSM Service for local customers terminated on 4 Jun 2015, but remained for roaming users.[110][111]
SmarTone 2019-08-01 GSM Service for local customers terminated on 4 Jun 2015, but remained for roaming users.[110][111]
 Mexico AT&T 2019-09-01 GSM [113]
Local shutdown commenced in Q1 2019.
Movistar 2021-01-01 GSM [114]
 Montserrat unconfirmed Digicel Template:Partial2 GSM
FLOW Template:Partial2 GSM
 Netherlands KPN Template:Partial2 GSM [115]
T-Mobile 2021-06-01 /
2023-11-15 (IoT) 		GSM [116]
 New Caledonia OPT-NC Template:Partial2 GSM Shutdown commenced in 2022.[117]
 New Zealand 2degrees 2018-03-15 GSM [118]
Spark 2012-07-31 cdmaOne [119][120]
 Norway Telenor Template:Partial2 GSM [121]
Telia Template:Partial2 GSM [121]
 Panama Digicel 2022-06-30 GSM Complete shutdown of operations and market exit.[122][123][124][125]
 Peru Bitel N/A (no 2G)
 Poland Orange Template:Partial2 GSM [55]
 Romania Orange Template:Partial2 GSM [55]
 Saint Kitts and Nevis Digicel Template:Partial2 GSM
FLOW 2024-04-22 GSM [126]
 Saint Lucia partially
unconfirmed 		Digicel Template:Partial2 GSM
FLOW Template:Partial2 GSM [127]
 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Digicel Template:Partial2 GSM
FLOW 2023-09-30 GSM [128][129][130][131]
 Saudi Arabia stc Template:Partial2 GSM [132]
 Singapore No Service M1 2017-04-18 GSM [133]
Singtel 2017-04-18 GSM [133]
StarHub 2017-04-18 GSM [133]
 Sint Maarten
 Saba
 Sint Eustatius 		No Service TelCell 2019-01-01 GSM [134]
FLOW (UTS) 2017-09-26 GSM [135]
 Slovakia Orange Template:Partial2 GSM [55]
 South Africa Template:Partial2 GSM Per government statement.[136][137]
 South Korea No Service KT 2012-03-19 cdmaOne CDMA2000 1xRTT, EV-DO Rel. 0 (3G) service has also terminated.[138]
LG Uplus 2021-06-30 cdmaOne CDMA2000 1xRTT, EV-DO Rev. A/B (3G) service has also terminated.[139]
SK Telecom 2020-07-27 cdmaOne CDMA2000 1xRTT, EV-DO Rel. 0 (3G) service has also terminated.[140]
 Spain Orange Template:Partial2 GSM [55]
 Sweden Net4Mobility (Telenor/Tele2) Template:Partial2 GSM 2G network will be shut down by the end of 2025.[141][142][143]
Telia Template:Partial2 GSM Shutdown pushed back from 2025 to 2027.[144][145]
 Switzerland No Service Salt 2020-12-31 GSM Shutdown commenced on 1 Jul 2020. A few single 2G-only sites remained until Sep 2023 to preserve CSFB functionality.[146][147][148]
Sunrise 2023-01-03 GSM With the introduction of S-RAN in 2018 phaseout was previously postponed to 2022.[149][150][151]
Swisscom 2021-04-07 GSM Official shutdown on 31 Dec 2020 (guaranteed availability).[152][153][154]
 Taiwan No Service Chunghwa Telecom 2017-06-30 GSM [155]
FarEasTone 2017-06-30 GSM [155]
Taiwan Mobile 2017-06-30 GSM [155]
 Trinidad and Tobago Digicel Template:Partial2 GSM [156][157][158]
bmobile (TSTT) Template:Partial2 GSM 850 MHz: 2.5 MHz GSM + 5 MHz UMTS [159][160]
 Turks and Caicos Islands Digicel Template:Partial2 GSM 900 MHz: 9.8 MHz GSM [161]
FLOW 2024-04-22 GSM [162]
 United Arab Emirates No Service Du 2023-12-31 GSM [163]
Etisalat 2023-12-31 GSM [164]
 United Kingdom Template:Partial2 GSM Per government statement on confirmation by mobile providers.[165][166][167]
 United States
 Puerto Rico
 US Virgin Islands 		AT&T 2008-02-18 D-AMPS TDMA (D-AMPS) on 1900 MHz shut down on 15 July 2007.[168]
2017-01-01 GSM [169]
Cellcom
(US only) 		2023-12-01 cdmaOne CDMA2000 1xRTT, EV-DO Rev. A (3G) service has also terminated.[170]
Claro
(PR only) 		Template:Partial2 GSM
Commnet Wireless (Choice)
(US only) 		2022-12-31 cdmaOne CDMA2000 1xRTT, EV-DO Rev. A (3G) service has also terminated.[171]
Copper Valley Wireless 2022-09-30 cdmaOne CDMA2000 1xRTT, EV-DO Rev. A (3G) service has also terminated.[172]
Edge Wireless 2007-06-30 D-AMPS [173]
Inland Cellular 2025-09-03 cdmaOne CDMA2000 1xRTT, EV-DO Rev. A (3G) service has also terminated.[174]
T-Mobile Template:Partial2 GSM Shutdown commenced on 9 Feb 2025.[175][176]
T-Mobile (Sprint) 2022-05-31 cdmaOne CDMA2000 1xRTT, EV-DO Rev. A (3G) service has also terminated.
