Company:Emergent BioSolutions

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Short description: U.S.-based biopharmaceutical company
Emergent BioSolutions Inc.
TypePublic company
FoundedSeptember 5, 1998; 25 years ago (1998-09-05) (as BioPort Inc.)
FounderFuad El-Hibri
HeadquartersGaithersburg, Maryland, U.S.
Key people
Haywood Miller (interim CEO)
Zsolt Harsanyi (Chairman)
RevenueUS$1.793 billion (2021)[1]
US$352.6 million (2021)[1]
US$230.9 million (2021)[1]
Number of employees
2,416 (December 31, 2021)[1]
Websitewww.emergentbiosolutions.com

Emergent BioSolutions Inc. is an American multinational specialty biopharmaceutical company headquartered in Gaithersburg, Maryland.[2] It develops vaccines and antibody therapeutics for infectious diseases and opioid overdoses, and it provides medical devices for biodefense purposes.

Among the company's products are the controversial BioThrax (Anthrax Vaccine Adsorbed),[3] the only anthrax vaccine licensed by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and Narcan (naloxone) for the emergency treatment of opioid overdose. The company also manufactures pharmaceuticals for infectious diseases like cholera and typhoid.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, Emergent BioSolutions also produced Johnson & Johnson/Janssen and Oxford–AstraZeneca vaccines at one of its plants; however, this was marked by contamination and other production issues, and millions of doses of vaccine had to be discarded.

Company history

Early history

Emergent BioSolutions was founded on September 5, 1998, by Fuad El-Hibri, under the name BioPort, which had formerly operated as a state-owned entity named Michigan Biological Products Institute[4] and was privatized as Emergent BioSolutions in 2004.[5][6][7] At the time, the Michigan Department of Public Health, though its Michigan Biologics Products Institute, owned an anthrax vaccine manufacturing facility in Lansing, Michigan. BioPort purchased the facility and the rights to manufacture the vaccine for the U.S. military.[8][9]

In 2000, operating as Bioport, the company was the subject of Congressional hearings and FDA action (official action indicated (OAI) and voluntary action indicated (VAI)).[10][11][12][13] After the 2001 anthrax attacks that caused the deaths of five Americans and made 17 others ill, Bioport began providing its anthrax vaccine to US biodefense agencies.[14]

Emergent became a publicly traded company in 2006, with its stock trading on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol EBS.[15]

Mergers, acquisitions and joint ventures

In June 2012, Emergent, along with Novartis and the Texas A&M University System was selected by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services as one of the three Centers for Innovation in Advanced Development and Manufacturing. The public-private partnership granted Emergent $163 million over eight years to assist in the development of countermeasures for health, nuclear and radiological epidemics.[16] The purpose is to produce medical countermeasures in the event of a national pandemic.[17] Emergent's facility is located in Maryland and the company expects the site to be operational by the year 2020.[17]

The company purchased Winnipeg, Manitoba's Cangene Corporation in 2013. Cangene's leading product is WinRho, which treats the blood disease immune thrombocytopenic purpura, as well as hemolytic disease of the newborn. Cangene also produces pharmaceuticals that treat Hepatitis B and varicella (chickenpox).[18]

On June 27, 2016, the US Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority contracted with Emergent Biosolutions to develop a vaccine for the Zika virus. The contract was spread out over 30 months and was worth around $22 million.[19][20] The vaccine was projected to reach stage-one clinical trials by early 2017.[21] As of the end of June 2016, 60 countries and territories had reported transmission of the Zika virus from mosquitoes.[20] Emergent was one of the first companies to develop a vaccine for the virus.[19]

Emergent spun off its biosciences division in August 2016, forming a new company, Aptevo Therapeutics in Seattle, WA. The new company continues its focus on developing treatments for cancer and blood diseases using its technology of dual-ended molecules that assault cancer cells, each end attacking the cancer in a different way. Aptevo had four products available at its inception.[22]

In December 2016, Health Canada approved the purchase of Emergent's new botulism antitoxin called Botulism Antitoxin Heptavalent (BAT). The CDC and Public Health Agency of Canada both identified botulism, a type of food poisoning, as a likely biological threat. Emergent already has a ten-year contract with the Canadian military and national health service to supply BAT that began in 2012. Emergent also provides BAT to the U.S. Strategic National Stockpile.[23] BAT was first licensed in the U.S. in 2013 and is the only botulism antitoxin available in the U.S. for naturally-occurring cases of non-infant botulism.[24]

On March 31, 2017, Emergent signed a modification to its contract with BARDA to "manufacture and store bulk drug substance for its botulism antitoxin, BAT." The contract is valued at approximately $53 million for five years. The contract modification was technical in nature; it allows Emergent to file and deliver the final drug product to the Strategic National Stockpile in the future.[25]

Soligenix Inc. and Emergent agreed to establish a "commercially viable production technology" for the development of RiVax, a potential vaccine aimed to protect against ricin exposure. Currently, there are no treatments for ricin poisoning that have been proven effective. Soligenix is a late-stage biopharmaceutical company that specializes in the development of treatments for rare diseases. A product of castor oil production, the ricin toxin can be a useful biological weapon due to its extreme potency, stability, and accessibility. The National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases funded the development of RiVax costing an estimated $24.7 million. The organization also financially backed the contract between Emergent and Soligenix. Most of the work was conducted in Baltimore, Maryland, at Emergent's manufacturing facility.[26] An expansion of the Baltimore plant, finished in 2017, had $163 million in funding from the U.S. government.[27] In January 2020, Emergent informed Soligenix of manufacturing issues, having provided doses of RiVax that were "out of specification", causing the study to be suspended even after two trial participants had received doses. In April 2020, the Department of Health and Human Services announced that it would not provide further funding for RiVax clinical trials, although the agency did not announce whether this was related to previous issues. In subsequent securities filings, Soligenix stated that it was pursuing $19 million in damages from Emergent in arbitration proceedings.[28]

In 2017, the company purchased the ACAM2000 (smallpox vaccinia) Vaccine, the only FDA-approved (2007)vaccine for active immunization against smallpox for those at a medical high risk of contracting the disease, from Sanofi Pasteur.[29] Two years later, the Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response, Department of Health and Human Services, has signed a contract with the company worth an estimated US$2.8 billion for the company to provide ACAM2000 over a ten-year period.[30]

In 2018, Emergent acquired Adapt Pharma, the manufacturer of Narcan (naloxone), a widely used nasal spray opioid-overdose antidote, for $735 million. Adapt is headquartered in Dublin, Ireland, and operates from Radnor, PA.[31]

