Company:Eutelsat

From HandWiki
Eutelsat Group
TypeSociété Anonyme
Euronext Paris: ETL
Short description: Stock exchange in the City of London
London Stock Exchange
Arms
Arms
TypeStock exchange
LocationCity of London, England, United Kingdom
Founded30 December 1801; 224 years ago (1801-12-30)
OwnerLondon Stock Exchange Group
Key people
CurrencySterling (most primary listings; stock prices are quoted in pence rather than pounds)
No. of listings1,918 issuers [1]
Market capUSD$3.18 trillion (as of August 2023)[2]
Indices
  • FTSE 100 Index
  • FTSE 250 Index
  • FTSE 350 Index
  • FTSE SmallCap Index
  • FTSE All-Share Index
Website{{{1}}}

London Stock Exchange (LSE) is a stock exchange in the City of London, England , United Kingdom. As of August 2023, the total market value of all companies trading on the LSE stood at $3.18 trillion.[3] Its current premises are situated in Paternoster Square close to St Paul's Cathedral in the City of London. Since 2007, it has been part of the London Stock Exchange Group (LSEG (LSE: [Script error: No such module "Stock tickers/LSE". LSEG])).[4] The LSE is the most-valued stock exchange in Europe as of 2023.[5] According to the 2020 Office for National Statistics report, approximately 12% of UK-resident individuals reported having investments in stocks and shares.[6] According to the 2020 Financial Conduct Authority (FCA) report, approximately 15% of UK adults reported having investments in stocks and shares.[7]

History

Coffee House

The Royal Exchange had been founded by English financier Thomas Gresham and Sir Richard Clough on the model of the Antwerp Bourse. It was opened by Elizabeth I of England in 1571.[8][9]

During the 17th century, stockbrokers were not allowed in the Royal Exchange due to their rude manners. They had to operate from other establishments in the vicinity, notably Jonathan's Coffee-House. At that coffee house, a broker named John Castaing started listing the prices of a few commodities, such as salt, coal, paper, and exchange rates in 1698. Originally, this was not a daily list and was only published a few days of the week.[10]

This list and activity was later moved to Garraway's coffee house. Public auctions during this period were conducted for the duration that a length of tallow candle could burn; these were known as "by inch of candle" auctions. As stocks grew, with new companies joining to raise capital, the royal court also raised some monies. These are the earliest evidence of organised trading in marketable securities in London.

Royal Exchange

After Gresham's Royal Exchange building was destroyed in the Great Fire of London, it was rebuilt and re-established in 1669. This was a move away from coffee houses and a step towards the modern model of stock exchange.[11]

The Royal Exchange housed not only brokers but also merchants and merchandise. This was the birth of a regulated stock market, which had teething problems in the shape of unlicensed brokers. In order to regulate these, Parliament passed an Act in 1697 that levied heavy penalties, both financial and physical, on those brokering without a licence. It also set a fixed number of brokers (at 100), but this was later increased as the size of the trade grew. This limit led to several problems, one of which was that traders began leaving the Royal Exchange, either by their own decision or through expulsion, and started dealing in the streets of London. The street in which they were now dealing was known as 'Exchange Alley', or 'Change Alley'; it was suitably placed close to the Bank of England. Parliament tried to regulate this and ban the unofficial traders from the Change streets.

Traders became weary of "bubbles" when companies rose quickly and fell, so they persuaded Parliament to pass a clause preventing "unchartered" companies from forming.

After the Seven Years' War (1756–1763), trade at Jonathan's Coffee House boomed again. In 1773, Jonathan, together with 150 other brokers, formed a club and opened a new and more formal "Stock Exchange" in Sweeting's Alley. This now had a set entrance fee, by which traders could enter the stock room and trade securities. It was, however, not an exclusive location for trading, as trading also occurred in the Rotunda of the Bank of England. Fraud was also rife during these times and in order to deter such dealings, it was suggested that users of the stock room pay an increased fee. This was not met well and ultimately, the solution came in the form of annual fees and turning the Exchange into a Subscription room.

The Subscription room created in 1801 was the first regulated exchange in London, but the transformation was not welcomed by all parties. On the first day of trading, non-members had to be expelled by a constable. In spite of the disorder, a new and bigger building was planned, at Capel Court.

William Hammond laid the first foundation stone for the new building on 18 May. It was finished on 30 December when "The Stock Exchange" was incised on the entrance.

First Rule Book

London Stock Exchange in 1810

In the Exchange's first operating years, on several occasions there was no clear set of regulations or fundamental laws for the Capel Court trading. In February 1812, the General Purpose Committee confirmed a set of recommendations, which later became the foundation of the first codified rule book of the Exchange. Even though the document was not a complex one, topics such as settlement and default were, in fact, quite comprehensive.

With its new governmental commandments[12] and increasing trading volume, the Exchange was progressively becoming an accepted part of the financial life in the city. In spite of continuous criticism from newspapers and the public, the government used the Exchange's organised market (and would most likely not have managed without it) to raise the enormous amount of money required for the wars against Napoleon.

Foreign and regional exchanges

After the war and facing a booming world economy, foreign lending to countries such as Brazil, Peru and Chile was a growing market. Notably, the Foreign Market at the Exchange allowed for merchants and traders to participate, and the Royal Exchange hosted all transactions where foreign parties were involved. The constant increase in overseas business eventually meant that dealing in foreign securities had to be allowed within all of the Exchange's premises.

Just as London enjoyed growth through international trade, the rest of Great Britain also benefited from the economic boom. Two other cities, in particular, showed great business development: Liverpool and Manchester. Consequently, in 1836 both the Manchester and Liverpool stock exchanges were opened. Some stock prices sometimes rose by 10%, 20% or even 30% in a week. These were times when stockbroking was considered a real business profession, and such attracted many entrepreneurs. Nevertheless, with booms came busts, and in 1835 the "Spanish panic" hit the markets, followed by a second one two years later.

The Exchange before the World Wars

Debenture of The Stock Exchange, issued 1 January 1899.

By June 1853, both participating members and brokers were taking up so much space that the Exchange was now uncomfortably crowded, and continual expansion plans were taking place. Having already been extended west, east, and northwards, it was then decided the Exchange needed an entire new establishment. Thomas Allason was appointed as the main architect, and in March 1854, the new brick building inspired from the Great Exhibition stood ready. This was a huge improvement in both surroundings and space, with twice the floor space available.

By the late 1800s, the telephone, ticker tape, and the telegraph had been invented. Those new technologies led to a revolution in the work of the Exchange.

First World War

Stock certificate of the London Stock Exchange, issued on 31 March 1920, declared as a qualification share. The capital of the Exchange from its incorporation consisted of 20,000 shares held only by its members, with trustees and directors required to hold 10 qualification shares.
Stock certificate of the London Stock Exchange, issued on 31 March 1920, declared as a qualification share. The capital of the Exchange from its incorporation consisted of 20,000 shares held only by its members, with trustees and directors required to hold 10 qualification shares.

As the financial centre of the world, both the City and the Stock Exchange were hit hard by the outbreak of World War I in 1914. Due to fears that borrowed money was to be called in and that foreign banks would demand their loans or raise interest, prices surged at first. The decision to close the Exchange for improved breathing space and to extend the August Bank Holiday to prohibit a run on banks, was hurried through by the committee and Parliament, respectively. The Stock Exchange ended up being closed from the end of July until the New Year, causing street business to be introduced again, as well as the "challenge system".

The Exchange was set to open again on 4 January 1915 under tedious restrictions: transactions were to be in cash only. Due to the limitations and challenges on trading brought by the war, almost a thousand members quit the Exchange between 1914 and 1918. When peace returned in November 1918, the mood on the trading floor was generally cowed. In 1923, the Exchange received its own coat of arms, with the motto Dictum Meum Pactum, My Word is My Bond.

Second World War

In 1937, officials at the Exchange used their experiences from World War I to draw up plans for how to handle a new war. The main concerns included air raids and the subsequent bombing of the Exchange's perimeters, and one suggestion was a move to Denham, Buckinghamshire. This however never took place. On the first day of September 1939, the Exchange closed its doors "until further notice" and two days later World War II was declared. Unlike in the prior war, the Exchange opened its doors again six days later, on 7 September.

As the war escalated into its second year, the concerns for air raids were greater than ever. Eventually, on the night of 29 December 1940, one of the greatest fires in London's history took place. The Exchange's floor was hit by a clutch of incendiary bombs, which were extinguished quickly. Trading on the floor was now drastically low and most was done over the phone to reduce the possibility of injuries.

The Exchange was only closed for one more day during wartime, in 1945 due to damage from a V-2 rocket. Nonetheless, trading continued in the house's basement.

Post-war

Trading floor in 1955

After decades of uncertain if not turbulent times, stock market business boomed in the late 1950s. This spurred officials to find new, more suitable accommodation. The work on the new Stock Exchange Tower began in 1967. The Exchange's new 321 feet (98 metres) high building had 26 storeys with council and administration at the top, and middle floors let out to affiliate companies. Queen Elizabeth II opened the building on 8 November 1972; it was a new City landmark, with its 23,000 sq ft (2,100 m2) trading floor.