Shutdown commenced on 31 Mar 2022.[177][178][179][180]
UScellular
(US only) 		2009-02 D-AMPS [181]
UScellular
(US only) 		2024-01-14 cdmaOne CDMA2000 1xRTT, EV-DO Rev. A (3G) service has also terminated.[182][183]
Verizon
(US only) 		2022-12-31 cdmaOne CDMA2000 1xRTT, EV-DO Rev. A (3G) service has also terminated.[184]
 Venezuela Digitel 2024-03-08 GSM Shutdown commenced in May 2021.[185][186]
Movilnet Template:Partial2 GSM [185]
Movistar Template:Partial2 GSM Shutdown commenced on 01 Jul 2022.[185]
 Vietnam No Service Gmobile 2024-10-16 GSM per government regulation[187]
Mobifone 2024-10-16 GSM per government regulation[187]
Vietnamobile N/A (no 2G)
Viettel 2024-10-16 GSM per government regulation[187]
Vinaphone 2024-10-16 GSM per government regulation[187]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "2G Sunset Brings Faster Speeds, Newer Technologies". 16 January 2017. https://about.att.com/innovationblog/2g_sunset. 
  2. ↑ , Farhad; Can A. Eryaman & Jesse E. Russell et al."Mobile data telephone" patent US5257397A, issued 1993-10-26 (filed 1990-08-13)
  3. ↑ "Radiolinja's History". 2004-04-20. http://www.elisa.com/english/index.cfm?t=6&o=6532.50. 
  4. ↑ "CDMA Network Technology: A Decade Of Advances And Challenges" (in en). https://www.tek.com/en/documents/technical-brief/cdma-network-technology-decade-advances-and-challenges. 
  5. ↑ "4: CDMA - Cellular Technologies for Emerging Markets: 2G, 3G and Beyond [Book"] (in en). https://www.oreilly.com/library/view/cellular-technologies-for/9780470975671/OEBPS/9780470975671_epub_ch_4.htm. 
  6. ↑ "What is Second and a Half Generation (2.5G)". https://www.igi-global.com/dictionary/security-mobile-systems/26010. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 "GPRS & EDGE". https://www.3gpp.org/technologies/keywords-acronyms/102-gprs-edge. 
  8. ↑ "Germany's rural 4G users still spend one-fourth of their time on 3G and 2G networks". 2019-06-13. https://www.opensignal.com/blog/2019/06/13/germanys-rural-4g-users-still-spend-one-fourth-of-their-time-on-3g-and-2g-networks. 
  9. ↑ "T-Mobile Poland expects to keep 2G for five-to-six years". TeleGeography. 2019-07-17. https://www.telegeography.com/products/commsupdate/articles/2019/06/17/t-mobile-poland-expects-to-keep-2g-for-five-to-six-years/index.html. 
  10. ↑ "2G phase-out – modernisation of the Swisscom mobile network". Swisscom. https://www.swisscom.ch/en/about/company/portrait/network/2g-phase-out.html. 
  11. ↑ "SUNSET ON 2G/3G MOBILE NETWORKS? NOT EXACTLY...". CSL Group. https://www.csl-group.com/uk/news/sunset-on-2g3g-mobile-networks-not-exactly.html. 
  12. ↑ Hall, Kat. "Sod 3G, that can go, but don't rush to turn off 2G, UK still needs it – report". The Register. https://www.theregister.com/2019/10/18/dont_switch_off_2g_report/. 
  13. ↑ "T-Mobile Network Evolution". T-Mobile US. https://www.t-mobile.com/support/coverage/t-mobile-network-evolution. 
  14. ↑ "T-Mobile US to shut down 3G network on 1 July 2022". TeleGeography. 2021-09-17. https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2021/09/17/t-mobile-us-to-shut-down-3g-network-on-1-july-2022/. 
  15. ↑ Serr, Melanie (2017-04-05). "What You Need To Know About the 2G Network Shutdown". https://www.geotab.com/blog/2g-network-shutdown/. 
  16. ↑ "The status of the 2G/3G network sunset". nae_ global. 2019-07-31. https://nae.global/en/the-status-of-the-2g-3g-network-sunset/. 
  17. ↑ Cooper Quintin and Andrés Arrieta (2020-06-29). "Your Phone Is Vulnerable Because of 2G, But it Doesn't Have to Be". Electronic Frontier Foundation. https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2020/06/your-phone-vulnerable-because-2g-it-doesnt-have-be. 
  18. ↑ "The GSM encryption algorithm was broken". GSMArena. https://www.gsmarena.com/the_gsm_encryption_algorithm_was_broken-news-1347.php. 
  19. ↑ Russon, Mary-Ann (2014-03-27). "China Arrests 1,500 People for Sending Spam Text Messages from Fake Mobile Base Stations". International Business Times UK. https://www.ibtimes.co.uk/china-arrests-1500-people-sending-spam-text-messages-fake-mobile-base-stations-1442099. 
  20. ↑ Zhang, Chi; Liu, Jun-Rong; Gu, Da-Wu; Wang, Wei-Jia; Lu, Xiang-Jun; Guo, Zheng; Lu, Hai-Ning (2019-09-01). "Side-Channel Analysis for the Authentication Protocols of CDMA Cellular Networks". Journal of Computer Science and Technology 34 (5): 1079–1095. doi:10.1007/s11390-019-1961-5. 