Emergent purchased (also in 2018) the specialty vaccine manufacturer PaxVax, whose product line includes FDA-approved typhoid vaccine Vivotif and cholera vaccine Vaxchora, from its owner, Cerebus Capital Management, a private equity fund. Vaxchora is the only oral vaccine against cholera approved by the FDA in the US. The acquisition also includes rights to vaccines in development. One of these vaccines is being tested as a prophylactic against the acute-respiratory disease adenovirus. Another is focused on the chikungunya virus which is transmitted by mosquitoes. The transaction provides Emergent with a Swiss R&D facility.[32]

Leadership

Fuad El-Hibri (deceased, April 23, 2022), the founder of the company and former CEO,[33] led the company since its founding as BioPort Inc.[34][35] until his retirement on April 1, 2012.[36][37] El-Hibri continued to serve as the executive chairman of Emergent BioSolutions' board of directors until shortly before his death in 2022.[38]

Robert G. Kramer Sr. became the company's president and CEO April 1, 2019. Prior to that, he was the president and chief operating officer. He has also served as Chief Operating Officer, Chief Financial Officer and other management positions within the corporation. He received his BA from Clemson University and an MBA from Western Kentucky University.[39] In April 2021, the Washington Post reported that Kramer sold $10 million worth of company stock in January and early February 2021 under a November 13, 2020, SEC Rule 10b-5 trading plan, which allows company executives to comply with insider trading laws by setting up predetermined plans to sell company stock. The sale was executed prior to announcements in March about Johnson & Johnson vaccine doses being discarded as well as subsequent ending production of the AstraZeneca vaccine at the Baltimore plant, but the trading plan was set up after the company had experienced COVID-19 vaccine production issues earlier in 2020.[40] On April 19, 2021, the United States House Select Oversight Subcommittee on the Coronavirus Crisis announced an investigation into Emergent BioSolutions, requesting documents and testimony from El-Hibri and Kramer regarding "federal contracts since 2015, all communication with Kadlec as well as information on audits and inspections of its facilities, drug pricing and executive compensation."[41] Later in April, shareholders filed a class action lawsuit against the company, alleging that they were misled by company executives regarding the company's COVID-19 production capacity.[42][43] Kramer's previous significant sale of company stock under a SEC Rule 10b-5 plan was in April 2016, and several other Emergent executives also sold stock at that time. The share price subsequently fell, and a lawsuit was filed by investors regarding misrepresentation of the size of the U.S. government's order for anthrax vaccine from the company. Emergent denied the allegations, but paid the investors a $6.5 million settlement.[40]

Kramer and El-Hibri testified before the United States House Select Oversight Subcommittee on the Coronavirus Crisis on May 19, 2021. Kramer acknowledged unsanitary conditions, including mold and peeling paint, at the Baltimore plant. He further initially testified that contamination of the Johnson & Johnson doses "was identified through our quality control procedures and checks and balances." But under questioning, he acknowledged that a Johnson & Johnson lab in the Netherlands, not Emergent, had discovered the contaminated doses.[44] Executive compensation documents made public by the House subcommittee show that the company's board praised El-Hibri, who cashed in stock shares and options worth more than $42 million in 2020.[44]

In June 2023, Kramer announced his retirement, effective immediately and was replaced as CEO on an interim basis by Haywood Miller.[45]

BioThrax

Anthrax Vaccine Adsorbed
Anthrax Vaccine Adsorbed

Emergent BioSolutions is the manufacturer of the controversial BioThrax vaccine.[46][47]

According to the U.S. National Library of Medicine, BioThrax was first made available in 1970.[48] BioThrax (Anthrax Vaccine Adsorbed), a vaccine licensed by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.[49] Following a study by scientists from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,[50] on December 19, 2008, Emergent received final FDA licensing for use of BioThrax five doses for intramuscular injection.[51] Later in 2009, Emergent received approval from the FDA to extend the shelf life of its anthrax vaccine from three to four years.

BioThrax was approved for distribution in the United States in the US in 2015.[52] BioThrax has received marketing approval in India, Singapore, and Germany.[53][54][55] Health Canada, under the agency's Extraordinary Use New Drug Regulations, approved BioThrax for exclusive use against anthrax for an eight-year period. The Regulations provide a dual track for products allowing human usage while gathering clinical data on the effects of that usage. Additionally, the company has applied for approval of BioThrax in France, Poland, United Kingdom, Italy and the Netherlands.[56]

The FDA gave BioThrax an "orphan drug" designation in April 2014.[57] The FDA gives that status to drugs that are used to treat rare diseases.[57] BioThrax is the only anthrax vaccine licensed by the FDA.[57] Another company, VaxGen had received an $877.5 million contract to produce an alternative anthrax vaccine that was reported to "cause fewer side effects", require fewer injections, and have faster effectiveness. Following lobbying from Emergent BioSolutions, VaxGen's contract was cancelled in 2006 due to "poor performance", and development of their anthrax vaccine stopped.[58]

As of April 2014, Emergent has sold over 66 million doses of BioThrax to the U.S. government.[59] Three million U.S. military personnel have received the BioThrax vaccine.[59]

The main buyer of BioThrax is the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).[60] The CDC buys BioThrax for the Strategic National Stockpile (SNS).[60] The government uses the SNS to protect the public in the event of a national emergency like a terrorist attack.[60] As of December 2016, Emergent has a $911 million contract with the CDC for BioThrax. The BioThrax vaccines will go to the SNS. The contract will supply around 29.4 million doses of the vaccine. Additionally, the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA) released a notice of intent to purchase around $100 million of BioThrax for the SNS in 2017.[61]

Emergent submitted an application to the FDA for use of a large facility in Lansing, Michigan to produce BioThrax. On June 21, 2016, Emergent announced that it had moved a step forward in the process: the FDA completed the pre-approval phase of its inspection.[62] A company facilities in Canton, Massachusetts was cited by the FDA in 2017 for failing to eliminate low levels of mold and yeast detected in the plant.[63] The vaccine-vial filling Camden facility in Baltimore was cited for failure to conduct routine audits in 2018.[63] In April, 2020, the FDA cited the Bayview facility in Baltimore for insufficient employee training, lack of electronic data security, and failure to investigate "data integrity concerns".[63]

The New York Times reported in March 2021 that the US government had spent nearly a quarter of a billion dollars annually, nearly half of its budget to maintain the Strategic National Stockpile, to purchase BioThrax from Emergent during the preceding decade. In 2020, the government paid Emergent US$626 million. The report indicated that these purchases depleted funds needed to purchase vaccines and other supplies to respond to COVID-19 or other pandemics, despite prior warnings about the spending.[64]