The Stock Exchange Tower pictured from atop the National Westminster Tower in 1983

1973 marked a year of changes for the Stock Exchange. First, two trading prohibitions were abolished. A report from the Monopolies and Mergers Commission recommended the admittance of both women and foreign-born members on the floor. Second, in March the London Stock Exchange formally merged with the eleven British and Irish regional exchanges, including the Scottish Stock Exchange.[13] This expansion led to the creation of a new position of Chief Executive Officer; after an extensive search this post was given to Robert Fell. There were more governance changes in 1991, when the governing Council of the Exchange was replaced by a Board of Directors drawn from the Exchange's executive, customer, and user base; and the trading name became "The London Stock Exchange".

FTSE 100 Index (pronounced "Footsie 100") was launched by a partnership of the Financial Times and the Stock Exchange on 3 January 1984. This turned out to be one of the most useful indices of all, and tracked the movements of the 100 leading companies listed on the Exchange.

IRA bombing

On 20 July 1990, a bomb planted by the Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) exploded in the men's toilets behind the visitors' gallery. The area had already been evacuated and nobody was injured.[14] About 30 minutes before the blast at 8:49 a.m., a man who said he was a member of the IRA told Reuters that a bomb had been placed at the exchange and was about to explode. Police officials said that if there had been no warning, the human toll would have been very high.[15] The explosion ripped a hole in the 23-storey building in Threadneedle Street and sent a shower of glass and concrete onto the street.[16] The long-term trend towards electronic trading platforms reduced the Exchange's attraction to visitors, and although the gallery reopened, it was closed permanently in 1992.

"Big Bang"

The biggest event of the 1980s was the sudden de-regulation of the financial markets in the UK in 1986. The phrase "Big Bang" was coined to describe measures, including abolition of fixed commission charges and of the distinction between stockjobbers and stockbrokers on the London Stock Exchange, as well as the change from an open outcry to electronic, screen-based trading.

In 1995, the Exchange launched the Alternative Investment Market, the AIM, to allow growing companies to expand into international markets. Two years later, the Electronic Trading Service (SETS) was launched, bringing greater speed and efficiency to the market. Next, the CREST settlement service was launched. In 2000, the Exchange's shareholders voted to become a public limited company, London Stock Exchange plc. London Stock Exchange also transferred its role as UK Listing Authority to the Financial Services Authority (FSA-UKLA).

EDX London, an international equity derivatives business, was created in 2003 in partnership with OM Group. The Exchange also acquired Proquote Limited, a new generation supplier of real-time market data and trading systems.

Paternoster Square; LSEG occupies the building that takes up much of the right side of this picture.
London Stock Exchange office interior at Paternoster Square

The old Stock Exchange Tower became largely redundant with Big Bang, which deregulated many of the Stock Exchange's activities: computerised systems and dealing rooms replaced face-to-face trading. In 2004, London Stock Exchange moved to a brand-new headquarters in Paternoster Square, close to St Paul's Cathedral.

In 2007, the London Stock Exchange merged with Borsa Italiana, creating London Stock Exchange Group (LSEG). The Group's headquarters are in Paternoster Square.

The Stock Exchange in Paternoster Square was the initial target for the protesters of Occupy London on 15 October 2011. Attempts to occupy the square were thwarted by police.[17] Police sealed off the entrance to the square as it is private property, a High Court injunction having previously been granted against public access to the square.[18] The protesters moved nearby to occupy the space in front of St Paul's Cathedral.[19] The protests were part of the global Occupy movement.

On 25 April 2019, the final day of the Extinction Rebellion disruption in London, 13 activists glued themselves together in a chain, blocking the entrances of the Stock Exchange.[20][21] The protesters were all later arrested on suspicion of aggravated trespass.[21] Extinction Rebellion had said its protesters would target the financial industry "and the corrosive impacts of the ... sector on the world we live in" and activists also blocked entrances to HM Treasury and the Goldman Sachs office on Fleet Street.[22]

Activities

Primary markets

There are two main markets on which companies trade on the LSE: the main market and the alternative investment market.

Main Market

The main market is home to over 1,300 large companies from 60 countries.[23] The FTSE 100 Index ("footsie") is the main share index of the 100 most highly capitalised UK companies listed on the Main Market.[24]

Alternative Investment Market

The Alternative Investment Market is LSE's international market for smaller companies. A wide range of businesses including early-stage, venture capital-backed, as well as more-established companies join AIM seeking access to growth capital. The AIM is classified as a Multilateral Trading Facility (MTF) under the 2004 MiFID directive, and as such it is a flexible market with a simpler admission process for companies wanting to be publicly listed.[25]

Secondary markets

The securities available for trading on London Stock Exchange:[26]

Post trade

Through the Exchange's Italian arm, Borsa Italiana, the London Stock Exchange Group as a whole offers clearing and settlement services for trades through CC&G (Cassa di Compensazione e Garanzia) and Monte Titoli.[27][28] is the Groups Central Counterparty (CCP) and covers multiple asset classes throughout the Italian equity, derivatives and bond markets. CC&G also clears Turquoise derivatives. Monte Titoli (MT) is the pre-settlement, settlement, custody and asset services provider of the Group. MT operates both on-exchange and OTC trades with over 400 banks and brokers.

Technology

London Stock Exchange's trading platform is its own Linux-based edition named Millennium Exchange.[29]

Their previous trading platform TradElect was based on Microsoft's .NET Framework, and was developed by Microsoft and Accenture. For Microsoft, LSE was a good combination of a highly visible exchange and yet a relatively modest IT problem.[30]

Despite TradElect only being in use for about two years,[31] after suffering multiple periods of extended downtime and unreliability[32][33] the LSE announced in 2009 that it was planning to switch to Linux in 2010.[34][35] The main market migration to MillenniumIT technology was successfully completed in February 2011.[36]

LSEG provides high-performance technology, including trading, market surveillance and post-trade systems, for over 40 organisations and exchanges, including the Group's own markets. Additional services include network connectivity, hosting and quality assurance testing. MillenniumIT, GATElab and Exactpro are among the Group's technology companies.[37]

The LSE facilitates stock listings in a currency other than its "home currency". Most stocks are quoted in GBP but some are quoted in EUR while others are quoted in USD.

Mergers and acquisitions

On 3 May 2000, it was announced that the LSE would merge with the Deutsche Börse; however this fell through.[38]

On 23 June 2007, the London Stock Exchange announced that it had agreed on the terms of a recommended offer to the shareholders of the Borsa Italiana S.p.A. The merger of the two companies created a leading diversified exchange group in Europe. The combined group was named the London Stock Exchange Group, but still remained two separate legal and regulatory entities. One of the long-term strategies of the joint company is to expand Borsa Italiana's efficient clearing services to other European markets.

In 2007, after Borsa Italiana announced that it was exercising its call option to acquire full control of MBE Holdings; thus the combined Group would now control Mercato dei Titoli di Stato, or MTS. This merger of Borsa Italiana and MTS with LSE's existing bond-listing business enhanced the range of covered European fixed income markets.

London Stock Exchange Group acquired Turquoise (TQ), a Pan-European MTF, in 2009.[39]

On 9 October 2020, London Stock Exchange agreed to sell the Borsa Italiana (including Borsa's bond trading platform MTS) to Euronext for €4.3 billion (£3.9 billion) in cash.[40] Euronext completed the acquisition of the Borsa Italiana Group on 29 April 2021 for a final price of €4,444 million.[41]

On 12 Dec 2022, Microsoft bought a nearly 4% stake in LSE (London Stock Exchange Group) as part of a ten-year cloud deal.[42]

NASDAQ bids

In December 2005, London Stock Exchange rejected a £1.6 billion takeover offer from Macquarie Bank. London Stock Exchange described the offer as "derisory", a sentiment echoed by shareholders in the Exchange. Shortly after Macquarie withdrew its offer, the LSE received an unsolicited approach from NASDAQ valuing the company at £2.4 billion. This too it rejected. NASDAQ later pulled its bid, and less than two weeks later on 11 April 2006, struck a deal with LSE's largest shareholder, Ameriprise Financial's Threadneedle Asset Management unit, to acquire all of that firm's stake, consisting of 35.4 million shares, at £11.75 per share.[43] NASDAQ also purchased 2.69 million additional shares, resulting in a total stake of 15%. While the seller of those shares was undisclosed, it occurred simultaneously with a sale by Scottish Widows of 2.69 million shares.[44] The move was seen as an effort to force LSE to the negotiating table, as well as to limit the Exchange's strategic flexibility.[45]

Subsequent purchases increased NASDAQ's stake to 25.1%, holding off competing bids for several months.[46][47][48] United Kingdom financial rules required that NASDAQ wait for a period of time before renewing its effort. On 20 November 2006, within a month or two of the expiration of this period, NASDAQ increased its stake to 28.75% and launched a hostile offer at the minimum permitted bid of £12.43 per share, which was the highest NASDAQ had paid on the open market for its existing shares.[49] The LSE immediately rejected this bid, stating that it "substantially undervalues" the company.[50]

NASDAQ revised its offer (characterized as an "unsolicited" bid, rather than a "hostile takeover attempt") on 12 December 2006, indicating that it would be able to complete the deal with 50% (plus one share) of LSE's stock, rather than the 90% it had been seeking. The U.S. exchange did not, however, raise its bid. Many hedge funds had accumulated large positions within the LSE, and many managers of those funds, as well as Furse, indicated that the bid was still not satisfactory. NASDAQ's bid was made more difficult because it had described its offer as "final", which, under British bidding rules, restricted their ability to raise its offer except under certain circumstances.

