Display resolution standards

From HandWiki
Short description: Commonly used display resolutions
A chart showing the number of pixels in different display resolutions

A display resolution standard is a commonly used width and height dimension (display resolution) of an electronic visual display device, measured in pixels. This information is used for electronic devices such as a computer monitor. Certain combinations of width and height are standardized (e.g. by VESA[1][2]) and typically given a name and an initialism which is descriptive of its dimensions.

The graphics display resolution is also known as the display mode or the video mode, although these terms usually include further specifications such as the image refresh rate and the color depth. The resolution itself only indicates the number of distinct pixels that can be displayed on a screen, which affects the sharpness and clarity of the image. It can be controlled by various factors, such as the type of display device, the signal format, the aspect ratio, and the refresh rate.[3]

Some graphics display resolutions are frequently referenced with a single number (e.g. in "1080p" or "4K"), which represents the number of horizontal or vertical pixels. More generally, any resolution can be expressed as two numbers separated by a multiplication sign (e.g. "1920×1080"), which represent the width and height in pixels.[4] Since most screens have a landscape format to accommodate the human field of view, the first number for the width (in columns) is larger than the second for the height (in lines), and this conventionally holds true for handheld devices that are predominantly or even exclusively used in portrait orientation.

The graphics display resolution is influenced by the aspect ratio, which is the ratio of the width to the height of the display. The aspect ratio determines how the image is scaled and stretched or cropped to fit the screen. The most common aspect ratios for graphics displays are 4:3, 16:10 (equal to 8:5), 16:9, and 21:9. The aspect ratio also affects the perceived size of objects on the screen.[5]

The native screen resolution together with the physical dimensions of the graphics display can be used to calculate its pixel density. An increase in the pixel density often correlates with a decrease in the size of individual pixels on a display. Some graphics displays support multiple resolutions and aspect ratios, which can be changed by the user or by the software.[6] In particular, some devices use a hardware/native resolution that is a simple multiple of the recommended software/virtual resolutions in order to show finer details; marketing terms for this include "Retina display".

Table of display resolution standards

Graphic display resolutions by vertical resolution and aspect ratio
Height
(px) 		Width (px) and standard classification if available
Full Wide Ultra-wide
5∶4 (1.25) 4∶3 (1.3) 3∶2 (1.5) 16∶10 (1.6 ≈ φ) 15∶9 (1.6) 16∶9 (1.775–1.81) 17∶9 (1.8) 18∶9 (2.0–2.2) 21∶9 (2.3–2.4)
120 160 QQVGA
144 192
160 240 HQVGA
240 320 QVGA 360 WQVGA 384 WQVGA 400 WQVGA 432 FWQVGA (9∶5)
320 480 HVGA
480 640 VGA 720 WVGA 768 WVGA 800 WVGA 848, 854 FWVGA 960 FWVGA
540 960 qHD
576 768 PAL [7] 1024 WSVGA
600 800 SVGA 1024 WSVGA (≈ 17∶10)
640 960 DVGA 1136
720 960 1280 HD
768 1024 XGA 1152 WXGA 1280 WXGA 1360, 1366 (F)WXGA
800 1280 WXGA
864 1152 XGA+ 1280 WXGA+
900 1440 WXGA+ 1600 HD+
960 1280 SXGA− 1440 FWXGA+
1024 1280 SXGA 1536 DXGA 1600 WSXGA (25∶16)
1050 1400 SXGA+ 1680 WSXGA+
1080 1280 (32∶27) 1440 1920 (F)HD / 2K 2048 DCI 2K 2160 2560 UWFHD
1152 2048 QWXGA
1200 1600 UXGA 1920 WUXGA
1280
1440 2160 FHD+ 2560 (W)QHD 3440 UWQHD (21.5∶9)
1536 2048 QXGA
1600 2560 WQXGA 3840 UW4K (21.5:9)
1620 2880 3K
1800 2880 WQXGA+ 3200 QHD+
1920
2048 2560 QSXGA 3200 WQSXGA (25∶16)
2100 2800 QSXGA+
2160 3840 4K UHD 4096 DCI 4K 5120 UW5K
2400 3200 QUXGA 3840 WQUXGA
2880 5120 5K
3072
3456
4320 7680 8K UHD 10240 10K
Full Wide Ultra-wide

Aspect ratio

Multiple display standards compared. Printable variant is available here.