Narcan

Further information: Chemistry:Naloxone
Narcan Nasal Dispenser
Narcan Nasal Dispenser

The early 21st century set in motion the US opioid epidemic, "the most serious and most important public health crisis today", according to the Mayo Clinic Proceedings. Nasal spray naloxone, trade name "Narcan", use has increased markedly during the opioid emergency. The epidemic is measured in overdose deaths, and also is seen in a downturn in overall health and the population's sense of well-being. Increased employment of naloxone such as Narcan among first responders and the public as a whole has reduced mortality, but recidivism is high.[65] The US Opioid Epidemic has intensified the need for and continued use of Narcan to save those suffering from overdoses. The number of opioid deaths in the US doubled from 2010 to 2016 to 42,249 according to the FDA.[66]

Narcan is mostly used as a "rescue drug" for individuals suffering from opioid overdose. Narcan, related to morphine, is an opioid antagonist that was originally synthesized and patented by Mozes J. Lewenstein and Jack Fishman in the US in 1961. The drug was patented in the UK by the Japanese company Sankyo (now Daiichi Sankyo). The US FDA approved the drug in treatment of opioid overdose in 1971.[67]

In 2012, concerned about inconsistency of dosage, along with the need for a responder having some specialized training in making the naloxone injection in a tense, highly- charged emergency environment, Phil Skolnick, then director of the Division of Therapeutics & Medical Consequences at the National Institute on Drug Abuse and Roger Crystal, the chief executive officer of Lightlake Therapeutics (now Opiant Pharmaceuticals), teamed to develop an intranasal version of the drug. NIDA then generated a highly concentrated solution of naloxone which Lightlake was able to package in its nasal spray devices. After successful clinical trials, Lightlake entered into a partnership with Adapt Pharma to manufacture the product, Narcan. The FDA approved Narcan nasal spray in November, 2015.[68] Emergent Biosolutions purchased Adapt Pharma in 2018.[69]

In January 2019, the FDA initiated a policy that allows the distribution of naloxone over-the-counter through the use of consumer-friendly labels that Emergent Biosolutions uses in delivering Narcan to consumers. Emergent is required by the FDA to make certain that the product-specific parts of the labels are understood by consumers.[70] By 2019, seven states - California, Virginia, Arizona, Ohio, Washington, Vermont and Rhode Island – required physicians to provide patients who receive opioid prescriptions (e.g., as a pain killer) to co-prescribe or, at minimum, offer Narcan to high risk patients. Many doctors consider this practice an opportunity to initiate a discussion between health care providers and patients about the dangers and risks of opioid pain medication.[71]

Throughout the US, Narcan and naloxone have been made available OTC in 41 states; exceptions are Delaware, Hawaii, Kansas, Maine, Michigan, Nebraska, Oklahoma, South Dakota and Wyoming. The drug can be found in major retailers like CVS, Walgreens, Walmart and Kroger, as well as independent pharmacies. Many states offer lists of retailers where Narcan can be purchased. Narcan is covered by many health insurance plans.[72]

COVID-19 vaccines and production issues

Johnson & Johnson and Oxford–AstraZeneca vaccines

In 2020, the company signed a $135 million deal with Johnson & Johnson to provide and reserve manufacturing capacity for J&J's COVID-19 vaccine candidate for Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus which causes COVID-19. Human testing began later that year,[73] and the vaccine received Emergency Use Authorization from the FDA in February 2021.[74]

In June 2020, Cambridge UK-based pharmaceutical developer and manufacturer, AstraZeneca, initiated a $174 million agreement with the company to help develop and produce 300 million doses of the Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine. AstraZeneca had also signed a previous agreement with Emergent for $87 million (US) naming Emergent a development partner for the vaccine, which was manufactured at the company's Bayview plant in East Baltimore, Maryland.[75]

Production and contamination issues

Emergent's manufacturing facility in East Baltimore had previously received $163 million from the US government to make upgrades in order to increase production of vaccines and therapies, including the Johnson & Johnson and AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccines.[76][77] However, the plant experienced multiple production issues, and audits in 2020 from several institutions, including internal audits from Emergent, as well as external ones from AstraZeneca, Johnson & Johnson, and U.S. federal government agencies identified issues with deficiencies in employee training, cross-contamination, improper disinfection, and inadequate testing of raw materials.[76] Due to issues with contamination or suspected contamination at the plant between October 2020 and January 2021, 2-3 million doses of AstraZeneca vaccine had to be thrown out, and improper manufacturing of cells in November 2020 caused a batch of Johnson & Johnson vaccine to be thrown out.[76] Later, in March 2021, workers at the Baltimore plant conflated the ingredients of two COVID-19 vaccines, ruining about 15 million doses of Johnson & Johnson's vaccine, and causing them to be discarded. The mix-up, which federal officials attributed to human error, delayed future shipments of the vaccine.[78] The New York Times reported on April 5, 2021, that: "Emergent BioSolutions has made about 150 million doses of Covid-19 vaccines at its Baltimore factory. But so far not a single dose has been usable."[76]

As of April 2021, 62 million doses of the Johnson & Johnson vaccine produced at the plant were not discarded but have yet to be distributed, pending assessment for contamination.[76] Consequently, in April 2021, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services ordered that the plant cease manufacturing of the AstraZeneca vaccine,[79] and that a leadership team from Johnson & Johnson be put in place to run production and manufacturing at the plant, although the workers there are still from Emergent.[80][76] Amid these issues, the U.S. government announced an additional $23 million in funding for the plant for increased production of the Johnson & Johnson vaccine on April 5, 2021,[76] but because the Astra-Zeneca vaccine was not under production, the Biden administration was no longer paying fees to Emergent tied to the production of that vaccine.[81] Subsequently, on April 17, Emergent announced that the plant had shut down all vaccine production following a request and further investigation from the FDA; as of June 2021, the plant has not re-opened.[82][81] By June, a combined 75 million vaccine doses were condemned, with approximately 90 million vaccine doses remaining in storage pending further FDA decisions. The FDA cleared a total of 25 million vaccine doses for domestic and international distribution, but with a warning to recipients that "regulators cannot guarantee that Emergent BioSolutions ... followed good manufacturing practices."[81][83]

In July 2021 the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) authorized the company's Baltimore plant to restart the manufacturing of J&J Janssen one-dose vaccines, based upon "current observations of the implemented corrective actions". When the plant returns to full capacity in the fall, it can produce up to 120 million doses per month. The company, working with J&J, will persevere in getting FDA approval for doses manufactured at the facility earlier. The US government is looking for doses for export to countries seeking COVID-19 immunization.[84]