  21. ↑ Amadeo, Ron (2022-01-14). "EFF praises Android's new 2G kill switch, wants Apple to follow suit". Ars Technica. https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2022/01/eff-praises-androids-new-2g-kill-switch-wants-apple-to-follow-suit/. 
  22. ↑ "About Lockdown Mode". Apple. https://support.apple.com/en-us/105120. 
  23. ↑ "Freedom of Information: Right to know request". Ofcom. 2020-06-03. https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20210104120707mp_/https://www.ofcom.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0027/196632/uk-2g-infrastructure-shutdown.pdf. 
  24. ↑ Rockman, Simon. "Millions Will Lose Out When Government Kills 2G". Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/simonrockman1/2019/08/01/millions-will-lose-out-when-government-kills-2g/. 
  25. ↑ "Avveckling 2G och kopparnät" (in sv). Ålcom. https://www.alcom.ax/privat/mobil/avveckling-2g-och-kopparnat. 
  26. ↑ "License and Frequency Authorisations - Digicel". Public Utilities Commission Anguilla. 2014-11-05. https://pucanguilla.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/Digicel-Licence-5Nov2014.pdf. 
  27. ↑ "Annual Report 2016". Public Utilities Commission Anguilla. 2017-08-24. https://pucanguilla.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Annual-Report-2016-Final-Combined.pdf. 
  28. ↑ "Annual Report 2017". Public Utilities Commission Anguilla. 2018-10-22. https://www.gov.ai/document/hoa/boardaccounts/Public%20Utilities%20Commission%20Annual%20Report%202017.pdf. 
  29. ↑ "Agreement Between The Administrations Of Anguilla, France, Sint Maarten And The State Of Netherlands For Saba And St. Eustatius Concerning The Spectrum Coordination Of Land Mobile Radiocommunication Networks In The Frequency Range 698 MHz to 3800 MHz". Agence Nationale Des Frèquences (ANFR). 2023-03-01. https://www.anfr.fr/fileadmin/user_upload/Agreement_AIA-F-SXM-HOL_BES.pdf. 
  30. ↑ "License and Frequency Authorisations - Flow". Public Utilities Commission Anguilla. 2014. https://pucanguilla.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/FlowContract-2014.pdf. 
  31. ↑ "We're saying goodbye to our 2G mobile network". Flow Anguilla. 2024-04-17. https://www.facebook.com/plugins/post.php?href=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2FFlowAnguilla%2Fposts%2Fpfbid02tzAgbe4DqSHZNMAskTNGkqMtXhwGSJGWbC3fHqNao3z4h2H9gCk3ez9qZ1eAswzil. 
  32. ↑ "APUA Seeks Portion of Premium Spectrum". Antigua Public Utilities Authority. 2019-06-13. http://www.apua.ag/apua-seeks-portion-of-premium-spectrum/. 
  33. ↑ "Digicel Antigua to say good-bye to 2G this month". Loop Caribbean News by Digicel. 2024-05-23. https://caribbean.loopnews.com/content/digicel-antigua-say-good-bye-2g-month. 
  34. ↑ "FLOW to retire 2G networks, shutdown in phased manner". Associates Times LLC. 2024-06-07. https://associatestimes.com/flow-to-retire-2g-networks-shutdown-in-phased-manner/. 
  35. ↑ "Digicel Network Upgrade". Digicel Aruba. 2023-12-12. https://www.digicelgroup.com/aw/en/lte-upgrade-notice. 
  36. ↑ "Hutchison to upgrade Orange network". TeleGeography. 2004-01-26. https://www.telegeography.com/products/commsupdate/articles/2004/01/26/hutchison-to-upgrade-orange-network/. 
  37. ↑ "Telstra fails to prise Orange from Hutch as 3G network share talks fail". TeleGeography. 2004-04-20. https://www.telegeography.com/products/commsupdate/articles/2004/04/20/telstra-fails-to-prise-orange-from-hutch-as-3g-network-share-talks-fail/. 
  38. ↑ "Hutch to push 2G users to 3G and close Orange network". TeleGeography. 2006-02-01. https://www.telegeography.com/products/commsupdate/articles/2006/02/01/hutch-to-push-2g-users-to-3g-and-close-orange-network/. 
  39. ↑ "Hutch to shut down CDMA network in August". TeleGeography. 2006-05-10. http://www.telegeography.com/products/commsupdate/articles/2006/05/10/hutch-to-shut-down-cdma-network-in-august/. 
  40. ↑ "2G network closure increases Hutch Australia revenues and losses". TeleGeography. 2006-08-23. https://www.telegeography.com/products/commsupdate/articles/2006/08/23/2g-network-closure-increases-hutch-australia-revenues-and-losses/. 
  41. ↑ "Optus to shutter GSM network in April 2017". TeleGeography. 2015-08-05. https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2015/08/05/optus-to-shutter-gsm-network-in-april-2017/. 
  42. ↑ "2G Network Closure Update". Optus. 2016-10-19. http://www.optus.com.au/shop/support/answer/2g-network-closure-update?requestType=NormalRequest&id=5873&typeId=5/. 
  43. ↑ "Telstra plans EV-DO upgrade". TeleGeography. 2004-04-15. https://www.telegeography.com/products/commsupdate/articles/2004/04/15/telstra-plans-ev-do-upgrade/. 