The favored aspect ratio of mass-market display industry products has changed gradually from 4:3, then to 16:10, then to 16:9, and has now changed to 18:9 for smartphones.[8][needs update] The 4:3 aspect ratio generally reflects older products, especially the era of the cathode ray tube (CRT). The 16:10 aspect ratio had its largest use in the 1995–2010 period, and the 16:9 aspect ratio tends to reflect post-2010 mass-market computer monitor, laptop, and entertainment products displays. On CRTs, there was often a difference between the aspect ratio of the computer resolution and the aspect ratio of the display causing non-square pixels (e.g. 64000 320 × 200 or 1310720 1280 × 1024 on a 4:3 display).

The 4:3 aspect ratio was common in older television cathode ray tube (CRT) displays, which were not easily adaptable to a wider aspect ratio. When good quality alternate technologies (i.e., liquid crystal displays (LCDs) and plasma displays) became more available and less costly, around the year 2000, the common computer displays and entertainment products moved to a wider aspect ratio, first to the 16:10 ratio. The 16:10 ratio allowed some compromise between showing older 4:3 aspect ratio broadcast TV shows, but also allowing better viewing of widescreen movies. However, around the year 2005, home entertainment displays (i.e., TV sets) gradually moved from 16:10 to the 16:9 aspect ratio, for further improvement of viewing widescreen movies. By about 2007, virtually all mass-market entertainment displays were 16:9. In 2011, 2073600 1920 × 1080 (Full HD, the native resolution of Blu-ray) was the favored resolution in the most heavily marketed entertainment market displays. The next standard, 8294400 3840 × 2160 (4K UHD), was first sold in 2013. Also in 2013, displays with 2764800 2560 × 1080 (aspect ratio 64:27 or 2.370, however commonly referred to as "21:9" for easy comparison with 16:9) appeared, which closely approximate the common CinemaScope movie standard aspect ratio of 2.35–2.40. In 2014, "21:9" screens with pixel dimensions of 4953600 3440 × 1440 (actual aspect ratio 43:18 or 2.38) became available as well.

The computer display industry maintained the 16:10 aspect ratio longer than the entertainment industry, but in the 2005–2010 period, computers were increasingly marketed as dual-use products, with uses in the traditional computer applications, but also as means of viewing entertainment content. In this time frame, with the notable exception of Apple, almost all desktop, laptop, and display manufacturers gradually moved to promoting only 16:9 aspect ratio displays. By 2011, the 16:10 aspect ratio had virtually disappeared from the Windows laptop display market (although Mac laptops are still mostly 16:10, including the 5184000 2880 × 1800 15" Retina MacBook Pro and the 4096000 2560 × 1600 13" Retina MacBook Pro). One consequence of this transition was that the highest available resolutions moved generally downward (i.e., the move from 2304000 1920 × 1200 laptop displays to 2073600 1920 × 1080 displays).

In response to usability flaws of now common 16:9 displays in office/professional applications, Microsoft and Huawei started to offer notebooks with a 3:2 aspect ratio. By 2021, Huawei also offers a monitor display offering this aspect ratio, targeted towards professional uses.

High-definition

Main article: Engineering:High-definition television
See also: Engineering:Standard-definition television
HD-based display resolutions
Name H (px) V (px) H:V H × V (Mpx) VESA
qHD 960 540 16:9 0.518 Template:VESA
HD 1280 720 16:9 0.922 Template:VESA
HD+ 1600 900 16:9 1.440 Template:VESA
FHD 2K 1920 1080 16:9 2.074 Template:VESA
(W)QHD 2560 1440 16:9 3.686 Template:VESA
QHD+ 3200 1800 16:9 5.760 Template:VESA
UHD 4K 3840 2160 16:9 8.294 Template:VESA
5K 5120 2880 16:9 14.746 Template:VESA
UHD 8K 7680 4320 16:9 33.178 Template:VESA
16K 15360 8640 16:9 132.710 Template:VESA