In the end, NASDAQ's offer was roundly rejected by LSE shareholders. Having received acceptances of only 0.41% of rest of the register by the deadline on 10 February 2007, Nasdaq's offer duly lapsed.[51]

On 20 August 2007, NASDAQ announced that it was abandoning its plan to take over the LSE and subsequently look for options to divest its 31% (61.3 million shares) shareholding in the company in light of its failed takeover attempt.[52] In September 2007, NASDAQ agreed to sell the majority of its shares to Borse Dubai, leaving the United Arab Emirates-based exchange with 28% of the LSE.[53]

Proposed merger with TMX Group

On 9 February 2011, London Stock Exchange Group announced it had agreed to merge with the Toronto-based TMX Group, the owners of the Toronto Stock Exchange, creating a combined entity with a market capitalization of listed companies equal to £3.7 trillion.[54] Xavier Rolet, CEO of the LSE Group at the time, would have headed the new enlarged company, while TMX Chief Executive Thomas Kloet would have become the new firm president. London Stock Exchange Group however announced it was terminating the merger with TMX on 29 June 2011 citing that "LSEG and TMX Group believe that the merger is highly unlikely to achieve the required two-thirds majority approval at the TMX Group shareholder meeting".[55] Even though LSEG obtained the necessary support from its shareholders, it failed to obtain the required support from TMX's shareholders.

Opening times

Normal trading sessions on the main orderbook (SETS) are from 08:00 to 16:30 local time every day of the week except Saturdays, Sundays and holidays declared by the exchange in advance. The detailed schedule is as follows:

  1. Trade reporting 07:15–07:50
  2. Opening auction 07:50–08:00
  3. Continuous trading 08:00–16:30
  4. Closing auction 16:30–16:35
  5. Order maintenance 16:35–17:00
  6. Trade reporting only 17:00–17:15

[56] Auction Periods (SETQx)

SETSqx (Stock Exchange Electronic Trading Service – quotes and crosses) is a trading service for securities less liquid than those traded on SETS.

The auction uncrossings are scheduled to take place at 8:00, 9:00, 11:00, 14:00, and 16:35.

Observed holidays are New Year's Day, Good Friday, Easter Monday, May Bank Holiday, Spring Bank Holiday, Summer Bank Holiday, Christmas Day, and Boxing Day. If New Year's Day, Christmas Day, and/or Boxing Day falls on a weekend, the following working day is observed as a holiday.

Arms

Coat of arms of Eutelsat
Adopted
10 September 1923
Crest
On a wreath of the colours, In front of a tower proper a lion passant guardant Or.
Escutcheon
Argent, a cross and in the first quarter a sword erect gules; on a chief of the second a balance Or.
Supporters
On either side a griffin sable, gorged with a mural crown Or.
Motto
DICTUM MEUM PACTUM[57]

See also

  • List of stock exchanges
  • List of stock exchanges in the Commonwealth of Nations
  • List of stock exchanges in the United Kingdom, the British Crown Dependencies and United Kingdom Overseas Territories
  • Stock Exchange forgery 1872–73
  • TAURUS (share settlement)