  44. ↑ "'CDMA is on the way out,' says Telstra". TeleGeography. 2006-05-02. https://www.telegeography.com/products/commsupdate/articles/2006/05/02/cdma-is-on-the-way-out-says-telstra/. 
  45. ↑ "Telstra to close CDMA network by Jan 2008". TeleGeography. 2007-02-06. https://www.telegeography.com/products/commsupdate/articles/2007/02/06/telstra-to-close-cdma-network-by-jan-2008/. 
  46. ↑ "Telstra's CDMA shutdown: No gain without pain?". ZDNet. 2008-04-24. https://www.zdnet.com/article/telstras-cdma-shutdown-no-gain-without-pain/. 
  47. ↑ "CDMA shut-down delayed 'til April". TeleGeography. 2008-01-22. https://www.telegeography.com/products/commsupdate/articles/2008/01/22/cdma-shut-down-delayed-til-april/. 
  48. ↑ "Telstra switches off GSM network". TeleGeography. 2016-12-02. https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2016/12/02/telstra-switches-off-gsm-network/. 
  49. ↑ "Vodafone's 2G Network shutdown starts at the end of this month – are you ready?". Ausdroid. 2018-06-14. https://ausdroid.net/news/2018/04/06/vodafones-2g-network-shutdown-starts-end-month-ready/. 
  50. ↑ "BTC to commence mobile network optimization project". Eye Witness News. 2024-05-22. https://ewnews.com/btc-to-commence-mobile-network-optimization-project/. 
  51. ↑ "BTC readies to consolidate mobile network to 4G only". The Tribune - Ellington. 2024-05-22. https://www.tribune242.com/news/2024/may/22/btc-readies-consolidate-mobile-network-4g-only/. 
  52. ↑ "BTC will be transitioning our network from 2G to 3G technology". BTC. https://www.btcbahamas.com/importantnotice. 
  53. ↑ "Batelco to phase out 2G network on 30 November". TeleGeography. 2021-09-28. https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2021/09/28/batelco-to-phase-out-2g-network-on-30-november/. 
  54. ↑ "spectrummonitoring.com - Barbados". spectrummonitoring.com. 2022-03-01. https://www.spectrummonitoring.com/frequencies.php/frequencies.php?market=BRB. 
  55. ↑ 55.0 55.1 55.2 55.3 55.4 55.5 55.6 "Orange selects 5G SA vendors; provides timetable for 2G/3G shutdowns". TeleGeography. 2022-03-01. https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2022/03/01/orange-selects-5g-sa-vendors-provides-timetable-for-2g3g-shutdowns/. 
  56. ↑ "Telenet to switch off 3G from September 2024". TeleGeography. 2022-09-19. https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2022/09/16/telenet-to-switch-off-3g-from-september-2024/. 
  57. ↑ "Proximus to switch off 3G network by end-2024". TeleGeography. 2022-11-30. https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2022/11/30/proximus-to-switch-off-3g-network-by-end-2024/. 
  58. ↑ 58.0 58.1 "spectrummonitoring.com - Bermuda". spectrummonitoring.com. 2021-05-20. https://www.spectrummonitoring.com/frequencies.php/frequencies.php?market=BER. 
  59. ↑ 59.0 59.1 "spectrummonitoring.com - British Virgin Islands". spectrummonitoring.com. 2017-04-06. https://www.spectrummonitoring.com/frequencies.php/frequencies.php?market=VRG. 
  60. ↑ "Final Announcement 2G Shutdown". FLOW BVI. 2024-04-17. https://www.facebook.com/plugins/post.php?href=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2FFlowBVI%2Fposts%2Fpfbid02pNpqqrrwae3E54iEaRgL5gVPzY7tCnspH8WWnhHoBDQGCMhhN9yUcJw6rvLR4Z5Yl. 
  61. ↑ "Cessation of 2G GSM services in Brunei Darussalam". UNN Brunei. 2021-04-16. https://unn.com.bn/storage/news/faq-cessation-of-2g-gsm-services.pdf. 
  62. ↑ "FAQs - 2G Network Switch-off". Authority for Info-communications Technology Industry (AITI). https://www.aiti.gov.bn/SitePages/FAQs.aspx#2G-Network-Switch-off. 
  63. ↑ "CDMA Network Discontinuation". Bell Canada. https://support.bell.ca/mobility/smartphones_and_mobile_internet/cdma_evdo_network_change. 
  64. ↑ "Bell completing CDMA shutdown on 30 April". TeleGeography. 2019-04-01. https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2019/04/01/bell-completing-cdma-shutdown-on-30-april/. 
  65. ↑ "Rogers extends availability of GSM/GPRS network to December 2020". MobileSyrup. 2018-05-04. https://mobilesyrup.com/2018/05/04/rogers-extends-availability-of-gsm-gprs-network-to-december-2020/. 
  66. ↑ "Important Notice Regarding Upcoming 2G/3G Changes on the Rogers Network". BULWARK. 2020-07-15. https://bsav.ca/important-notice-regarding-upcoming-2g-3g-changes-on-the-rogers-network/. 
  67. ↑ "1900 MHz Shutdown on our 2G and 3G Wireless Networks". Rogers Communications. 2021-03-01. https://www.rogers.com/customer/support/article/business-network-updates. 
  68. ↑ "2G and 3G Shutdowns Continue". blog.telegeography.com. 2023-02-15. https://blog.telegeography.com/2g-and-3g-shutdowns-continue. 