All standard HD resolutions share a 16∶9 aspect ratio, although some derived resolutions with smaller or larger ratios also exist, e.g. 4∶3 and 64∶27, respectively. Most of the narrower resolutions are only used for storing, not for displaying videos, while the wider resolutions are often available as physical displays. YouTube, for instance, recommends users upload videos in a 16:9 format with 240, 360, 480 (SD), 720, 1080 (HD), 1440, 2160 (4K) or 4320 (8K) lines.[9]

While the monikers for those resolutions originally all used a letter prefix with "HD" for the multiplier, and possibly a "+" suffix for intermediate or taller formats, the newer, larger formats tend to be used with "K" notation for thousands of pixels of horizontal resolution, but may be disambiguated by a system qualifier that includes "HD", e.g. "8K UHD" instead of just "8K".

518400 960 × 540 (qHD)

Note: qHD is quarter HD; QHD is quad HD

qHD is a display resolution of 518400 960 × 540 pixels, which is exactly one-quarter of a Full HD (1080p) frame, in a 16:9 aspect ratio. Notably, it is neither "qFHD" nor 230400 640 × 360 which would be quarter of "HD" resolution (720p).

Some of the few tabletop TVs to use this as its native resolution from around 2005 were the Sony XEL-1 and the Sharp Aquos P50. Sharp marketed its ED TV sets with this resolution as "PAL optimal".

Similar to DVGA, this resolution became popular for high-end smartphone displays in early 2011. Mobile phones including the Jolla, Sony Xperia C, HTC Sensation, Motorola Droid RAZR, LG Optimus L9, Microsoft Lumia 535, and Samsung Galaxy S4 Mini have displays with the qHD resolution, as does the PlayStation Vita portable game system.

921600 1280 × 720 (HD)

Main article: Engineering:720p

The HD or 720p resolution of 921600 1280 × 720 pixels stems from high-definition television (HDTV), where it originally used 50 or 60 frames per second. With its 16:9 aspect ratio, it is exactly 2 times the width and ⁠1+1/2⁠ times the height of 4:3 VGA (307200 640 × 480), which shares its aspect ratio and 480 line count with NTSC. HD, therefore, has exactly 3 times as many pixels as VGA, i.e. almost 1 megapixel.

In the mid-2000s, when the digital HD technology and standard debuted on the market, this type of resolution was often referred to by the branded name "HD ready" or "HDr", which had specified it as a minimum resolution for devices to qualify for the certification. However, few screens have been built that use this resolution natively. Most employ 16:9 panels with 768 lines instead (WXGA), which resulted in odd numbers of pixels per line, i.e. 1365⁠1/3⁠ are rounded to 1360, 1364, 1366 or even 1376, the next multiple of 16.

1440000 1600 × 900 (HD+)

The HD+ resolution of 1440000 1600 × 900 pixels in a 16:9 aspect ratio is often referred to as "900p".

2073600 1920 × 1080 (FHD)

Main article: Engineering:1080p

FHD (Full HD) is the resolution 2073600 1920 × 1080 used by the 1080p and 1080i HDTV video formats. It has a 16:9 aspect ratio and 2,073,600 total pixels, i.e. very close to 2 megapixels, and is exactly 50% larger than 720p HD (921600 1280 × 720) in each dimension for a total of 2.25 times as many pixels. When using interlacing, the uncompressed bandwidth requirements are similar to those of 720p at the same field rate (a 12.5% increase, as one field of 1080i video is 1,036,800 pixels, and one frame of 720p video is 921,600 pixels). Although the number of pixels is the same for 1080p and 1080i, the effective resolution is somewhat lower for the interlaced format, as it is necessary to use some vertical low-pass filtering to reduce temporal artifacts such as interline twitter.