References

  1. ↑ "Market Statistics - Focus (April 2023) The World Federation of Exchanges". World Federation of Exchanges. https://focus.world-exchanges.org/issue/april-2023/market-statistics. 
  2. ↑ "London Stock Exchange (LSE)". https://www.tradinghours.com/markets/lse. 
  3. ↑ "London Stock Exchange (LSE)". https://www.tradinghours.com/markets/lse. 
  4. ↑ "History of London Stock Exchange Group". http://www.lseg.com/about-london-stock-exchange-group/history. 
  5. ↑ Foy, Simon (2023-10-19). "London Stock Exchange overtakes Paris to regain crown as Europe’s biggest market" (in en-GB). The Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/business/2023/10/19/london-stock-exchange-overtakes-paris-europe-market/. 
  6. ↑ David Summers (3 March 2022). "Ownership of UK quoted shares: 2020". Office for National Statistics. https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/investmentspensionsandtrusts/bulletins/ownershipofukquotedshares/2020. 
  7. ↑ Nisha Arora (11 February 2021). "Financial Lives 2020 survey: the impact of coronavirus". Financial Conduct Authority. https://www.fca.org.uk/publication/research/financial-lives-survey-2020.pdf. 
  8. ↑ "Royal Exchange, London". http://www.walklondon.com/london-attractions/royal-exchange.htm. 
  9. ↑ "Heritage | The Royal Exchange" (in en-US). http://www.theroyalexchange.co.uk/heritage/. 
  10. ↑ "St Paul's Institute: A Valuable Exchange at the Royal Exchange". http://www.stpaulsinstitute.org.uk/dialogue/tanya-barman/opinion/2012/jun/21/a-valuable-exchange-at-the-royal-exchange. 
  11. ↑ "Gresham Grasshopper, Royal Exchange, London – Insect Sculptures on Waymarking.com" (in en). http://www.waymarking.com/waymarks/WM6R6Y_Gresham_Grasshopper_Royal_Exchange_London. 
  12. ↑ Ranald Michie (1999). The London Stock Exchange: A History. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780191529344. https://books.google.com/books?id=ZCaQDwAAQBAJ&q=London%20Stock%20Exchange%20First%20Rule%20Book&pg=PA37. Retrieved 7 June 2019. 
  13. ↑ "Calls for Scotland to have its own stock exchange". 4 August 2010. http://www.heraldscotland.com/news/home-news/calls-for-scotland-to-have-its-own-stock-exchange-1.1045699. 
  14. ↑ "On This Day: 20 July 1990: IRA bombs Stock Exchange". BBC News. 20 July 1990. http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/july/20/newsid_2515000/2515667.stm. 
  15. ↑ FINEMAN, MARK (21 July 1990). "Bomb Blast Rips London's Stock Exchange; No Injuries Reported : Terrorism: Apparent IRA warning allows time to evacuate the building and surrounding area". Los Angeles Times. https://articles.latimes.com/1990-07-21/news/mn-170_1_london-stock-exchange. 
  16. ↑ "London Stock Exchange Is Rocked by a Bombing". The New York Times. 21 July 1990. https://www.nytimes.com/1990/07/21/world/london-stock-exchange-is-rocked-by-a-bombing.html. 
  17. ↑ Davies, Caroline (16 October 2011). "Occupy London protest continues into second day". The Guardian (London). https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2011/oct/16/occupy-london-protest-second-day. 
  18. ↑ "Stock exchange occupation blocked". Media Wales (Wales). 15 October 2011. http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/uk-news/2011/10/15/stock-exchange-occupation-blocked-91466-29601928/. 
  19. ↑ "Occupy London: Protest continues for second day". BBC News (London). 16 October 2011. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-15324901. 
  20. ↑ Hope, Kate (25 April 2019). "Extinction Rebellion protesters glue themselves to London Stock Exchange". https://www.euronews.com/2019/04/25/extinction-rebellion-protesters-glue-themselves-to-london-stock-exchange. 
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 "Extinction Rebellion activists end London protests". 25 April 2019. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-48058177. 
  22. ↑ "Extinction Rebellion: London Stock Exchange blocked by climate activists". 25 April 2019. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-48049040. 
  23. ↑ "London Stock Exchange". https://www.londonstockexchange.com/raise-finance/equity/main-market?tab=insights-and-reports&lang=en. 
  24. ↑ Lessambo, Felix I. (2021). International Finance: New Players and Global Markets. Springer. ISBN 9783030692322. https://books.google.com/books?id=6eAhEAAAQBAJ&q=The%20main%20market%20is%20home%20to%20over%201%2C300%20large%20companies%20from%2060%20different%20countries.%20London%20Stock%20Exchange&pg=PA86. Retrieved 18 April 2021. 
  25. ↑ "AIM". Thomson Reuters. https://uk.practicallaw.thomsonreuters.com/8-107-6392?transitionType=Default&contextData=(sc.Default)&firstPage=true. 
  26. ↑ "SECURITY TYPES". London Stock Exchange. https://www.londonstockexchange.com/traders-and-brokers/security-types/security-types.htm. 
  27. ↑ CC&G - London Stock Exchange Group. Retrieved 26 August 2015.
  28. ↑ Monte Titoli London Stock Exchange Group. Retrieved 26 August 2015.
  29. ↑ Leo King (14 February 2011). "London Stock Exchange finished the switch to Linux". Computerworld UK. http://www.computerworlduk.com/news/open-source/3260727/london-stock-exchange-in-historic-linux-go-live/. 
  30. ↑ Ajay Shah (4 July 2009). "Microsoft inside the exchange". Blogspot. http://ajayshahblog.blogspot.com/2009/07/microsoft-inside-exchange.html. 
  31. ↑ "London Stock Exchange to replace Tradelect with Millennium". London: ComputerWeekly.com. 4 September 2009. http://www.computerweekly.com/news/1280090627/London-Stock-Exchange-to-replace-Tradelect-with-Millennium. 
  32. ↑ Rowena Mason (10 September 2008). "Seven-hour LSE blackout caused by double glitch". The Daily Telegraph (London). https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/markets/4676369/Seven-hour-LSE-blackout-caused-by-double-glitch.html. 
  33. ↑ "London Stock Exchange trading hit by technical glitch". BBC News. 26 November 2009. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/8380607.stm. 
  34. ↑ David M. Williams (8 October 2009). "London Stock Exchange gets the facts and dumps Windows for Linux". ITWire. http://www.itwire.com/opinion-and-analysis/the-linux-distillery/28359-london-stock-exchange-gets-the-facts-and-dumps-windows-for-linux. 
  35. ↑ "London Stock Exchange Rejects .NET For Open Source". Slashdot. 6 October 2009. http://linux.slashdot.org/story/09/10/06/1742203/London-Stock-Exchange-Rejects-NET-For-Open-Source. 
  36. ↑ Stafford, Philip (14 February 2011). "LSE moves to faster UK trading system". Financial Times. ISSN 0307-1766. http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/8a87cf48-383e-11e0-8257-00144feabdc0.html. 
  37. ↑ "Investor Relations". http://www.lseg.com/investor-relations. 
  38. ↑ "2000: Leading stock exchanges plan merger". 3 May 2000. http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/may/3/newsid_2481000/2481359.stm. 
  39. ↑ "LSE confirms Turquoise acquisition talks". https://www.thetradenews.com/lse-confirms-turquoise-acquisition-talks/. 
  40. ↑ "LSE agrees to sell Borsa Italiana to Euronext for €4.3 billion". 9 October 2020. https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-lse-borsa-italiana-m-a-idUKKBN26U0H7. 
  41. ↑ "Euronext today completes the acquisition of the Borsa Italiana Group and publishes Q1 2021 results". https://www.euronext.com/en/about/media/euronext-press-releases/acquisition-borsa-italiana-group-and-q1-2021-results. 
  42. ↑ "Microsoft buys near 4% stake in London Stock Exchange Group as part of 10-year cloud deal". https://www.cnbc.com/2022/12/12/microsoft-buys-near-4percent-stake-in-london-stock-exchange-and-launches-10-year-partnership.html. 
  43. ↑ Patrick, M.; Lucchetti, A.; Reilly, D.; Taylor, E. (11 April 2006). "Nasdaq Acquires 15% of LSE". The Wall Street Journal. https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB114477409808123029. 
  44. ↑ "Scottish Widows says has sold 2.7 mln LSE shares at 1,175 pence". Forbes. 12 April 2006. https://www.forbes.com/finance/feeds/afx/2006/04/12/afx2665242.html. 
  45. ↑ Ortega, E. (11 April 2006). "Nasdaq Buys 15 Percent Stake in LSE for $782 Million". Bloomberg News. https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=10000103&sid=aY106PolhKUQ&refer=us. 
  46. ↑ MacDonald, A.; Lucchetti, A. (4 May 2006). "In LSE Stakes, Nasdaq Advances, Euronext Falls". The Wall Street Journal. https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB114670228362743269. 
  47. ↑ Lucchetti, A.; MacDonald, A. (11 May 2006). "Nasdaq Lifts Its LSE Stake to 24%". The Wall Street Journal. https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB114729205685149301. 
  48. ↑ Goldsmith, B.; Elliott, M. (19 May 2006). "Nasdaq raises LSE stake, making rival bids harder". Reuters. http://today.reuters.com/business/newsArticle.aspx?type=bankingFinancial&storyID=nL1923903. [yes|permanent dead link|dead link}}]
  49. ↑ Lucchetti, A.; MacDonald, A. (20 November 2006). "Nasdaq Makes Bid to Buy Rest of London Stock Exchange". The Wall Street Journal. https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB116400769286328180. 
  50. ↑ "LSE rejects £2.7bn Nasdaq offer". BBC News. 20 November 2006. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/6164376.stm. 
  51. ↑ "Nasdaq fails in takeover bid for London Stock Exchange". International Herald Tribune. 11 February 2007. https://www.nytimes.com/2007/02/11/business/worldbusiness/11iht-nasdaq.4549290.html. 
  52. ↑ "Sale Update". reuters.co.uk. 20 August 2007. http://investing.reuters.co.uk/news/articleinvesting.aspx?type=mergersNews&storyID=2007-08-20T091233Z_01_L2025258_RTRIDST_0_LSE-NASDAQ-SALE-UPDATE-1.XML. 
  53. ↑ Magnusson, N.; McSheehy, W. (20 September 2007). "Dubai to Buy Stakes in Nasdaq, LSE; Strikes OMX Deal". bloomberg.com. https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601087&sid=aqzGAS7oAezg&refer=home. 
  54. ↑ "LSE agrees merger with TMX of Canada". BBC News. 9 February 2011. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-12400785. 
  55. ↑ "Announcement re LSEG/TMX Group merger – London Stock Exchange". Londonstockexchangegroup.com. http://www.londonstockexchangegroup.com/newsroom/2011pressreleases/lseannouncementrelsegtmxgroupmerger.htm. 
  56. ↑ "SETSqx and SEAQ". https://www.lseg.com/areas-expertise/our-markets/london-stock-exchange/equities-markets/trading-services/domestic-trading-services/setsqx. 
  57. ↑ "'London Stock Exchange'". https://www.heraldry-wiki.com/heraldrywiki/index.php?title=London_Stock_Exchange. 

Further reading

  • Michie, R. C. (1999). The London Stock Exchange: A History. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-829508-1. 

[ ⚑ ] 51°30′54.25″N 0°5′56.77″W / 51.5150694°N 0.0991028°W / 51.5150694; -0.0991028



CAC Mid 60 Component
IndustryCommunications satellite
Founded1977; 49 years ago (1977)
HeadquartersParis, France
Key people
Eva Berneke (CEO)
RevenueDecrease €1.13 billion (2022/23)[1]
Increase €573 million (2022/23)[1]
Increase €328 million (2022/23)[1]
Total assetsDecrease €7.41 billion (2022/23)[1]
Total equityIncrease €3.07 billion (2022/23)[1]
Subsidiaries
Websitewww.eutelsat.com

Eutelsat Communications S.A., trading as Eutelsat Group (commonly referred to as Eutelsat) is a French satellite operator.[2] Providing coverage over the entire European continent, the Middle East, Africa, Asia and the Americas, it has been the world's third-largest satellite operator in terms of revenues.[3] Its subsidiary Eutelsat OneWeb is a competitor to Elon Musk's Starlink.

Eutelsat's satellites are used for broadcasting nearly 7,000 television stations, of which 1,400 are in high-definition television, and 1,100 radio stations to over 274 million cable and satellite homes. They also serve requirements for TV contribution services, corporate networks, mobile communications, Internet backbone connectivity and broadband access for terrestrial, maritime and in-flight applications. Eutelsat is headquartered in Paris, France. Eutelsat Communications Chief Executive Officer is currently Eva Berneke.[4]

In October 2017, Eutelsat acquired Noorsat, one of the leading satellite service providers in the Middle East, from Bahrain's Orbit Holding Group. Noorsat is the premier distributor of Eutelsat capacity in the Middle East, serving blue-chip customers and providing services for over 300 TV channels almost exclusively from Eutelsat's market-leading the Middle East and North Africa neighbourhoods at 7/8° West and 25.5° East.[5]

On 26 July 2022, Eutelsat announced a merger with LEO satellite internet operator OneWeb.[6] When the merger was completed in September 2023, the company became a subsidiary of a new entity, "Eutelsat Group".[7] It has 35 geostationary satellites and 600 satellites in a Low Earth orbit constellation.

1/10 scale mockup of a Eutelsat W3 satellite, a Spacebus 4000C3
European Telecommunications Satellite Organization membership

History

The European Telecommunications Satellite Organization (Eutelsat) was originally set up in 1977 (49 years ago), by 17 European countries as an intergovernmental organisation (IGO). Its role was to develop and operate a satellite-based telecommunications infrastructure for Europe. The Convention establishing the European Telecommunications Satellite Organization Eutelsat was opened for signature in July 1982 and entered into force on 1 September 1985.[8]

In 1982, Eutelsat decided to start operations of its first TV channel (Satellite Television) on the Orbital Test Satellite (OTS) in cooperation with European Space Agency (ESA). This was the first satellite-based direct-to-home TV channel launched in Europe. In 1983, Eutelsat launched its first satellite to be used for telecommunications and TV distribution

Initially established to address satellite telecommunications demand in Western Europe, Eutelsat rapidly developed its infrastructure to expand coverage to additional services (i.e. TV) and markets, such as Central and Eastern Europe in 1989, and the Middle East, the African continent, and large parts of Asia and the Americas from the 1990s.

