Dirichlet boundary condition
In the mathematical study of differential equations, the Dirichlet (or first-type) boundary condition is a type of boundary condition, named after Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet (1805–1859).[1] When imposed on an ordinary or a partial differential equation, it specifies the values that a solution needs to take along the boundary of the domain.
In finite element method (FEM) analysis, essential or Dirichlet boundary condition is defined by weighted-integral form of a differential equation.[2] The dependent unknown u in the same form as the weight function w appearing in the boundary expression is termed a primary variable, and its specification constitutes the essential or Dirichlet boundary condition.
The question of finding solutions to such equations is known as the Dirichlet problem. In applied sciences, a Dirichlet boundary condition may also be referred to as a fixed boundary condition.
Examples
ODE
For an ordinary differential equation, for instance, [math]\displaystyle{ y'' + y = 0, }[/math] the Dirichlet boundary conditions on the interval [a,b] take the form [math]\displaystyle{ y(a) = \alpha, \quad y(b) = \beta, }[/math] where α and β are given numbers.
PDE
For a partial differential equation, for example, [math]\displaystyle{ \nabla^2 y + y = 0, }[/math] where [math]\displaystyle{ \nabla^2 }[/math] denotes the Laplace operator, the Dirichlet boundary conditions on a domain Ω ⊂ Rn take the form [math]\displaystyle{ y(x) = f(x) \quad \forall x \in \partial\Omega, }[/math] where f is a known function defined on the boundary ∂Ω.
Applications
For example, the following would be considered Dirichlet boundary conditions:
- In mechanical engineering and civil engineering (beam theory), where one end of a beam is held at a fixed position in space.
- In heat transfer, where a surface is held at a fixed temperature.
- In electrostatics, where a node of a circuit is held at a fixed voltage.
- In fluid dynamics, the no-slip condition for viscous fluids states that at a solid boundary, the fluid will have zero velocity relative to the boundary.
Other boundary conditions
Many other boundary conditions are possible, including the Cauchy boundary condition and the mixed boundary condition. The latter is a combination of the Dirichlet and Neumann conditions.
See also
References
- ↑ Cheng, A.; Cheng, D. T. (2005). "Heritage and early history of the boundary element method". Engineering Analysis with Boundary Elements 29 (3): 268–302. doi:10.1016/j.enganabound.2004.12.001.
- ↑ Reddy, J. N. (2009). "Second order differential equations in one dimension: Finite element models". An Introduction to the Finite Element Method (3rd ed.). Boston: McGraw-Hill. p. 110. ISBN 978-0-07-126761-8.
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