Sometimes, this resolution is referred to simply as HD. This is evident from derived terms like qHD (quarter), which have a half of the lines and columns of their common base 2073600 1920 × 1080, whereas QHD (quadruple) has double the dimensions of 921600 1280 × 720 instead.

When set in relation to higher resolutions, 2073600 1920 × 1080 is also referred to as 2K because it has roughly 2000 pixels of horizontal resolution.[10]

The next bigger resolution from 2073600 1920 × 1080 in vertical direction is 2304000 1920 × 1200 (16∶10), which is hence called FHD+ by some producers,[11] but is elsewhere known as WUXGA, the wider variant of 1920000 1600 × 1200 UXGA.

2211840 2048 × 1080 (DCI 2K)

Main article: 2K resolution

DCI 2K is a standardized format established by the Digital Cinema Initiatives consortium in 2005 for 2K video projection. This format has a resolution of 2211840 2048 × 1080 (2.2 megapixels) with an aspect ratio of 256∶135 (1.8962) or roughly "17∶9".[12] This is the native resolution for DCI-compliant 2K digital projectors – active displays with this resolution are rare. The display aspect ratio is frequently wider than the native one, requiring non-square pixels.

2764800 2560 × 1080 (UWFHD)

The resolution 2764800 2560 × 1080 is equivalent to Full HD (2073600 1920 × 1080) extended in width by one third, with an aspect ratio of 64:27 (2.370, or 21.3:9). Monitors at this resolution usually contain built-in firmware to divide the screen into two 1382400 1280 × 1080 screens.[13]

There are other, non-standard display resolutions with 1080 lines whose aspect ratios fall between the usual 16∶9 and the ultra-wide 64∶27, e.g. 18∶9, 18.5∶9, 19∶9 and 19.5∶9. They are mostly used in smartphones or phablets and do not have established names, but may be subsumed under the umbrella term "ultra-wide (full) HD".

3686400 2560 × 1440 (QHD)

"WQHD" redirects here. For the radio station, see WQHD-LP.
Note: qHD is quarter HD; QHD is quad HD
Main article: 1440p

<section begin=QHDtranscludeforList />QHD (Quad HD) or 1440p is a display resolution of 3686400 2560 × 1440 pixels.[14][15] The name "QHD" reflects the fact that it has four times as many pixels as HD (720p). It is also sometimes called "WQHD"; the W is technically redundant since the HD resolutions are all widescreen, but it emphasizes the distinction between QHD and qHD (518400 960 × 540).[16][17]

This resolution was under consideration by the ATSC in the late 1980s to become the standard HDTV format, because it is exactly 3 times the height of SDTV NTSC television signals, with a wider aspect ratio. Pragmatic technical constraints made them choose the now well-known 16:9 formats of 921600 1280 × 720 (1.5× NTSC/VGA height) and 2073600 1920 × 1080 (2× PAL height of 540 lines) instead.<section end=QHDtranscludeforList />

In October 2006, Chi Mei Optoelectronics (CMO) announced a 47-inch 1440p LCD panel to be released in Q2 2007;[18] the panel was planned to debut at FPD International 2008 in a form of autostereoscopic 3D display.[19] As of the end of 2013, monitors with this resolution were becoming more common.

The 27-inch version of the Apple Cinema Display monitor introduced in July 2010 has a native resolution of 3686400 2560 × 1440, as did its successor, the 27-inch Apple Thunderbolt Display.

The resolution is also used in portable devices. In September 2012, Samsung announced the Series 9 WQHD laptop with a 13-inch 3686400 2560 × 1440 display.[20] In August 2013, LG announced a 5.5-inch QHD smartphone display, which was used in the LG G3.[21] In October 2013 Vivo announced a smartphone with a 3686400 2560 × 1440 display.[22] Other phone manufacturers followed in 2014, such as Samsung with the Galaxy Note 4,[23] and Google[24] and Motorola[25] with the Nexus 6[26] smartphone. By the mid-2010s, it was a common resolution among flagship phones such as the HTC 10, the Lumia 950, and the Galaxy S6[27] and S7.[28]

4665600 2880 × 1620 (3K)

The resolution 4665600 2880 × 1620 has a 16:9 aspect ratio and is exactly 2,25 times as many pixels as the Full HD resolution. and is therofore referred to as "3K", "WQXGA 16:9", "WQHD+ 1620p".