Eutelsat was the first satellite operator in Europe to broadcast television channels direct-to-home. It developed its premium neighbourhood of five Hot Bird satellites in the mid-1990s to offer capacity that would be able to attract hundreds of channels to the same orbital location, appealing to wider audiences for consumer satellite TV.

With the general liberalisation of the telecommunications sector in Europe, Eutelsat's assets, liabilities and operational activities were transferred to a private company called Eutelsat S.A. established for this purpose in July 2001.[9] The structure role and activities of the new intergovernmental organisation Eutelsat IGO evolved. According to Eutelsat IGO's amended constitution in 2016, the main purpose of Eutelsat IGO has been to ensure that Eutelsat S.A. observes the Basic Principles set forth in the Eutelsat Amended Convention entered into force in November 2002. These Basic Principles refer to public service/universal service obligations, pan European coverage by the satellite system, non-discrimination and fair competition.[10] The Executive Secretary of Eutelsat IGO participates in all meetings of the Board of Directors of Eutelsat Communications S.A. and Eutelsat S.A. as an observer to the Board (censeur).[11][clarification needed]

In April 2005, the principal shareholders of Eutelsat S.A. grouped their investment in a new entity (Eutelsat Communications), which is now the holding company of the Group owning 95.2% of Eutelsat S.A. on 6 October 2005. As of 2009, the holding company owned 96.0% of Eutelsat S.A.[12]

2010s

On 31 July 2013, Eutelsat Communications announced the 100% acquisition of Satélites Mexicanos, S.A. de C.V. ("Satmex") for US$831 million in cash plus the assumption of US$311 million in Satmex debt, pending government and regulatory approvals.[13] The transaction was finalized on 2 January 2014. Based in Mexico, Satmex operates three satellites at contiguous positions, 113° West (Satmex 6), 114.9° West (Satmex 5) and 116.8° West (Satmex 8) that cover 90% of the population of the Americas.[14]

In December 2015, the company announced a partnership[15] with Facebook to launch an internet satellite over Africa by 2016 where Facebook lease all of a satellite's high throughput Ka-band capacity, however, the satellite was destroyed during launch preparations.[16]

2020s

In December 2020, Eutelsat launched Eutelsat Konnect, a domestic broadband service targeting remote localities, in the United Kingdom with a planned subsequent launch across Europe.[17]

In July 2021, Eutelsat launched Eutelsat Quantum, the first full software-defined satellite. It will enable users, notably in the Government and Mobility markets, to actively define and shape performance and reach thanks to its software-based design.[18]

In December 2021, Eva Berneke was appointed Chief Executive Officer to replace Rodolphe Belmer. She will take up her position on 1 January 2022.[19]

In March 2022, in the context of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine and growing censorship in Russia, two of the Russian packagers active on the 36°E Eutelsat satellites, NTV Plus (a subsidiary of Gazprom Media) and Trikolor, unilaterally interrupted broadcasting of 8 international news channels (BBC World, CNN, Deutsche Welle, Euronews, France 24, NHK World, RAInews 24, TV5 Monde). This interruption was denounced by the Denis Diderot Committee, made up of academics and professionals from the European audiovisual sector, which published a report and launched a petition asking for sanctions from the European Union and Eutelsat IGO against the two operators.[20] The petition is signed by all members of the Ukrainian regulatory body, the National Radio and Television Council.[21][22]

Distribution of Russian TV and radio channels sanctioned by the European Union

Eutelsat continues to collaborate with Russian TV platforms such as NTV-Plus and Tricolor. In France, the association Denis Diderot Committee has started a petition to put pressure on the EU to get Eutelsat to drop cooperation with the Russian channels due to a war in Ukraine. In a press release, the association writes that it is 'paradoxical and unforgivable' that European satellites are used to broadcast Russian channels, which 'only spread the Kremlin's official state propaganda.[23]

As top manager of French Eutelsat, Danish Eva Berneke defended the strategy in a podcast interview with Techmediet Radar: "It is clear that then we would have to wave goodbye to some Russian customers, who would then move on to some Russian satellites or something else". Media spokesman Kasper Sand Kjær of the Danish Social Democrats comments this decision with: "I think everyone should decide for themselves which side you want to stand on in the story. I do not believe that one can get through the time we are in right now by saying that one is neutral".[24]

Jim Phillipoff, co-founder of the Denis Diderot Committee explained further that Eutelat's declared "neutrality" is rather dubious granted the fact that Eutelsat only offers channels on 36 36°E 

to Russian customers but not independent Russian-language broadcasts, which could help break information monopoly of the Russian state.[25] As described above, Russian customers already actively censored western channels in their broadcasts on 36°E, which made the claims of Eutelsat's neutrality even more absurd.[20]

On 14 December 2022, the French media regulatory authority Arcom formally ordered Eutelsat to cease broadcasting three Russian channels, Rossiya 1, Perviy Kanal, and NTV, whose programs devoted to the Russian invasion of Ukraine contain repeated incitement to hatred and violence and numerous breaches of fair reporting. This decision followed a ruling by the interim relief judge of the Council of State dated 9 December 2022, who asked the Authority to reexamine the situation of these three channels in light of additional evidence presented during the investigation. It emerged that they were broadcast not only in Russia, but also in the Ukrainian territories annexed by Russia.Since, unlike Russia, Ukraine has signed and ratified the European Convention on Transfrontier Television, as has France, Arcom therefore has a legal basis to require Eutelsat to cease broadcasting these channels.[26]

On 16 December 2022, the European Union adopted sanctions against the Russian TV channels Perviy Kanal, Rossiya 1, NTV and REN-TV, as well as sanctions against the Russian media companies VGTRK, National Media Group and the Russian Armed Forces. Eutelsat said Dec. 22 it stands to lose up to 15 million euros ($16 million) in annual revenues from restricting broadcasts in Russia and Iran to comply with sanctions.[27]

On 5 March 2024, RSF has launched the Svoboda Satellite package on the Eutelsat Hotbird 13G. The package proposes 8 TV channels and 3 radio channels provided by Russian media in exile in Western Europe, RFE, Deutsche Welle, the Moladavian TV8 and the Ukrainian Gordon Live.[28]

Eutelsat has implemented the French and EU sanctions against Russian channels, but has not implemented the sanctions against Russian media groups adopted by the European Union since 16 December 2022 (VGTRK, National Media Group, and in later Zvezda the broadcasting company of the Russian Army, and SPAS Telekanal, the broadcasting company of the Russian Orthodox Church. Answering to shareholders' questions during the General Assembly of 21 November 2024, the company argued that it cannot decide to exclude channels without clear instructions of the French media regulatory authority Arcom.[29]

On 2 March 2025, the Diderot Committee and three associations (Union des Ukrainiens de France, Russie-Libertés, Pour l'Ukraine, leur liberté et la nôtre) contacted the French Ombudsman to alert on the fact that the French media regulatory authority Arcom lacks of diligence in ordering the company to respect the EU sanctions against Russian media companies. According to the Diderot Committee, as at early March 2025, 192 frequencies on Eutelsat satellites are still occupied by TV and radio channels provided by Russian sanctioned companies, including channels of the Russian Army and of the Orthodox Church and distributed in Russia in the illegally annexed territories of Ukraine.[30]

Services

In June 2021, Eutelsat launched Eutelsat Advance, an end-to-end managed connectivity service, including network interconnection, a management portal and APIs for service providers and their clients. Available via Eutelsat's certified network of partners, Eutelsat Advance enables service providers in Enterprise, Maritime, Aviation, Government and Telecoms to enhance their service portfolio by increasing the range of connectivity services they offer.[31]

In September 2018, Eutelsat announced Cirrus, which enabled broadcasters to deliver content to satellite and over-the-top media service. Viewers can watch content on screens, phones and tablets, access multiple programmes, record and rewind and view detailed programme information.[32]


As of March 2025, the company stated that it offers the same capacities as Starlink in Europe. However the operation of Eutelsat terminals is many times more expensive than that of Starlink.[33]

Satellites

Eutelsat sells capacity on 36 satellites located in geosynchronous orbit between 139° West and 174° East. On 1 March 2012, Eutelsat changed the names of its satellites. The group's satellites mostly take the Eutelsat name, with the relevant figure for their orbital position and a letter indicating their order of arrival at that position. On 21 May 2014, Eutelsat Americas (formerly Satmex) aligned its satellite names with the Eutelsat brand.[34]

Satellite COSPAR ID Location Launch Vehicle Regions served Launch Comments
Eutelsat Konnect VHTS 2022-110A 2 2.7°E


Ariane 5 ECA Europe 7 September 2022 Very High Throughput Satellite. Hosting the most powerful on-board digital processor ever put in orbit.
Eutelsat 3B 2014-030A 3 3°E