As of August 2021, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) authorized eight batches of Johnson & Johnson's COVID-19 vaccine produced at the Emergent BioSolutions Bayview facility.[85]

International use

Starting in March 2021, millions of doses of the AstraZeneca vaccine produced at the Baltimore plant, which were in storage and awaiting approval for use in the U.S., were loaned to Canada and Mexico, where that vaccine had been approved for emergency use. At the time the vaccines were loaned, the U.S. government was reportedly unaware at the time of prior production issues at the plant prior to reporting from the New York Times. AstraZeneca stated that the vaccines distributed had met all "required safety tests and quality control measures"; Canadian and Mexican officials stated that they had reviewed quality and safety documentation provided by the company and that the vaccines were safe for use.[86] In late April 2021, 300,000 doses of the Johnson & Johnson vaccine were sent to Canada. Health Canada delayed the distribution of the vaccine because a substance used in the J&J vaccines was produced at Emergent BioSolutions' Baltimore facility.[87] It was announced in June that Canada would not distribute these doses.[88] Similarly, millions of doses of the Johnson and Johnson vaccine produced at the Baltimore plant were distributed to countries in the European Union and South Africa, as well as manufactured vaccine components to South Africa: although doses from one batch were declared safe for administration in the EU, approximately 6-9 million doses were sequestered for further quality testing as of May 2021 due to concerns regarding contamination.[89]

Novavax

The company also initially teamed with Novavax Inc., a bio-technology company also based in Gaithersburg, MD., in the development and manufacture of the Novavax COVID-19 vaccine. Emergent petitioned the federal government's Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA) to be chosen for the project,[90] and was selected to produce the vaccine in one of its Maryland facilities.[91] However, following production issues with the Johnson & Johnson and Oxford–AstraZeneca vaccines at its Baltimore plant and to decrease the burden on the plant, Novavax subsequently partnered with a different manufacturer in a new agreement overseen by the U.S. government.[92]

R&D, manufacturing and other products

Chikungunya vaccine development

The company has been developing a vaccine to counter chikungunya, a mosquito-borne virus that was mostly found, until the past decade, only in central and East Africa. Then it began growing. E.g., in 2011, there were zero cases reported in Latin America; in 2014 the region suffered from one million cases.[93] Between 2010 and 2019 the virus is estimated to have been responsible for 106,000 average annual disability-adjusted life years (DALY).[94] In 2018 the FDA conferred its "Fast Track" designation on the company's investigational chikungunya virus virus-like particle (CHIKV VLP) vaccine candidate.[95] The following year, 2019, the European Medicines Agency awarded its PRIME (Priority Medicines) designation to CHIKV VLP as well. Companies who receive the PRIME nod can get magnified interchanges and timely interaction with EMA to accelerate development and approval. The CHIKV VLP vaccine candidate is licensed by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases at the National Institutes of Health.[96] In May 2021, the company reported that its single-dose vaccine demonstrated strong efficacy two years after injection, with an increase in immune response when measured by serum neutralizing antibodies (SNA).[95]

RSDL

One of Emergent's medical countermeasure products is Reactive Skin Decontamination Lotion (RSDL), a lotion that clears and neutralizes chemical warfare agents. The product, used internationally, was tested in a study conducted by the US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, where RSDL was found to provide superior protection against soman when decontamination was commenced within three minutes of exposure.[97] RSDL is made of the chemicals Dekon 139 2,3 butanedione monoxime (DAM). According to the Chemical Hazards Emergency Medical Management office within the United States Department of Health and Human Services, "RSDL is used as a medical device for the decontamination of skin exposed to chemical warfare agents such as sulfur mustard, VX, VR and certain biological toxins."[98] As of September 2017, RSDL is available to the regular public. Previously, it was only available to the military.[99]

The United States Department of Defense in September 2017 awarded the company a contract to supply the RSDL kit (RSDL) to the military. The contract is for five years and is worth $171 million. The RSDL lotion protects people's skin from various chemical warfare agents. The product contains a sponge that is filled with the decontamination lotion in and impermeable packet. When applied to the skin, the lotion reacts with the agent on the skin and quickly neutralizes it so that it becomes non-toxic.[100]

Auto-injector diazepam

The Medical CBRN (Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear) Defense Consortium, a DOD initiative within its Joint Program Executive Office for Chemical and Biological Defense has awarded the company US$20 million to develop an auto-injector to administer diazepam. The injection is designed to reverse the effects of nerve agents in military or chemical terrorism situations. The investment supports R&D, manufacturing and negotiating the approval process with the US FDA.[101]

Mt. Sinai Health System collaboration during the COVID-19 pandemic

The company joined forces with New York City's Mount Sinai Health System and ImmunoTek Bio Centers (New Orleans LA) to research, develop, conduct clinical trials, and manufacture COVID-HIG, hyperimmune globulin, also known as polyclonal antibodies, a concentrated antibody made from plasma acquired from individuals infected with and recovered from COVID-19. The research is designed to determine whether COVID-HIG could protect people at higher risk of exposure and infection (like health care and military personnel) and therefore limit the spread of the infection. The initial study is funded by a $34.6 million (US) grant from the US Dept. of Defense and the Joint Program Executive Office for Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear Defense (JPEO-CBRND).[102]

Public affairs

Opioid overdose crisis

In October 2018, the company donated two doses of Narcan nasal spray to all 16,568 libraries in the US. Emergent had previously donated 20,000 doses to 4,700 universities in the US in 2017. It later expanded this donation to all US high schools as well.[103] Additionally, the company donated free Narcan kits to 2,700 YMCAs across the US. Narcan and naloxone are offered at major drug retailers like Walgreens and CVS in many states without a prescription.[104]

The obstacles created by the worldwide COVID-19 pandemic resulted in over 90,000 opioid overdose fatalities in 2020, reflecting the global crisis' effect on attempts to stop the increase of the synthetic opioid fentanyl in the illegal narcotics supply, according to the US Centers for Disease Control (CDC). With the focus of healthcare resources extended to quell the coronavirus emergency, more substance abuse users found it difficult to obtain treatment and medication. They were also more isolated, restricting outreach to first responders and access to naloxone (Narcan). The US government has made resisting the opioid crisis an "urgent priority".[105] In July 2021, Emergent Biosolutions teamed with a group of individuals and organizations by sponsoring a program to focus attention on the current opioid overdose emergency. The campaign, called Reverse the Silence, provides an unbranded website and national television and radio commercials focused on diminishing the ignominy of opioid addiction and overdose. Program participants include former Congresswoman Mary Bono, NFL star Darren Waller and four addiction advocacy groups. The campaign urges substance use abusers, their families, friends and others to "speak up" for people living with addiction. The campaign's website is not tied to Narcan specifically but offers a plethora of naloxone resources and information on how the drug works and where to obtain it. The site mentions that every state allows individuals to obtain naloxone without a prescription.[106]