5760000 3200 × 1800 (QHD+)

The resolution 5760000 3200 × 1800 has a 16:9 aspect ratio and is exactly four times as many pixels as the 1440000 1600 × 900 HD+ resolution, and is therefore referred to as "QHD+" (Quad HD+).[29] It has also been referred to as simply "QHD"[30] by some companies.

The first products announced to use this resolution were the 2013 HP Envy 14 TouchSmart Ultrabook and the 13.3-inch Samsung Ativ Q.[31][32]

4953600 3440 × 1440 (UWQHD)

The resolution 4953600 3440 × 1440 is equivalent to QHD (3686400 2560 × 1440) extended in width by 34%, giving it an aspect ratio of 43:18 (2.38:1, or 21.5:9; commonly marketed as simply "21:9"). The first monitor to support this resolution was the 34-inch LG 34UM95-P.[33] This monitor was first released in Germany in late December 2013, before being officially announced at CES 2014.

4147200 3840 × 1080

The resolution 4147200 3840 × 1080 is equivalent to two Full HD (2073600 1920 × 1080) displays side by side or one vertical half of a 4K UHD (8294400 3840 × 2160) display. It has an aspect ratio of 32:9 (3.5:1), close to the 3.6:1 ratio of IMAX UltraWideScreen 3.6. Samsung monitors at this resolution contain built-in firmware to divide the screen into two 2073600 1920 × 1080 screens, or one 2764800 2560 × 1080 and one 1382400 1280 × 1080 screen.[34]

6144000 3840 × 1600

The resolution 6144000 3840 × 1600 has a 12:5 aspect ratio, i.e. 2.4 or 21.6:9, which is commonly marketed as simply "21:9". It is equivalent to WQXGA (4096000 2560 × 1600) extended in width by 50%, or 4K UHD (8294400 3840 × 2160) reduced in height by 26%. This resolution is commonly encountered in cinematic 4K content that has been cropped vertically to a widescreen aspect ratio. The first monitor to support this resolution was the 37.5-inch LG 38UC99-W. Other vendors followed, with Dell U3818DW, HP Z38c, and Acer XR382CQK.

This resolution has been referred to as UW4K, WQHD+, UWQHD+ or QHD+,[35][36][37][38] though no single name is agreed upon.

8294400 3840 × 2160 (4K UHD)

Main article: 4K resolution

The resolution 8294400 3840 × 2160, sometimes referred to as 4K UHD or 4K × 2K, has a 16:9 aspect ratio and 8,294,400 pixels. It is double the size of Full HD (2073600 1920 × 1080) in both dimensions for a total of four times as many pixels, and triple the size of HD (921600 1280 × 720) in both dimensions for a total of nine times as many pixels. It is the lowest common multiple of the HDTV resolutions.

8294400 3840 × 2160 was chosen as the resolution of the UHDTV1 format defined in SMPTE ST 2036-1,[39] as well as the 4K UHDTV system defined in ITU-R BT.2020[40][41] and the UHD-1 broadcast standard from DVB.[42] It is also the minimum resolution requirement for CEA's definition of an Ultra HD display.[43] Before the publication of these standards, it was sometimes casually referred to as "QFHD" (Quad Full HD).[44]

The first commercial displays capable of this resolution include an 82-inch LCD TV revealed by Samsung in early 2008,[45] the Sony SRM-L560, a 56-inch LCD reference monitor announced in October 2009,[46] an 84-inch display demonstrated by LG in mid-2010,[47] and a 27.84-inch 158 PPI 4K IPS monitor for medical purposes launched by Innolux in November 2010.[48] In October 2011 Toshiba announced the REGZA 55x3,[49] which is claimed to be the first 4K glasses-free 3D TV.