Zenit-3SL Europe, Africa, the Middle East, Central Asia, Brazil 26 May 2014 Entered service in July 2014[35]
Eutelsat 5 West B 2019-067A -5 5°W


Proton-M/Briz-M Europe, North Africa 9 October 2019
Eutelsat 7B (Eutelsat W3D/Eutelsat 3D) 2013-022A 7 7°E


Proton-M/Briz-M Europe, Middle East, Africa 14 May 2013
Eutelsat 7C 2019-034B Ariane 5 ECA 20 June 2019
Eutelsat Konnect 2020-005B Europe, Africa 17 January 2020 First satellite to use Thales Alenia Space's all-electric Spacebus NEO platform
Eutelsat 7 West A (Atlantic Bird 7/Nilesat-104) 2011-051A -7 7.3°W


Zenit-3SL Middle East, North Africa 24 September 2011 Formerly named Atlantic Bird 7 until March 2012
Eutelsat 8 West B (Nilesat-104B) 2015-039A -8 8°W


Ariane 5 ECA Africa, Middle East 20 August 2015
Eutelsat KA-SAT 9A[36][37] 2010-069A 9 9°E


Proton-M/Briz-M Europe 26 December 2010
Eutelsat 9B (EDRS A)[38][39] 2016-005A Europe, North Africa, Middle East 30 January 2016
Eutelsat 10A (Eutelsat W2A) 2009-016A 10 10°E


Europe, Africa, Middle East 3 April 2009 Formerly named Eutelsat W2A until March 2012; S-band payload not yet entered into service due to an anomaly.[40][41][42] Solaris Mobile filed the insurance claim and should be able to offer some, but not all of the services it was planning to offer.[43][44][45]
Eutelsat 10B 2022-157A Falcon 9 Block 5 North Atlantic corridor, Europe, Mediterranean basin, Middle East 23 November 2022
Hot Bird 13B (Hot Bird 8)[46] 2006-032A 13 13°E


Proton-M/Briz-M Europe, North Africa, Middle East 5 August 2006 Formerly named Hot Bird 8 until March 2012
Hot Bird 13C (Hot Bird 9) 2008-065D Ariane 5 ECA 20 December 2008 Formerly named Hot Bird 9 until March 2012
Hot Bird 13E (Hot Bird 7A/Eurobird 9A/Eutelsat 9A)[47] 2006-007B 11 March 2006 Formerly named Eurobird 9A until March 2012; former Hot Bird 7A satellite / Eutelsat 9A
Hotbird 13F 2022-134A Falcon 9 Block 5 15 October 2022 All-electric Eurostar Neo bus
Hotbird 13G 2022-146A 3 November 2022 All-electric Eurostar Neo bus
Eutelsat 16A (Eutelsat W3C) 2011-057A 16 16°E


Long March 3B Europe, Sub-Saharan Africa, Indian Ocean Islands 7 October 2011 Formerly named Eutelsat W3C until March 2012
Eutelsat 21B (Eutelsat W6A) 2012-062B 21.5 21.5°E


Ariane 5 ECA Europe, Middle East, North Africa, West Africa, Central Asia 10 November 2012 Fully operational since 19 December 2012.[48]
Eutelsat 33C (Eurobird 1/Eutelsat 133 West A/Eutelsat 28A)[49] 2001-011A 33 33°E


Ariane 5G Europe 8 March 2001 Satellite is currently being redeployed at 33° East where it will be co-located with Eutelsat 33B. Formerly named Eurobird 1 until March 2012 and Eutelsat 28A until July 2015
Eutelsat 33E (Hot Bird 10/Atlantic Bird 4A/Hot Bird 13D/Eutelsat 3C) 2009-008B Ariane 5 ECA Europe, South-West Asia 12 February 2009 Formerly Hot Bird 10 and Atlantic Bird 4A[50]
Eutelsat 36A (Eutelsat W4/Eutelsat 70C) 2000-028A 36 36°E


Atlas IIIA Africa, Russia 24 May 2000 Formerly named Eutelsat W4 until March 2012.
Eutelsat 36B (Eutelsat W7) 2009-065A Proton-M/Briz-M Europe, Africa, Middle East, Russia 24 November 2009 Formerly named Eutelsat W7 until March 2012
Eutelsat 36C (Ekspress AMU1) 2015-082A Russia, Africa 2015
Eutelsat 36D 2024-059A Falcon 9 Block 5 Europe, Africa, Russia 30 March 2024 Replacement for Eutelsat 36B
Eutelsat 36 West A (Atlantic Bird 1/Eutelsat 12 West A/Eutelsat 59A) 2002-040A -36.5 36.5°W


Ariane 5G Europe, Middle East, Americas 28 August 2002 Formerly named Atlantic Bird 1 until March 2012, and Eutelsat 12 West A
Eutelsat 48D (Afghansat 1/Eutelsat W2M/Eutelsat 48B/Eutelsat 38B) 2008-065B 48 48°E


Ariane 5 ECA Afghanistan, Central Asia 20 December 2008 Co-branded Afghansat 1. Formerly named Eutelsat 28B until January 2014, Eutelsat 48B until August 2012, W2M until March 2012.[51]
Eutelsat Quantum 2021-069B 48 48°E


Ariane 5 ECA+ Middle East, North Africa 30 July 2021 First in-orbit reprogrammable satellite
Eutelsat 65 West A 2016-014A -65 65°W


Ariane 5 ECA Americas 9 March 2016
Eutelsat 70B (Eutelsat W5A) 2012-069A 70.5 70.5°E


Zenit-3SL Europe, Middle East, Africa, Central Asia, South East Asia, Australia 3 December 2012
Eutelsat 113 West A (Satmex 6) 2006-020A -113 113°W


Ariane 5 ECA Americas 27 May 2006 Formerly Satmex 6 until May 2014
Eutelsat 115 West B (Satmex 7) 2015-010B -114.9 114.9°W


Falcon 9 v1.1 Americas 2 March 2015
Eutelsat 117 West A (Satmex 8) 2013-012A -116.8 116.8°W


Proton-M/Briz-M Americas 26 March 2013 Formerly Satmex 8 until May 2014
Eutelsat 117 West B (Satmex 9)[52] 2016-038B -116.8 116.8°W


Falcon 9 FT Americas 15 June 2016 Formerly Satmex 9
Eutelsat 139 West A (Eutelsat W3A/Eutelsat 7A) 2004-008A 139 139°W


Proton-M/Briz-M Americas 16 March 2004 Formerly named Eutelsat W3A until March 2012, then Eutelsat 7A
Eutelsat 172B 2017-027A 172 172°E


Ariane 5 ECA Asia-Pacific 1 June 2017
Eutelsat 174A (Eutelsat 172A/AMC 23/GE-23) 2005-052A 174 174°E


Proton-M/Briz-M Asia-Pacific 29 December 2005 Formerly Eutelsat 172A, and GE-23 satellite

Rented capacity

Satellite Location Launch Vehicle Regions served Launch
Eutelsat 28E (Astra 2E) 28.2 28.2°E


Proton-M/Briz-M Europe 29 September 2013
Eutelsat 28F (Astra 2F) 28.2 28.2°E


Ariane 5 ECA 28 September 2012
Eutelsat 28G (Astra 2G) 28.2 28.2°E


Proton-M/Briz-M 27 December 2014
Eutelsat 53A (Ekspress AM 6) 56 56°E


Europe, Asia 21 October 2014
Ekspress-AT1 56 56°E


16 March 2014
Ekspress-AT2 140 140°E


SESAT 2 -15 15°W


Europe, Americas 19 October 1999

Former satellites

Satellite COSPAR ID Location Launch Vehicle Launched Inclined Retired Lost Comments
Eutelsat I F-1 (ECS 1) 1983-058A 13 13°E


Ariane 1 1983 1989 1996 N/A
Eutelsat I F-2 (ECS 2) 1984-081A 7 7°E


Ariane 3 1984 1990 1993 N/A
Eutelsat I F-4 (ECS 4) 1987-078B 7 7/13°E


1987 1993 2002 N/A
Eutelsat I F-5 (ECS 5) 1988-063B 10 10°E


1988 1994 2000 N/A
Eutelsat 2 F-1 1990-079B 13 13°E


Ariane 44LP H10 1990 1999 2003 N/A
Eutelsat 2 F-2 1991-003B 10 10°E


1991 2000 2005 N/A
Eutelsat 2 F-3 1991-083A 16 16°E


Atlas II 2004 N/A
Eutelsat 2 F-4 1992-041B 7 7°E


Ariane 44L H10 1992 2001 2003 N/A
Hot Bird 1 (Eutelsat 2 F-6) 1995-016B 13 13°E


Ariane 44LP H10+ 1995 2006 2007 2012
Hot Bird 6 (Hot Bird 13A/Eutelsat 8 West C/Eutelsat 33D/Eutelsat 70D) 1995-016B N/A Atlas V 401 2002 N/A 2016 N/A
Eutelsat 21A (Eutelsat W6/Eutelsat W3/Eutelsat 48C) 1995-016B N/A Atlas IIAS 1999 N/A N/A N/A
Eutelsat 8 West D (Sinosat-3/Chinasat-5C/Eutelsat 3A) N/A Long March 3A 2007 N/A N/A N/A
Eutelsat 59A (Atlantic Bird 1/Eutelsat 12 West A/Eutelsat 36 West A) 2002-040A N/A Ariane 5G 2002 N/A 2018 N/A
Eutelsat W2 1998-056A 16 16°E