Government relations

Emergent Biosolutions was among many companies giving financial support to delegations at both major party political conventions in the summer of 2016, a practice that "watchdog groups have raised concerns about ... as corporate donors — skittish about Republican nominee Donald J. Trump — have sought new and less overt ways to give money and gain influence".[107]

Emergent Biosolutions PAC donated tens of thousands of dollars in 2020 to both Republicans and Democrats from Joe Biden and Dick Durbin to Andy Harris and Mitch McConnell. The majority of contributions were directed to Democrats (37.6%), but the amount donated favored Republicans (62.4%).[108]

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 "2021 Annual Report". https://investors.emergentbiosolutions.com/static-files/49a8e4f5-991c-454f-b94e-160815a56aac. 
  2. ↑ Claybaugh, Jeff (August 30, 2018). "Gaithersburg company buys Narcan maker". Washington, DC: Hubbard Radio. https://wtop.com/business-finance/2018/08/gaithersburg-company-buys-narcan-maker/. 
  3. ↑ Hamby, Chris; Stolberg, Sheryl Gay (6 March 2021). "How One Firm Put an 'Extraordinary Burden' on the U.S.'s Troubled Stockpile". https://www.nytimes.com/2021/03/06/us/emergent-biosolutions-anthrax-coronavirus.html. 
  4. ↑ "What about Bioport?" (in en). https://www.mackinac.org/3966. 
  5. ↑ "Emergent BioSolutions Inc (EBS:New York): Company Description". Bloomberg Businessweek. http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/snapshot/snapshot_article.asp?ticker=EBS&page=3. 
  6. ↑ Troubled coronavirus vaccine maker and its founder gave $2 million in political donations
  7. ↑ "Fuad El-Hibri". https://investors.emergentbiosolutions.com/management/fuad-el-hibri. 
  8. ↑ "Lansing laboratory may begin anthrax vaccine shipments". The Michigan Daily. January 23, 2002. http://www.michigandaily.com/content/lansing-laboratory-may-begin-anthrax-vaccine-shipments. 
  9. ↑ Williams, Thomas D. (May 18, 2001). "Shays: Pentagon Acted Inappropriately". The Hartford Courant. http://www.courant.com/topic/hc-anthrax-051801,0,214733.story. 
  10. ↑ "Accountability of DoD, FDA and BioPort Officials For the Anthrax Vaccine Immunization Program (AVIP)", Committee on Government Reform Hearings for the US House of Representatives via protectingourguardians.org, October 3 and 11, 2000.
  11. ↑ "Bioport Corporation, Lansing, MI, FDA 483" (18 pages; headline page only), fda.gov, October 10–26, 2000.
  12. ↑ Evans, Bob, "How a company cashed in on anthrax", Daily Press, December 5, 2005.
  13. ↑ "Congressional Report 106-556: The Department of Defense Anthrax Vaccine Immunization Program: Unproven Force Protection", congress.gov, March 9, 2000.
  14. ↑ Gregg, Aaron (August 12, 2018). "Emergent Biosolutions to acquire cholera and typhoid vaccines in $270 million deal". The Washington Post (Washington, DC). https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/capitalbusiness/emergent-biosolutions-to-acquire-cholera-and-typhoid-vaccines-in-270-million-deal/2018/08/12/6f7165b6-9be1-11e8-8d5e-c6c594024954_story.html. 
  15. ↑ "History". http://www.emergentbiosolutions.com/?q=node/166. 
  16. ↑ "Emergent licenses flu vaccine for new federal biodefense center". Gazette.net. January 4, 2013. http://www.gazette.net/article/20130104/NEWS/701049672/1033/emergent-licenses-flu-vaccine-for-new-federal-biodefense-center&template=gazette. 
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Sievers, Lisa (April 15, 2014). "First of three pandemic manufacturing sites could be ready by 2016". Chicago, Illinois. http://bioprepwatch.com/people/manufacturers/first-of-three-pandemic-manufacturing-sites-could-be-ready-by-2016/337048/. 
  18. ↑ Overly, Steven (December 11, 2013). "Emergent BioSolutions pays $222M to acquire life sciences firm Cangene Corp.". The Wall Street Journal. https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/capitalbusiness/emergent-biosolutions-pays-222m-to-acquire-life-sciences-firm-cangene-corp/2013/12/11/120b4ecc-6299-11e3-aa81-e1dab1360323_story.html. 
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Leong, Tracey (2016-07-10). "Md. Company To Develop Early-Stage Zika Vaccine". http://baltimore.cbslocal.com/2016/07/10/md-company-to-develop-early-stage-zika-vaccine/. 
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 "Emergent BioSolutions receives BARDA order to develop, manufacture Zika vaccine" (in en-US). 2016-06-27. https://homelandprepnews.com/biological-threats/19146-emergent-biosolutions-receives-barda-order-develop-manufacture-zika-vaccine/. 
  21. ↑ Gregg, Aaron (2016-06-27). "Emergent BioSolutions wins contract to develop Zika vaccine". Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/capitalbusiness/emergent-biosolutions-wins-contract-to-develop-zika-vaccine/2016/06/27/8f425472-3c93-11e6-84e8-1580c7db5275_story.html. 
  22. ↑ Lerman, Rachel (1 August 2016). "Seattle biotech Aptevo Therapeutics spins off from parent as public company". The Seattle Times. https://www.seattletimes.com/business/technology/seattle-biotech-aptevo-therapeutics-spins-off-from-parent-as-public-company/. 
  23. ↑ "Emergent BioSolutions Receives Health Canada Approval for Botulism Antitoxin". Emergent Biosolutions. 2016-12-06. http://investors.emergentbiosolutions.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=202582&p=RssLanding&cat=news&id=2228910. 
  24. ↑ "Health Canada approves Emergent BioSolutions' botulism antitoxin" (in en-US). Homeland Preparedness News. 2016-12-13. https://homelandprepnews.com/stories/20437-health-canada-approves-emergent-biosolutions-botulism-antitoxin/. 
  25. ↑ "Emergent Biosolutions modifies contract with BARDA for supplying botulism antitoxin to national stockpile". Washington, DC: Macallan Communications. March 31, 2017. https://homelandprepnews.com/countermeasures/21812-emergent-biosolutions-modifies-contract-barda-supplying-botulism-antitoxin-national-stockpile/. 