DisplayPort supports 8294400 3840 × 2160 at 30 Hz in version 1.1 and added support for up to 75 Hz in version 1.2 (2009) and 120 Hz in version 1.3 (2014),[50] while HDMI added support for 8294400 3840 × 2160 at 30 Hz in version 1.4 (2009)[51] and 60 Hz in version 2.0 (2013).[52]

When support for 4K at 60 Hz was added in DisplayPort 1.2, no DisplayPort timing controllers (TCONs) existed which were capable of processing the necessary amount of data from a single video stream. As a result, the first 4K monitors from 2013 and early 2014, such as the Sharp PN-K321, Asus PQ321Q, and Dell UP2414Q and UP3214Q, were addressed internally as two 4147200 1920 × 2160 monitors side by side instead of a single display and made use of DisplayPort's Multi-Stream Transport (MST) feature to multiplex a separate signal for each half over the connection, splitting the data between two timing controllers.[53][54] Newer timing controllers became available in 2014, and after mid-2014 new 4K monitors such as the Asus PB287Q no longer rely on MST tiling technique to achieve 4K at 60 Hz,[55] instead, using the standard SST (Single-Stream Transport) approach.[56]

In 2015, Sony announced the Xperia Z5 Premium, the first smartphone with a 4K display,[57] and in 2017 Sony announced the Xperia XZ Premium, the first smartphone with a 4K HDR display.[58]

8847360 4096 × 2160 (DCI 4K)

8847360 4096 × 2160, referred to as DCI 4K, Cinema 4K[59] or 4K × 2K, is the resolution used by the 4K container format defined by the Digital Cinema Initiatives Digital Cinema System Specification, a prominent standard in the cinema industry. This resolution has an aspect ratio of 256:135 (1.8962:1), and 8,847,360 total pixels.[12] This is the native resolution for DCI 4K digital projectors and displays.

HDMI added support for 8847360 4096 × 2160 at 24 Hz in version 1.4[51] and 60 Hz in version 2.0.[52][60]

7372800 5120 × 1440

Ultrawide (curved) monitors with a 32:9 aspect ratio and a 7372800 5120 × 1440 resolution have been referred to as Dual QHD or DQHD. It is sometimes also called "Super-Ultrawide" for marketing purposes.

11059200 5120 × 2160

The resolution 11059200 5120 × 2160 is equivalent to 4K UHD (8294400 3840 × 2160) extended in width by one third, giving it a 64:27 aspect ratio (2.370 or 21.3:9, commonly marketed as simply "21:9") and 11,059,200 total pixels. It is exactly double the size of 2764800 2560 × 1080 in both dimensions, for a total of four times as many pixels. The first displays to support this resolution were 105-inch televisions, the LG 105UC9 and the Samsung UN105S9W.[61][62] In December 2017, LG announced a 34-inch 11059200 5120 × 2160 monitor, the 34WK95U,[63] and in January 2021 the 40-inch 40WP95C.[64] LG refers to this resolution as "5K2K WUHD".[65]

14745600 5120 × 2880 (5K)

Main article: 5K resolution

The resolution 14745600 5120 × 2880, commonly referred to as 5K or 5K × 3K, has a 16:9 aspect ratio and 14,745,600 pixels. Although it is not established by any of the UHDTV standards, some manufacturers such as Dell have referred to it as "UHD+".[66] It is exactly double the pixel count of QHD (3686400 2560 × 1440) in both dimensions for a total of four times as many pixels, and is one third larger than 4K UHD (8294400 3840 × 2160) in both dimensions for a total of 1.77 times as many pixels. The line count of 2880 is also the least common multiple of 480 and 576, the scanline count of NTSC and PAL, respectively. Such a resolution can vertically scale SD content to fit by natural numbers (6 for NTSC and 5 for PAL). Horizontal scaling of SD is always fractional (non-anamorphic: 5.33...5.47, anamorphic: 7.11...7.29).