  69. ↑ "Final countdown for Saskatchewan CDMA". TeleGeography. 2016-07-06. https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2016/07/06/final-countdown-for-saskatchewan-cdma/. 
  70. ↑ "SaskTel reminds CDMA customers of network shutdown". Sasktel. 2017-01-11. https://www.sasktel.com/about-us/news/2017/sasktel-rreminds-cdma-customers-of-network-shutdown. 
  71. ↑ "Telus 'shutting CDMA in 2015'". TeleGeography. 2013-10-21. https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2013/10/21/telus-shutting-cdma-in-2015/. 
  72. ↑ "CDMA network shut down - Information on the discontinuation of CDMA network support". TELUS. https://www.telus.com/en/on/support/article/cdma. 
  73. ↑ "2G Network Shut Down". Digicel Cayman. http://www.digicelfoundation.org/markets/cayman/en/mobile/Why-Digicel/network/G-Network-Shut-Down.html. 
  74. ↑ "Digicel Cayman announces network upgrade, discontinues 2G coverage". TeleGeography. 2019-11-01. https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2019/11/01/digicel-cayman-announces-network-upgrade-discontinues-2g-coverage/. 
  75. ↑ 75.0 75.1 75.2 "spectrummonitoring.com - China". spectrummonitoring.com. 2022-11-21. https://www.spectrummonitoring.com/frequencies.php/frequencies.php?market=CHN. 
  76. ↑ "China Telecom: 3G Network Will Be Shut down Gradually Starting from June". Montnets. 2020-06-05. https://www.montnets.com/en/wap/index.php/show-583.html. 
  77. ↑ 77.0 77.1 "Turning off 2G in China harder than it looks". Light Reading. 2022-06-29. https://www.lightreading.com/asia/turning-off-2g-in-china-harder-than-it-looks/d/d-id/778630. 
  78. ↑ "China Unicom to roll back 2G network". TechNode. 2018-04-18. https://technode.com/2018/04/12/china-unicom-to-roll-back-2g-network/. 
  79. ↑ "China Unicom to retire 2G next year". Developing Telecoms Ltd.. 2020-11-13. https://www.developingtelecoms.com/telecom-business/operator-news/10286-china-unicom-to-retire-2g-next-year.html. 
  80. ↑ "China Unicom given green light to refarm 900MHz band for 5G". TeleGeography. 2022-11-04. https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2022/11/04/china-unicom-given-green-light-to-refarm-900mhz-band-for-5g/. 
  81. ↑ "¿Cuándo se hará el recambio de la tecnología 2G en mi región? – Centro de Ayuda - Entel" (in es). https://ayuda.entel.cl/hc/es-419/articles/18395794735251--Cu%C3%A1ndo-se-har%C3%A1-el-recambio-de-la-tecnolog%C3%ADa-2G-en-mi-regi%C3%B3n. 
  82. ↑ "Claro Colombia targets December 2022 2G shutdown". TeleGeography. 2022-05-13. https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2022/05/13/claro-colombia-targets-december-2022-2g-shutdown/. 
  83. ↑ "Claro now expects to switch off 2G network by Feb-23". TeleGeography. 2022-09-20. https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2022/09/20/claro-now-expects-to-switch-off-2g-network-by-feb-23/. 
  84. ↑ "Tigo switches off Colombian 2G network". TeleGeography. 2022-11-02. https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2022/11/02/tigo-switches-off-colombian-2g-network/. 
  85. ↑ "Final Announcement 2G Shutdown". Flow Curaçao. 2024-02-26. https://www.linkedin.com/posts/bart-hofker-710760_this-week-were-turning-off-2g-in-curacao-activity-7168645482393640962-vBLl. 
  86. ↑ "2G service retires February 29". Flow Curaçao. 2024-02-26. https://discoverflow.co/curacao/2G-network-shutdown. 
  87. ↑ "Flow repurposing its 2G network to bolster 3G & 4". Emonews. 2024-03-04. https://emonewsdm.com/flow-repurposing-its-2g-network-to-bolster-3g-4/. 
  88. ↑ "Bouygues Telecom to decommission 2G in 2026, 3G to follow in 2029". TeleGeography. 2023-02-03. https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2023/02/03/bouygues-telecom-to-decommission-2g-in-2026-3g-to-follow-in-2029/. 
  89. ↑ "SFR selects Nokia for 5G SA network; to decommission 2G/3G by 2028". TeleGeography. 2023-01-27. https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2023/01/27/sfr-selects-nokia-for-5g-sa-network-to-decommission-2g3g-by-2028/. 
  90. ↑ "Mehr Speed auf alten Frequenzen: 2G-Abschaltung sorgt für besseres Netz" (in de). Deutsche Telekom. 2024-10-22. https://www.telekom.com/de/medien/medieninformationen/detail/mehr-speed-auf-alten-frequenzen-2g-abschaltung-sorgt-fuer-besseres-netz-1081802. 
  91. ↑ "GSM-Abschaltung: Vodafone will 2G-Netze bis Ende 2030 abschalten" (in de). Computerbase. 2024-10-24. https://www.computerbase.de/news/internet/gsm-abschaltung-vodafone-will-2g-netze-bis-ende-2030-abschalten.90054/. 
  92. ↑ "GSM-Abschaltung: Vodafone zieht den Stecker schon 2028" (in de). Teltarif. 2025-09-22. https://www.teltarif.de/vodafone-gsm-abschaltung-termin-4g-5g/news/99803.html. 