  26. ↑ "Soligenix, Emergent Biosolutions extend development agreement for RiVax drug substance protein antigen" (in en-US). Homeland Preparedness News. 2017-01-05. https://homelandprepnews.com/featured/20659-soligenix-emergent-biosolutions-extend-development-agreement-rivax-drug-substance-protein-antigen/. 
  27. ↑ Willman, David, "Federal vaccine development sites ill-suited to counter covid-19 epidemic", The Washington Post, March 15, 2020. Retrieved 03-15-2020.
  28. ↑ Swaine, Jon; Rowland, Christopher (April 1, 2021). "Emergent plant that ruined Johnson & Johnson vaccine doses had prior FDA violations". The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2021/04/01/emergent-jj-vaccine-plant-inspection/. 
  29. ↑ "Emergent Buys Sanofi Pasteur's Smallpox Vaccine for Up-to-$125M". New Rochelle, NY: Mary Anne Liebert, Inc.. 2017-07-14. https://www.genengnews.com/topics/drug-discovery/emergent-buys-sanofi-pasteurs-smallpox-vaccine-for-up-to-125m/. 
  30. ↑ Gilgore, Sara (September 3, 2019). "Emergent lands federal contract for smallpox vaccine potentially worth more than $2B". Washington Business Journal (Washington, DC). https://www.bizjournals.com/washington/news/2019/09/03/emergent-lands-federal-contract-for-smallpox.html. 
  31. ↑ Hopkins, Jared (28 August 2018). "Narcan Maker Adapt to Be Acquired by Emergent BioSolutions". New York, NY: Bloomberg Finance LP. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-08-28/narcan-maker-adapt-to-be-acquired-by-emergent-biosolutions. 
  32. ↑ Green, Aaron (12 August 2018). "Emergent BioSolutions to acquire cholera and typhoid vaccines in $270 million deal". Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/capitalbusiness/emergent-biosolutions-to-acquire-cholera-and-typhoid-vaccines-in-270-million-deal/2018/08/12/6f7165b6-9be1-11e8-8d5e-c6c594024954_story.html. 
  33. ↑ Shapiro, Andy (May 29, 2008). "Md. firm to buy Protein Sciences". New Haven Register. 
  34. ↑ "Lansing laboratory may begin anthrax vaccine shipments". The Michigan Daily. January 23, 2002. http://www.michigandaily.com/content/lansing-laboratory-may-begin-anthrax-vaccine-shipments. 
  35. ↑ "Emergent BioSolutions CEO joins board of U.S. Chamber of Commerce". The Washington Business Journal. June 13, 2011. http://www.bizjournals.com/washington/news/2011/06/13/emergent-biosolutions-ceo-joins-board.html. 
  36. ↑ Overly, Steven (December 21, 2011). "Emergent CEO to step down in 2012". The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/capital-business/post/emergent-ceo-to-step-down-in-2012/2011/12/21/gIQAfQJz9O_blog.html. 
  37. ↑ Eckert, Barton (December 21, 2011). "Emergent BioSolutions Fuad El-Hibri to retire as CEO". The Washington Business Journal. http://www.bizjournals.com/washington/news/2011/12/21/emergent-biosolutions-fuad-el-hibri-to.html. 
  38. ↑ \Kevin James Shay (March 30, 2012). "Emergent's Fuad El-Hibri, an entrepreneur at heart". Gazette. http://www.gazette.net/article/20120330/NEWS/703309706/1033/emergent-s-fuad-el-hibri-an-entrepreneur-at-heart&template=gazette. 
  39. ↑ "Executive Profile and Biography". https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/people/person.asp?personId=5875230&privcapId=13627017. 
  40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 Swaine, Jon (April 25, 2021). "CEO of vaccine maker sold $10 million in stock before company ruined Johnson & Johnson doses". The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/investigations/emergent-robert-kramer-stock-sales/2021/04/25/de151434-a2b6-11eb-a7ee-949c574a09ac_story.html. 
  41. ↑ Mendez, Rich (April 20, 2021). "Congressional investigation launched into Emergent BioSolutions' federal vaccine contracts". CNBC. https://www.cnbc.com/2021/04/20/congressional-investigation-launched-into-emergent-biosolutions-federal-vaccine-contracts-.html. 
  42. ↑ Stolberg, Sheryl Gay; Hamby, Chris (April 29, 2021). "Shake-Up at Covid Vaccine Manufacturer That Tossed Millions of Doses". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/29/us/emergent-biosolutions-covid-vaccine-manufacturing.html. 
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  44. ↑ 44.0 44.1 Stolberg, Sheryl Gay (May 19, 2021). "100 Million Vaccine Doses Held Up Over Contamination Concerns, Firm Reveals". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/19/us/politics/emergent-vaccines.html?smid=url-share. 
  45. ↑ "Emergent BioSolutions Announces CEO Transition" (in en-US). 2023-06-27. https://finance.yahoo.com/news/emergent-biosolutions-announces-ceo-transition-115500863.html. 
  46. ↑ Vaccine, Institute of Medicine (US) Committee to Assess the Safety and Efficacy of the Anthrax; Joellenbeck, Lois M.; Zwanziger, Lee L.; Durch, Jane S.; Strom, Brian L. (2002) (in en). Executive Summary. National Academies Press (US). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK220527/. 
  47. ↑ "GAO-02-445, Anthrax Vaccine: GAO's Survey of Guard and Reserve Pilots and Aircrew". https://www.gao.gov/assets/a235626.html. "AVIP has been the subject of continuing controversy from its inception. Public debate has centered on the vaccine’s safety and effectiveness, the extent and severity of adverse reactions experienced by vaccine recipients, and the adequacy and accuracy of the adverse reactions that have been reported." 
  48. ↑ Meyer Weiss, Martin; Weiss, Peter D.; Weiss, Joseph B. (November 2007). "Anthrax Vaccine and Public Health Policy". American Journal of Public Health (American Public Health Association) 97 (11): 1945–1951. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2006.102749. ISSN 1541-0048. PMID 17901434. 
  49. ↑ Echols, Tucker (July 14, 2010). "Emergent BioSolutions wins $107M HHS contract". Washington Business Journal. https://www.bizjournals.com/washington/stories/2010/07/12/daily29.html. 
  50. ↑ Lauerman, John (September 30, 2008). "Emergent's Anthrax Vaccine Effective With Fewer Doses in Study". Bloomberg. https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=aVi7uxzenRnY&refer=home. 
  51. ↑ "Emergent BioSolutions Gets FDA Nod For Anthrax Vaccine supplemental BLA – Update", RTT News, December 19, 2008. Retrieved August 13, 2013.