Ariane 44L H10-3 1998 N/A 2010 N/A
Eutelsat W3B[53] 2010-056A 16 16°E


Ariane 5 ECA 2010 N/A 2010 N/A
Eutelsat W75 (Eurobird 10/Eurobird 4/Hot Bird 3/ABS 1B) 1997-049A 4 4°E


Ariane 44LP H10-3 1997 N/A 2011 N/A Former Hot Bird 3 and Eurobird 4 satellite
Eutelsat 4A (Eurobird 4A/Eutelsat W1) 2000-052A 2000 N/A 2012 N/A Former Eutelsat W1 satellite
Eutelsat 4B (Hot Bird 5/Eurobird 2/Arabsat 2D/Badr-2/Eutelsat 25A) 1998-057A Atlas IIA 1998 2014 N/A Formerly named Eurobird 2 until March 2012, now at 4E and called Eutelsat 4B
Eutelsat 5 West A (Atlantic Bird 3) 2002-035A -5 5°W


Ariane 5G 5 July 2002 January 2023 N/A Formerly named Atlantic Bird 3 until March 2012, was also called Stellat 5
Eutelsat 16B (Hot Bird 4/Nilesat-103/Atlantic Bird 4/Eurobird 16) 1998-013A 16 16°E


Ariane 42P H10-3 1998 2015 N/A Formerly named Eurobird 16 until March 2012; former Atlantic Bird 4 and Hot Bird 4 satellite
Eutelsat 16C (SESAT 1) 2000-019A 16 16°E


Proton-K/Blok DM-2M 2000 2018 N/A Formerly named SESAT 1 until March 2012. Operated in inclined orbit at 16° East
Eutelsat 12 West B (Atlantic Bird 2/Eutelsat 8 West A) 2001-042A 12.5°W Ariane 44P H10-3 2001 2020 Formerly named Atlantic Bird 2 until March 2012 and Eutelsat 8 West A until October 2015, when it was redeployed to 12.5° West
Eutelsat 31A (eBird 1/Eutelsat 33A/Eurobird 3) 2003-043A 31 31°E


Ariane 5G 2003 2018 N/A Formerly named Eurobird and Eutelsat 33A
Eutelsat 33B (Eutelsat W5/Eutelsat 70A/Eutelsat 25C) 2002-051A 33 33°E


Delta IV Medium+(4,2) 2002 2015 N/A Formerly named Eutelsat W5 until March 2012; lost one of two solar panels 16 June 2008.[54] Now at 25° East and called Eutelsat 25C.
Eutelsat 115 West A (Satmex 5) 1998-070A -114.8 114.8°W


Ariane 42L H10-3 1998 2015 N/A Formerly Satmex 5 until May 2014
Eutelsat 48A (Eurobird 9/Eutelsat W48/Hot Bird 2) 1996-067A 48 48°E


Atlas IIA 21 November 1996 2017 N/A Formerly named Eutelsat W48 until March 2012; former Hot Bird 2 and Eurobird 9 satellite; operating in inclined orbit.
Eutelsat 25B (Es'hail 1) 2013-044A 25.5 25.5°E


Ariane 5 ECA 29 August 1998 Eutelsat's share in the satellite sold to Es'hailSat in 2018.[55]

Failure of Eutelsat Satellite

Satellite COSPAR ID Location Launch Vehicle Launched Inclined Retired Lost Comments
Eutelsat I F-3 (ECS 3) N/A Ariane 3 1985 N/A N/A N/A Launch Failure
Eutelsat 2 F-5 N/A Ariane 44LP H10+ 1994 N/A N/A N/A
Hot Bird 7 N/A Ariane 5 ECA 2002 N/A N/A N/A

Future satellites

Satellite COSPAR ID Location Launch Vehicle Launched Inclined Retired Lost Comments
Flexsat TBA TBA 2026 N/A N/A N/A

Organization

Shareholders

On June 19, 2025, Eutelsat announced a capital increase by the French state, which will raise its stake in the group from 13.5% to 29%, allowing the French state to become the largest shareholder of Eutelsat "by the end of the year 2025."[56]


As of 25 February 2025:[57]

Shareholder %
Bharti Enterprises 23.83 %
Bpifrance 13.59 %
Government of the United Kingdom 10.89 %
SB Investment Advisers 10.89 %
CMA CGM 5.46 %
Hanwha Systems 5.44 %
Lazard Asset Management 5.04 %
Spacetime Transformations 5.01 %
Fonds stratégique de participations (ISALT)[58] 4.14 %

As of 1 August 2023:[59]

Shareholder %
Bpifrance 25.95 %
Fonds stratégique de participations 7.016 %
Lazard Asset Management Pacific Co. 6.66 %
China Investment Corporation (Investment Management) 3.703 %
DNCA Finance 2.54 %
The Vanguard Group 2.11 %
Norges Bank Investment Management 2.036 %
The Vanguard Group 2.41 %
Dimensional Fund Advisors LP 1.972 %
CBRE Investment Management Listed Real Assets LLC 1.699 %
Pacer Advisors, Inc. 1.638 %

Bibliography

  • (in French and English) Guy Lebègue, (trad. Robert J. Amral), «Eutelsat II: OK For West-to-East Service!», in Revue aerospatiale, n° 73, November 1990