  93. ↑ "3 Hong Kong to close 2G network at end-September". TeleGeography. 2021-07-29. https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2021/07/29/3-hong-kong-to-close-2g-network-at-end-september/. 
  94. ↑ "不獲批頻譜改作4G LTE 香港電訊入稟司法覆核 - 香港經濟日報" (in zh). topick.hket.com. 2017-12-22. https://topick.hket.com/article/1910410/%E4%B8%8D%E7%8D%B2%E6%89%B9%E9%A0%BB%E8%AD%9C%E6%94%B9%E4%BD%9C4G%20LTE%20%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF%E9%9B%BB%E8%A8%8A%E5%85%A5%E7%A8%9F%E5%8F%B8%E6%B3%95%E8%A6%86%E6%A0%B8. 
  95. ↑ "HKT to terminate 2G services on 8 November 2024 reallocating spectrum resources for advanced mobile services". HKT Limited. 2024-08-02. https://www.hkt.com/assets/Common/files/press-release/2024/Aug/press-release-20240802-en.pdf. 
  96. ↑ "SmarTone announces October shutdown for 2G network". TeleGeography. 2022-08-12. https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2022/08/12/smartone-announces-october-shutdown-for-2g-network/. 
  97. ↑ "Bless 2G!" (in is). NOVA Hlutafélag. https://www.nova.is/dansgolfid/bless-2g. 
  98. ↑ "Lokun 2G & 3G kerfa" (in is). Siminn. https://www.siminn.is/2g-3g. 
  99. ↑ "Tímabili 2G og 3G fer senn að ljúka" (in is). Viðskiptablaðið. 2024-09-09. https://vb.is/frettir/timabili-2g-og-3g-fer-senn-ad-ljuka/. 
  100. ↑ ""מנוי מירס 77350 אינו קיים"" (in he). bizzness.net. 2019-09-03. https://bizzness.net/%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%99-%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%A1-77350-%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%95-%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D/. 
  101. ↑ "Ministry orders shutdown of Israeli 2G, 3G networks by 2025". TeleGeography. 2021-07-02. https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2021/07/02/ministry-orders-shutdown-of-israeli-2g-3g-networks-by-2025/. 
  102. ↑ "Digicel enters final stage of 2G network shutdown | Loop Jamaica". Loop News. 2024-04-03. https://jamaica.loopnews.com/content/digicel-enters-final-stage-2g-network-shutdown. 
  103. ↑ 103.0 103.1 "BANGERS, BEGONE!". jamaica-gleaner. 2024-04-14. https://jamaica-gleaner.com/article/lead-stories/20240414/bangers-begone. 
  104. ↑ "Flow Jamaica 2G shutdown underway". TeleGeography. 2022-08-05. https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2022/08/05/flow-jamaica-2g-shutdown-underway/. 
  105. ↑ "Flow retires 2G network". Grove Broadcasting Company Ltd. 2024-04-15. https://iriefm.net/flow-retires-2g-network/. 
  106. ↑ "Au's "CDMA 1X" finished service on July 22, about 200 types of target models". gigazine.net. 2012-04-18. https://gigazine.net/gsc_news/en/20120418-au-cdma-1x/. 
  107. ↑ "DoCoMo's nine-month profits up 16%, announces 2G shutdown March 2012". TeleGeography. 2009-01-30. https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2009/01/30/docomos-nine-month-profits-up-16-announces-2g-shutdown-march-2012/. 
  108. ↑ "Discontinuation Notice of 2G Service". Softbank. 2009-11-24. https://www.softbank.jp/en/corp/group/sbm/news/press/2009/20091124_01/. 
  109. ↑ "Umniah switching off 2G network in Jordan". Developing Telecoms. 2021-03-11. https://developingtelecoms.com/telecom-technology/wireless-networks/10841-umniah-switching-off-2g-network-in-jordan.html. 
  110. ↑ 110.0 110.1 110.2 "Macau mobile users reach 1.56m in 3Q13; 2G users number less than 5,000 as switch off looms". TeleGeography. 2013-10-29. https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2013/10/29/macau-mobile-users-reach-1-56m-in-3q13-2g-users-number-less-than-5000-as-switch-off-looms/. 
  111. ↑ 111.0 111.1 111.2 "Macau to shut down 2G networks for roaming users". TeleGeography. 2019-04-10. https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2019/04/10/macau-to-shut-down-2g-networks-for-roaming-users/. 
  112. ↑ "Govt to allow telecoms to end 2G service". The Macau Post Daily. 2019-04-09. https://www.macaupostdaily.com/article6087.html. 
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  114. ↑ "Movistar Mexico to switch off 2G on 1 January 2021". TeleGeography. 2020-10-09. https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2020/10/09/movistar-mexico-to-switch-off-2g-on-1-january-2021/. 
  115. ↑ "Bye 2G. Hello new opportunities". KPN. https://m2m.kpn.com/en/connectivity/2g-sunset. 
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  117. ↑ "OPT-NC updates on 2G sunset progress". TeleGeography. 2022-07-28. https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2022/07/28/opt-nc-updates-on-2g-sunset-progress/. 
  118. ↑ "2degrees 2G shuts on 15 March". TeleGeography. 2018-02-13. https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2018/02/13/2degrees-2g-shuts-on-15-march/. 
  119. ↑ "Telecom NZ to close CDMA network by mid-2012". TeleGeography. 2010-07-08. https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2010/07/08/telecom-nz-to-close-cdma-network-by-mid-2012/. 