  52. ↑ United States Food and Drug Administration (November 23, 2015). "Vaccines, Blood and Biologics". Washington, DC. https://www.fda.gov/biologicsbloodvaccines/vaccines/approvedproducts/ucm133822.htm. 
  53. ↑ "Paul Erlich Institute Approval". Langen, Hesse, Germany: Paul Erlich Institute. June 24, 2013. https://www.pei.de/SharedDocs/arzneimittel/impfstoffe/Mono/Milzbrand/PEI-H-04350-01-1.html. 
  54. ↑ Clabaugh, Jeff (June 24, 2011). "Emergent gets entry to Singapore". Washington Business Journal. http://www.bizjournals.com/washington/news/2011/06/24/emergent-gets-entry-to-singapore.html. 
  55. ↑ "Local Briefing". The Washington Post. February 13, 2009. https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/02/12/AR2009021203623.html. 
  56. ↑ Kovaleski, Dave (December 18, 2018). "Health Canada approves Emergent BioSolutions' new anthrax vaccine". Washington, DC. https://homelandprepnews.com/stories/31806-health-canada-approves-emergent-biosolutions-new-anthrax-vaccine/. 
  57. ↑ 57.0 57.1 57.2 Bryan, Cohen (April 21, 2014). "Emergent BioSolutions' BioThrax receives orphan drug designation for PEP". BioPrepWatch (Chicago, Illinois). http://bioprepwatch.com/featured/emergent-biosolutions-biothrax-receives-orphan-drug-designation-for-pep/337168/. 
  58. ↑ "Lobbying Helped Kill Anthrax Vaccine". NTI. December 4, 2007. https://www.nti.org/gsn/article/lobbying-helped-kill-anthrax-vaccine/. 
  59. ↑ 59.0 59.1 "Emergent BioSolutions Receives Orphan Drug Designation for BioThrax for Post-Exposure Prophylaxis of Anthrax Disease". The Wall Street Journal (Dow Jones & Company). April 21, 2014. http://www.marketwatch.com/story/emergent-biosolutions-receives-orphan-drug-designation-for-biothrax-for-post-exposure-prophylaxis-of-anthrax-disease-2014-04-21. 
  60. ↑ 60.0 60.1 60.2 PropThink, P. (2014). "Emergent BioSolutions Is Building An Enviable BioDefense Portfolio". http://seekingalpha.com/article/2092943-emergent-biosolutions-is-building-an-enviable-biodefense-portfolio. 
  61. ↑ "Emergent Biosolutions secures $911 mln contract to supply anthrax vaccines to Strategic National Stockpile" (in en-US). Homeland Preparedness News. 2016-12-09. https://homelandprepnews.com/biological-threats/20427-emergent-biosolutions-secures-911-mln-contract-supply-anthrax-vaccines-strategic-national-stockpile/. 
  62. ↑ Lovelace, Jr., Berkeley (2016-06-21). "Emergent BioSolutions moves closer to facility approval for anthrax vaccine". https://www.cnbc.com/2016/06/21/emergent-biosolutions-clears-hurdle-for-anthrax-vaccine-facility.html. 
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  65. ↑ Srivastava, Benjamin; Gold, Mark (March 2018). "Beyond Supply: How We Must Tackle the Opioid Epidemic". Mayo Clinic Proceedings 93 (3): 269–272. doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2018.01.018. PMID 29502558. 
  66. ↑ Voelker, Rebecca (November 20, 2018). "Will Naloxone Become Available OTC?". Journal of the American Medical Association 320 (19): 1970. doi:10.1001/jama.2018.17836. PMID 30458477. 
  67. ↑ "Molecule of the week: Naloxone". American Chemical Society. May 23, 2016. https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/molecule-of-the-week/archive/n/naloxone.html. 
  68. ↑ Halford, Beverly (May 16, 2016). "Improving an old tool to prevent opioid overdoses". Chemical and Engineering News 94 (20): 34–38. https://cen.acs.org/articles/94/i20/Improving-old-tool-treat-opioid.html. Retrieved July 1, 2019. 
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  70. ↑ Edney, Anna (January 17, 2019). "The FDA Is Trying to Make It Easier for Drug Companies to Provide Over-the-Counter Opioid Overdose Antidote". Time (magazine). https://time.com/5506251/fda-over-the-counter-opioid-overdose-antidote/. Retrieved July 1, 2019. 
  71. ↑ Ostrov, Barbara Feder (February 27, 2019). "More States Say Doctors Must Offer Overdose Reversal Drug Along With Opioids". Kaiser Health News (San Francisco, CA: Kaiser Family Foundation). https://khn.org/news/more-states-say-doctors-must-offer-overdose-reversal-drug-along-with-opioids/. 
  72. ↑ DeMio, Terry (April 6, 2018). "To save lives, the surgeon general says get the opioid antidote naloxone. Here's what to do". USA Today (McLean, VA). https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation-now/2018/04/06/opioid-antidote-no-prescription/492254002/. 
  73. ↑ "J&J strikes deal with Emergent BioSolutions on coronavirus vaccine manufacturing" (in en). Reuters. 2020-04-23. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-johnson-johnson-idUSKCN2253TQ. 
  74. ↑ "FDA authorizes Johnson & Johnson's single-shot coronavirus vaccine, adding to the nation's arsenal against the pandemic". The Washington Post. February 27, 2021. https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/2021/02/27/johnson-and-johnson-covid-vaccine-fda/. 
  75. ↑ Roy, Trisha (July 27, 2020). "Emergent signs $174 million deal to make AstraZeneca's potential COVID-19 vaccine". Reuters (London, UK: Thomson Reuters). https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-astrazeneca-emerge/emergent-signs-174-million-deal-to-make-astrazenecas-potential-covid-19-vaccine-idUSKCN24S17K. 
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  77. ↑ Cohn, Meredith (January 29, 2021). "A plant in East Baltimore is making millions of doses of coronavirus vaccines. But they still have to be approved". Baltimore Sun (Baltimore, MD). https://www.baltimoresun.com/coronavirus/bs-pr-hs-making-more-vaccine-20210129-5dmn7hxib5dm3hyuiohxb7iibe-story.html. 
  78. ↑ LaFraniere, Sharon; Weiland, Noah (March 31, 2021). "Johnson & Johnson's vaccine is delayed by a U.S. factory mixup". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/03/31/world/johnson-and-johnson-vaccine-mixup.html. 
  79. ↑ Kalia, Shubham (April 4, 2021). "U.S. puts J&J in charge of plant that botched COVID vaccine, removes AstraZeneca" (in en). https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSKBN2BR00Q. 