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 "2022-2023 Consolidated Financial Statements". Eutelsat Communications Group. https://www.eutelsat.com/files/EC_consolidated_financial_statements_FY23%20vDEF_EN.pdf. 
  2. ↑ "Eutelsat's sales fall as pandemic hits communications sector". Reuters. 10 May 2020. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-eutelsat-results-idUKKBN22Q2PA. 
  3. ↑ "World Teleport Association publishes Top Operator Rankings for 2023". SatNews. https://news.satnews.com/2023/12/19/world-teleport-association-publishes-top-operator-rankings-for-2023/. 
  4. ↑ "Communications Executive Committee". Eutelsat. 2009-07-01. http://www.eutelsat.com/eutelsat/management-biographies.html. 
  5. ↑ "Eutelsat consolidates its presence in Middle East with the acquisition of Noorsat". Eutelsat. 2017-10-17. http://news.eutelsat.com/pressreleases/eutelsat-consolidates-its-presence-in-middle-east-with-the-acquisition-of-noorsat-2213854. 
  6. ↑ "Eutelsat will continue to be listed on Euronext Paris and apply for admission to standard listing on the London Stock Exchange.". https://www.eutelsat.com/en/news/press.html#/pressreleases/eutelsat-and-oneweb-to-combine-a-leap-forward-in-satellite-connectivity-3195697. 
  7. ↑ "Eutelsat and OneWeb complete merger" (in en). Pax International. 2 October 2023. https://www.pax-intl.com/ife-connectivity/partnerships-collaborations-acquisitions/2023/10/02/eutelsat-and-oneweb-complete-merger/. 
  8. ↑ "Convention Establishing the European Telecommunications Satellite Organization". https://www.eutelsatigo.int/en/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2014/12/E-Convention-establishing-EUTELSAT.pdf. 
  9. ↑ "Restructuring | Eutelsat igo". Eutelsat IGO. https://www.eutelsatigo.int/en/about/restructuring/. 
  10. ↑ "Eutelsat Amended Convention". https://www.eutelsatigo.int/en/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2014/12/E-Amended-Convention-281102.pdf. 
  11. ↑ "Eutelsat Group | Eutelsat IGO". Eutelsat IGO. https://www.eutelsatigo.int/en/activities-initiatives/the-eutelsat-group/. 
  12. ↑ "Consolidated Financial Statements at 30 June 2009". http://www.eutelsat.com/investors/pdf/ETL-consolidated-financial-statements-300609.pdf. 
  13. ↑ de Selding, Peter B. (1 August 2013). "Eutelsat's Satmex Acquisition Expands Satellite Fleet Operator's Global Reach". SpaceNews. http://spacenews.com/36569eutelsats-satmex-acquisition-expands-satellite-fleet-operators/. 
  14. ↑ "Eutelsat acquires Satmex". July 31, 2013. https://www.satellitemarkets.com/news-analysis/eutelsat-acquires-satmex. 
  15. ↑ "Facebook plans satellite 'in 2016'". BBC News. 5 October 2015. https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-34451081. Retrieved 16 November 2022. 
  16. ↑ "Breaking: Facebook satellite for Africa destroyed in SpaceX rocket blast". September 1, 2016. https://www.vanguardngr.com/2016/09/breaking-facebook-satellite-africa-destroyed-spacex-rocket-blast/. 
  17. ↑ Woods, Ben (13 December 2020). "French satellite firm looks to muscle in on Britain's broadband market". The Daily Telegraph. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/business/2020/12/13/french-satellite-firm-looks-muscle-britains-broadband-market/. 
  18. ↑ "Successful launch of Eutelsat Quantum, the first full software-defined satellite" (in en). 31 July 2021. https://eutelsat-com.mynewsdesk.com/pressreleases/successful-launch-of-eutelsat-quantum-the-first-full-software-defined-satellite-3119143. 
  19. ↑ "Eutelsat Names Eva Berneke as Company's First Female CEO". 20 December 2021. https://www.satellitetoday.com/business/2021/12/20/eutelsat-names-eva-berneke-as-companys-first-female-ceo. 
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 "News". https://www.denisdiderot.net/news. Retrieved 16 November 2022. 
  21. ↑ "Calls for sanctions on Russian pay-TV satellite platforms Tricolor and NTV+". 6 April 2022. https://www.broadbandtvnews.com/2022/04/06/calls-for-sanctions-on-russian-pay-tv-satellite-platforms-trikolor-and-ntv/. Retrieved 16 November 2022. 
  22. ↑ Національна рада підписала петицію Комітету імені Дені Дідро про запровадженя санкцій проти двох операторів платного ТВ і закликає медійників також її підтримати, ТСН 6 April 2022
  23. ↑ "Petition / Pétition". https://www.denisdiderot.net/petition. 
  24. ↑ "Dansk topchef om russisk censur af vestlige tv-stationer: Jeg forholder mig neutralt". 5 May 2022. https://radarmedia-dk.translate.goog/dansk-topchef-om-russisk-censur-af-vestlige-tv-stationer-jeg-forholder-mig-neutralt/?_x_tr_sl=da&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=fr&_x_tr_pto=wapp. 
  25. ↑ "It's Time to Break into Putin's Propaganda Fortress" (in en). 10 December 2022. https://www.kyivpost.com/opinion/5582. 
  26. ↑ L’Arcom met en demeure Eutelsat de cesser la diffusion de trois chaînes russes, Arcom, 14 décembre 2022
  27. ↑ Eutelsat taking financial hit from TV sanctions against Russia and Iran, SpaceNews, 22 December 2022
  28. ↑ "Welcome to the Svoboda Satellite Package, featuring journalism content for Russian speakers everywhere.", RSF, 5 March 2024
  29. ↑ Ordinary and Extraordinary General Meeting of Shareholders of 21 November 2024 Answers to written questions previously raised by shareholders, EutelsaztGroup, 21 November 2024
  30. ↑ "French satellite operator Eutelsat still broadcasts EU-sanctioned Russian TV, radio", Euractiv, 10 March 2025
  31. ↑ "Eutelsat launches Eutelsat Advance for end-to-end managed connectivity services" (in en). 24 June 2021. https://eutelsat-com.mynewsdesk.com/pressreleases/eutelsat-launches-eutelsat-advance-for-end-to-end-managed-connectivity-services-3112157. 
  32. ↑ "Eutelsat takes a further step in the integration of satellite into the IP ecosystem with the launch of Eutelsat Cirrus". Press release (Eutelsat). 6 September 2018. http://news.eutelsat.com/pressreleases/eutelsat-takes-a-further-step-in-the-integration-of-satellite-into-the-ip-ecosystem-with-the-launch-of-eutelsat-cirrus-2677136. 
  33. ↑ Aretz, Eckart. "Ukraine - aufgeschmissen ohne Starlink?" (in de). https://www.tagesschau.de/ausland/europa/ukraine-starlink-102.html. 
  34. ↑ "Eutelsat Americas aligns satellite". http://www.eutelsat.com/home/news/press-releases/2014/press-list-container/eutelsat-americas-aligns-satelli.html. 
  35. ↑ "Eutelsat 3b satellite fully fire". http://www.eutelsat.com/home/news/press-releases/2014/press-list-container/eutelsat-3b-satellite-fully-fire.html. 
  36. ↑ de Selding, Peter B. (28 December 2010). "Russian Rocket Launches Communications Satellite". space.com. http://www.space.com/10552-russian-rocket-launches-communications-satellite.html. 
  37. ↑ Jonathan Amos (26 December 2010). "Ka-Sat net-dedicated spacecraft lifts off". BBC News. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-12065466. 
  38. ↑ "Proton-M wyniósł na orbitę satelitę Eutelsat 9B - Altair Agencja Lotnicza". http://www.altair.com.pl/news/view?news_id=18564. 
  39. ↑ "Nowy satelita Eutelsat trafi na orbitę w styczniu | Defence24". http://www.defence24.pl/298867,nowy-satelita-eutelsat-trafi-na-orbite-w-styczniu. 
  40. ↑ "SES - Global Satellite Services Provider - Your Satellite Company". 2016-02-04. http://www.ses.com/ses/siteSections/newsroom/Latest_News/index.php?pressRelease=/pressReleases/pressReleaseList/09-05-14/index.php. 
  41. ↑ "Press releases - SES.com". http://www.ses-astra.com/business/en/news-events/news-latest/index.php?pressRelease=%2FpressReleases%2FpressReleaseList%2F09-05-14%2Findex.php. 
  42. ↑ "Welcome to EchoStar Mobile Online » EchoStar Mobile". Solaris Mobile. http://www.solarismobile.com/assets/downloads/Statement%20re%20Solaris%20Mobile%20S-band%20capacity_en.pdf. 
  43. ↑ "SES - Global Satellite Services Provider - Your Satellite Company". 2016-02-04. http://www.ses.com/ses/siteSections/newsroom/Latest_News/index.php?pressRelease=/pressReleases/pressReleaseList/09-07-01-1/index.php. 
  44. ↑ "Press releases - SES.com". http://www.ses-astra.com/business/en/news-events/news-latest/index.php?pressRelease=%2FpressReleases%2FpressReleaseList%2F09-07-01-1%2Findex.php. 
  45. ↑ "Welcome to EchoStar Mobile Online » EchoStar Mobile". http://www.solarismobile.com/assets/downloads/SolarisMobileFilesInsuranceClaim.pdf. 
  46. ↑ "Display: Hot Bird 8 2006-032A". NASA. 10 February 2021. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2006-032A.  Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  47. ↑ "Display: 2006-007B". NASA. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2006-007B.  Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  48. ↑ Paoli-Lebailly, Pascale. "Eutelsat 21B satellite in full commercial service". Rapid TV News. http://www.rapidtvnews.com/index.php/25024/embratel-launches-new-brazilian-satellite.html. 
  49. ↑ "NASA Spacecraft Details for NSSDC ID: 2006-032A". NASA. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2006-032A. 
  50. ↑ "Hot Bird 8, 9, 10 → Eutelsat Hot Bird 13B, 13C, 13D/ Atlantic Bird 4A/ Eutelsat 3C/ Eutelsat Hotbird 13D". 2008-12-20. http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/hotbird-8.htm. 
  51. ↑ Julian Clover (28 January 2009). "In orbit failure for Eutelsat W2 replacement". http://www.broadbandtvnews.com/2009/01/28/in-orbit-failure-for-eutelsat-w2-replacement/. 
  52. ↑ Mission events timeline for Falcon 9's launch for ABS and Eutelsat Spaceflight Now Retrieved 15 June 2016
  53. ↑ "Ariane Launch Report; Eutelsat declares craft total loss after propellant leak". Spaceflight Now. http://www.spaceflightnow.com/ariane/v197/101029w3b/. 
  54. ↑ "Thales Alenia Space statement concerning Eutelsat W5". Thales. 2008-09-03. http://www.thalesonline.com/renderdetail/2a50523f-2f1b-5b76-7a36-3b7e34506361:central. 
  55. ↑ Caleb Henry (August 9, 2018). "Eutelsat sells shared satellite to Es'hailSat". Space News. https://spacenews.com/eutelsat-sells-shared-satellite-to-eshailsat/. 
  56. ↑ "Eutelsat, concurrent européen de Starlink, prépare une augmentation de capital qui fera de l’Etat français son premier actionnaire" (in fr). Le Monde. 2025-06-19. https://www.lemonde.fr/economie/article/2025/06/19/eutelsat-concurrent-europeen-de-starlink-prepare-une-augmentation-de-capital-qui-fera-de-l-etat-francais-son-premier-actionnaire_6614666_3234.html. 
  57. ↑ "Eutelsat Communications: Actionnaires, composition de l'Actionnariat - Zonebourse" (in fr-FR). https://www.zonebourse.com/cours/action/EUTELSAT-COMMUNICATIONS-5147/societe-actionnaires/. 
  58. ↑ Le Fonds Stratégique de Participations
  59. ↑ "Eutelsat Communications: Actionnaires Dirigeants et Profil Société | ETL | FR0010221234" (in fr). https://www.zonebourse.com/cours/action/EUTELSAT-COMMUNICATIONS-5147/societe/. 



Retrieved from "https://handwiki.org/wiki/index.php?title=Company:Eutelsat&oldid=3861266"