  120. ↑ "Telecom closes CDMA network". TeleGeography. 2012-07-31. https://www.nzherald.co.nz/business/telecom-closes-cdma-network/HUVTE22UMPOKCSH7FEG5ZQGTWU/. 
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  125. ↑ "Panama snags bite for Digicel's telecoms licence". Developing Telecoms. 2023-03-17. https://developingtelecoms.com/telecom-business/operator-news/14725-panama-snags-bite-for-digicel-s-telecoms-licence.html. 
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  134. ↑ "Out with the old on New Year's Eve: TelEm shuts 2G". TeleGeography. 2018-12-20. https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2018/12/20/out-with-the-old-on-new-years-eve-telem-shuts-2g/. 
  135. ↑ "UTS: not turning 2G network back on post-Hurricane Irma". TeleGeography. 2017-09-26. https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2017/09/26/uts-not-turning-2g-network-back-on-post-hurricane-irma/. 
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  137. ↑ "SA comms minister proposes 2G/3G switch-offs in 2024/2025". 2022-09-06. https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2022/09/06/sa-comms-minister-proposes-2g3g-switch-offs-in-20242025/. 
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  141. ↑ "Nedsläckning av 2G och 3G - Tele2" (in sv). https://www.tele2.se/nedslackning-2g-3g. 
  142. ↑ "Sverige släcker 2G och 3G – Telenor med i informationskampanjen Bytnät.nu" (in sv-SE). https://www.telenor.se/press/pressmeddelande/80ABBD648BD72C0A. 
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  147. ↑ "Schweiz: GSM-Netz bei Salt noch nicht ganz weg" (in de). Teltarif.de. 2020-06-23. https://www.teltarif.de/schweiz-abschaltung-2g-salt/news/81046.html. 
  148. ↑ "GSM-Mobilfunk: Die Schweiz schaltet ab" (in de). heise online. 2020-12-29. https://www.heise.de/news/GSM-Mobilfunk-Die-Schweiz-schaltet-ab-5000513.html. 
  149. ↑ "Sun sets on 2G technology for Swiss cellco". TeleGeography. 2017-06-20. https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2017/06/20/sun-sets-on-2g-technology-for-swiss-cellco/. 
  150. ↑ "Schweiz: Sunrise schaltet 2G vorerst doch nicht ab" (in de). Teltarif.de. 2018-11-23. https://www.teltarif.de/gsm-2g-abschaltung-technik-sunrise-swisscom-salt-schweiz/news/74771.html. 
  151. ↑ "Abschaltung: Die Tage von GSM sind in der Schweiz gezählt" (in de). Teltarif.de. 2020-06-20. https://www.teltarif.de/gsm-abschaltung-schweiz/news/81021.html. 
  152. ↑ "Swisscom plots the end of 2G as it moves to launch 5G in 2020". Fierce Wireless. 2016-10-09. https://www.fiercewireless.com/europe/swisscom-plots-end-2g-as-it-moves-to-launch-5g-2020. 
  153. ↑ "Swisscom schaltet GSM-Netz komplett ab" (in de). Teltarif.de. 2021-04-13. https://www.teltarif.de/schweiz-gsm-abschaltung/news/84102.html. 
  154. ↑ "Swisscom hat Refarming von GSM abgeschlossen" (in de). Golem.de. 2021-04-13. https://www.golem.de/news/schweiz-swisscom-hat-refarming-von-gsm-abgeschlossen-2104-155701.html. 
  155. ↑ 155.0 155.1 155.2 "Taiwanese cellcos shutter 2G networks". TeleGeography. 2017-07-03. https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2017/07/03/taiwanese-cellcos-shutter-2g-networks/. 
  156. ↑ "Digicel to decommission 2G network". Loop News by Digicel. 2023-11-10. https://tt.loopnews.com/content/digicel-decommission-2g-network. 
  157. ↑ "Digicel to shut down Trinidadian 2G network on 31 March 2024". TeleGeography. 2023-11-13. https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2023/11/13/digicel-to-shut-down-trinidadian-2g-network-on-31-march-2024/. 
  158. ↑ "Network - Frequently Asked Questions - Why are we decommissioning 2G services on our Network? What are the benefits to the customers?". Digicel Trinidad and Tobago. 2024-03-31. https://www.digicelgroup.com/tt/en/network. 
  159. ↑ "spectrummonitoring.com - Trinidad and Tobago". spectrummonitoring.com. 2022-11-25. https://www.spectrummonitoring.com/frequencies.php/frequencies.php?market=TRD. 
  160. ↑ "TSTT prepares for 2G sunset". TechNewsTT. 2018-08-23. https://technewstt.com/tstt-2g-sunset/. 
  161. ↑ "spectrummonitoring.com - Turcks and Caicos Islands (GB)". spectrummonitoring.com. 2023-04-10. https://www.spectrummonitoring.com/frequencies.php/frequencies.php?market=TCA. 
  162. ↑ "Flow commences Phased Shutdown of 2G Mobile Network". NewslineTCI. 2024-03-26. https://www.newslinetci.com/post/flow-commences-phased-shutdown-of-2g-mobile-network. 
  163. ↑ "du - 2G Shutdown". du. https://www.du.ae/2g-shutdown. 
  164. ↑ "Etisalat UAE -Goodbye 2G". Etisalat UAE. https://www.etisalat.ae/en/c/generic/goodbye-2g.html. 