  80. ↑ Stolberg, Sheryl Gay (April 3, 2021). "U.S. Taps Johnson & Johnson to Run Troubled Vaccine Plant". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/03/us/politics/emergent-vaccine-plant-johnson-johnson.html. 
  81. ↑ 81.0 81.1 81.2 LaFraniere, Sharon; Weiland, Noah; Stolberg, Sheryl Gay (June 11, 2021). "The F.D.A. tells Johnson & Johnson that about 60 million doses made at a troubled plant cannot be used.". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/11/us/politics/johnson-covid-vaccine-emergent.html. 
  82. ↑ Stolberg, Sheryl Gay (April 19, 2021). "Emergent BioSolutions halts operations at its Baltimore plant, where J.&J. doses were ruined, at the F.D.A.'s request.". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/19/us/emergent-johnson-covid-vaccine.html. 
  83. ↑ Park, Catherine (June 16, 2021). "FDA OKs additional 15M doses of J&J vaccine from troubled Baltimore plant". Fox 5. https://www.fox5atlanta.com/news/fda-oks-additional-15m-doses-of-jj-vaccine-from-troubled-baltimore-plant. 
  84. ↑ Burton, Thomas M. (July 29, 2021). "J&J Contractor Plans to Resume Covid-19 Vaccine Production at Troubled Baltimore Plant". The Wall Street Journal. https://www.wsj.com/articles/j-j-contractor-plans-to-resume-covid-19-vaccine-production-at-troubled-baltimore-plant-11627528043?mod=searchresults_pos9&page=1. 
  85. ↑ Miller, Hallie. "FDA authorizes additional batch of Johnson & Johnson vaccine from troubled Baltimore plant". https://www.baltimoresun.com/coronavirus/bs-md-fda-johnson-johnson-baltimore-batch-20210909-pttd7ypd3rhznmhfbj7fjujesy-story.html. 
  86. ↑ Stolberg, Sheryl Gay; Hamby, Chris (April 26, 2021). "Vaccines Made at Troubled Baltimore Plant Were Shipped to Canada and Mexico". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/23/us/astrazeneca-covid-vaccine-contamination.html. 
  87. ↑ "Health Canada holding J&J COVID-19 vaccines over possible quality control issue" (in en). 2021-04-30. https://www.ctvnews.ca/health/coronavirus/health-canada-holding-j-j-covid-19-vaccines-over-possible-quality-control-issue-1.5409817. 
  88. ↑ "Health Canada not releasing more than 300k doses of J&J vaccine over possible quality control issue" (in en). 2021-06-11. https://www.ctvnews.ca/health/coronavirus/health-canada-not-releasing-more-than-300k-doses-of-j-j-vaccine-over-possible-quality-control-issue-1.5467374. 
  89. ↑ Hamby, Chris; LaFraniere, Sharon; Stolberg, Sheryl Gay (May 6, 2021). "Baltimore Vaccine Plant's Troubles Ripple Across 3 Continents". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/06/world/baltimore-vaccine-countries.html. 
  90. ↑ Butler, Cody (March 9, 2020). "Lansing company looking to help develop coronavirus vaccine". Lansing, MI: Gray Television. https://www.wilx.com/content/news/Lansing-company-looking-to-help-develop-coronavirus-vaccine-568640931.html. 
  91. ↑ "Maryland plays an outsized role in worldwide hunt for a coronavirus vaccine" (in en). Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/maryland-plays-an-outsized-role-in-worldwide-hunt-for-a-coronavirus-vaccine/2020/05/03/3b6f2cb8-8bd5-11ea-8ac1-bfb250876b7a_story.html. 
  92. ↑ Stolberg, Sheryl Gay; LaFraniere, Sharon; Hamby, Chris (April 7, 2021). "Top Official Warned That Covid Vaccine Plant Had to Be 'Monitored Closely'". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/07/us/emergent-biosolutions-coronavirus-vaccine.html. 
  93. ↑ Kahn, Jennifer (2021-06-03). "The Disease Detective". The New York Times Magazine. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/03/magazine/metagenomic-sequencing.html. "Until recently, chikungunya was a comparatively rare disease, present mostly in parts of Central and East Africa. In 2011, there were zero cases of chikungunya reported in Latin America. By 2014, there were a million." 
  94. ↑ Puntasecca, Christopher J.; King, Charles H.; LaBeaud, Angelle Desiree (2021-03-04). "Measuring the global burden of chikungunya and Zika viruses: A systematic review". PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 15 (3): e0009055. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0009055. PMID 33661908. 
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  96. ↑ Hackett, Don Ward (October 10, 2019). "Chikungunya Vaccine CHIKV-VLP Gains PRIME Designation in Europe". Houston, TX. https://www.precisionvaccinations.com/emergent-biosolutions-chikungunya-virus-vaccine-candidate-chikv-vlp-produced-seroconversion-74-98. 
  97. ↑ Braue Jr., Ernest (October 20, 2010). "Efficacy studies of Reactive Skin Decontamination Lotion". Cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology (London, UK: Taylor and Francis) 30 (1): 29–37. doi:10.3109/15569527.2010.515281. PMID 20964500. 
  98. ↑ "Reactive Skin Decontamination Lotion (RSDL) - Medical Countermeasures Database - CHEMM". https://chemm.nlm.nih.gov/countermeasure_RSDL.htm. 
  99. ↑ Riley, Kim (2017-09-12). "Emergent BioSolutions launches chemical warfare decontamination lotion to civilian market" (in en-US). Homeland Preparedness News. https://homelandprepnews.com/countermeasures/24127-emergent-biosolutions-launches-chemical-warfare-decontamination-lotion-civilian-market/. 
  100. ↑ Murtha, Alex (September 25, 2017). "Emergent BioSolutions awards renewed five-year contract to supply chemical agent-neutralizing lotion to US military" (in en-US). Homeland Preparedness News. https://homelandprepnews.com/stories/24369-emergent-biosolutions-awards-renewed-five-year-contract-supply-chemical-agent-neutralizing-lotion-us-military/. 
  101. ↑ Gilgore, Sara (September 26, 2019). "Emergent lands $20M contract to develop chemical weapon antidote". Washington Business Journal (Washington, DC). https://www.bizjournals.com/washington/news/2019/09/26/emergent-lands-20m-contract-to-develop-chemical.html. 
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  107. ↑ Fritze, John (2016-07-20). "State issues, money follow delegates to conventions". The Baltimore Sun. http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/maryland/politics/bs-md-rnc-convention-sponsors-20160720-story.html. 
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