  165. ↑ "UK 2G and 3G networks will be switched off by 2033". Techradar. 2021-12-08. https://www.techradar.com/news/uk-2g-and-3g-networks-will-be-switched-off-by-2033. 
  166. ↑ "Switching off the UK's 3G mobile networks: what you need to know". Ofcom. https://www.ofcom.org.uk/phones-telecoms-and-internet/advice-for-consumers/advice/3g-switch-off. 
  167. ↑ "A joint statement on the sunsetting of 2G and 3G networks and public ambition for Open RAN rollout as part of the Telecoms Supply Chain Diversification Strategy". Gov.uk. 2021-12-08. https://www.gov.uk/government/news/a-joint-statement-on-the-sunsetting-of-2g-and-3g-networks-and-public-ambition-for-open-ran-rollout-as-part-of-the-telecoms-supply-chain-diversificatio. 
  168. ↑ "AT&T Starts TDMA Shutdown". Phone Scoop. 2007-06-19. https://www.phonescoop.com/articles/article.php?a=2247. 
  169. ↑ "AT&T confirms 2G shutdown took place on 1 January". TeleGeography. 2017-01-18. https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2017/01/18/att-confirms-2g-shutdown-took-place-on-1-january/. 
  170. ↑ "Regional US mobile operator Cellcom to switch off 2G on 1 December; 3G was deactivated in March". TeleGeography. 2023-09-20. https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2023/09/20/regional-us-mobile-operator-cellcom-to-switch-off-2g-on-1-december-3g-was-deactivated-in-march/. 
  171. ↑ "Upgrade Your Device Today". Choice Wireless. https://www.choice-wireless.com/upgrade-today.html. 
  172. ↑ "CDMA Sunset". Copper Valley Telecom. 6 January 2023. https://www.cvtc.org/news/cdma-sunset/. 
  173. ↑ "Edge Wireless - TDMA Network Changing to GSM/GPRS FAQs". Edge Wireless, LLC.. 2007-03-15. https://web.archive.org/web/20070315194659/http://edgewireless.com/customerService/tdmaGsmFAQ.html. 
  174. ↑ "VoLTE Calling Services". Inland Cellular. 2025-09-03. https://inlandcellular.com/network-updates/. 
  175. ↑ "T-Mobile begins dismantling 2G network". LightReading. 2025-02-18. https://www.lightreading.com/2g-3g-4g/t-mobile-begins-dismantling-2g-network. 
  176. ↑ "T-Mobile kicks off 2G shutdown in US". Data Centre Dynamics Ltd (DCD). 2025-02-19. https://www.datacenterdynamics.com/en/news/t-mobile-kicks-off-2g-shutdown-in-us/. 
  177. ↑ "T-Mobile aiming to shut down legacy Sprint networks in 2022". TeleGeography. 2020-12-10. https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2020/12/10/t-mobile-aiming-to-shut-down-legacy-sprint-networks-in-2022/. 
  178. ↑ "T-Mobile US to shut down 3G network on 1 July 2022". TeleGeography. 2021-09-17. https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2021/09/17/t-mobile-us-to-shut-down-3g-network-on-1-july-2022/. 
  179. ↑ "T-Mobile delays CDMA shutdown by three months". TeleGeography. 2021-10-25. https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2021/10/25/t-mobile-delays-cdma-shutdown-by-three-months/. 
  180. ↑ "T-Mobile US commences CDMA shutdown; expands 5G Home Internet footprint". TeleGeography. 2022-03-31. https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2022/03/31/t-mobile-us-commences-cdma-shutdown-expands-5g-home-internet-footprint/. 
  181. ↑ "US-Cellular-2009-Annual-Report". US-Cellular. 2010-04-06. https://s24.q4cdn.com/321867585/files/doc_financials/archive/US-Cellular-2009-Annual-Report.pdf. 
  182. ↑ "USCellular to Expand Cellular Service in Rural Missouri With USD 5.8 Million Grant". Telecom Talk. 2023-11-06. https://telecomtalk.info/uscellular-to-expand-cellular-service-rural-missouri/893813/. 
  183. ↑ "UScellular to switch off CDMA network on 14 January 2024". TeleGeography. 2023-12-01. https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2023/12/01/uscellular-to-switch-off-cdma-network-on-14-january-2024/. 
  184. ↑ "Verizon to shut down 3G CDMA networks on 31 December 2022". TeleGeography. 2021-03-31. https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2021/03/31/verizon-to-shut-down-3g-cdma-networks-on-31-december-2022/. 
  185. ↑ 185.0 185.1 185.2 "Venezuela aims to phase out 2G in 2025; targets 1.8m fibre subs by that date". TeleGeography. 2023-06-27. https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2023/06/27/venezuela-aims-to-phase-out-2g-in-2025-targets-1-8m-fibre-subs-by-that-date/. 
  186. ↑ "Información al usuario" (in es). Digitel. 2024-02-01. https://www.digitel.com.ve/atencion-al-cliente/informacion-al-usuario. 
  187. ↑ 187.0 187.1 187.2 187.3 "2G network switched off by the end of October 15". VnEconomy. 2024-09-17. https://vneconomy.vn/2g-network-switched-off-by-the-end-of-october-15.htm. 
Preceded by
1st Generation (1G) 		Mobile Telephony Generations Succeeded by
3rd Generation (3G)



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