The first display with this resolution was the Dell UltraSharp UP2715K, announced on September 5, 2014.[67] On October 16, 2014, Apple announced the iMac with Retina 5K display.[68][69]

DisplayPort version 1.3 added support for 5K at 60 Hz over a single cable, whereas version 1.2 was only capable of 5K at 30 Hz. Early 5K 60 Hz displays such as the Dell UltraSharp UP2715K and HP DreamColor Z27q that lacked DisplayPort 1.3 support required two DisplayPort 1.2 connections to operate at 60 Hz, in a tiled display mode similar to early 4K displays using DP MST.[70]

33177600 7680 × 4320 (8K UHD)

Main article: 8K resolution

The resolution 33177600 7680 × 4320, sometimes referred to as 8K UHD, has a 16:9 aspect ratio and 33,177,600 pixels. It is exactly double the size of 4K UHD (8294400 3840 × 2160) in each dimension for a total of four times as many pixels, and Quadruple the size of Full HD (2073600 1920 × 1080) in each dimension for a total of sixteen times as many pixels. 33177600 7680 × 4320 was chosen as the resolution of the UHDTV2 format defined in SMPTE ST 2036-1,[39] as well as the 8K UHDTV system defined in ITU-R BT.2020[40][41] and the UHD-2 broadcast standard from DVB.[42]

DisplayPort 1.3, finalized by VESA in late 2014, added support for 33177600 7680 × 4320 at 30 Hz (or 60 Hz with Y′CBCR 4:2:0 subsampling). VESA's Display Stream Compression (DSC), which was part of early DisplayPort 1.3 drafts and would have enabled 8K at 60 Hz without subsampling, was cut from the specification prior to publication of the final draft.[71]

DSC support was reintroduced with the publication of DisplayPort 1.4 in March 2016. Using DSC, a "visually lossless" form of compression, formats up to 33177600 7680 × 4320 (8K UHD) at 60 Hz with HDR and 30 bit/px color depth are possible without subsampling.[72]

Video Graphics Array (VGA and derivatives)

VGA-based display resolutions
Name H
(px)		 V
(px)		 H:V
0		 H × V
(Mpx)		 VESA
QQVGA 160 120 4:3 0.019 Template:VESA
HQVGA 240 160 3:2 0.038 Template:VESA
QVGA 320 240 4:3 0.077 Template:VESA
WQVGA 400 240 5:3 0.096 Template:VESA
HVGA 480 320 3:2 0.154 Template:VESA
VGA 640 480 4:3 0.307 Template:VESA
WVGA 800 480 5:3 0.384 Template:VESA
FWVGA 854 480 ≈ 16:9 0.410 Template:VESA
WSVGA 1024 576 16:9 0.590 Template:VESA
SVGA 800 600 4:3 0.480 Template:VESA
WSVGA 1024 600 128:75 0.614 Template:VESA
DVGA 960 640 3:2 0.614 Template:VESA
QuadVGA 1280 960 4:3 1.229 Template:VESA

19200 160 × 120 (QQVGA)

Main article: Video Graphics Array

Quarter-QVGA (QQVGA or qqVGA) denotes a resolution of 19200 160 × 120 (4:3 storage aspect ratio) or 19200 120 × 160 pixels, usually used in displays of handheld devices. The term Quarter-QVGA signifies a resolution of one fourth the number of pixels in a QVGA display (half the number of vertical and half the number of horizontal pixels) which itself has one fourth the number of pixels in a VGA display. There are also devices with QQVGA 20480 160 × 128 (5:4 storage aspect ratio).[73] The abbreviation "qqVGA" may be used to distinguish "quarter" from "quad", just like qVGA.[74]

38400 240 × 160

HQVGA (or Half-QVGA){{Citation needed|date=May 2023} tion of 38400 240 × 160 or 38400 160 × 240 pixels, as seen on the Game Boy Advance.[75] This resolution is half of QVGA, which is itself a quarter of VGA, which is 307200 640 × 480 pixels.

76800 320 × 240 (QVGA)

QVGA compared to VGA

Quarter VGA (QVGA[1][76][77] or qVGA) is a popular term for a computer display with 76800 320 × 240 display resolution. QVGA displays were most often used in mobile phones, personal digital assistants (PDA), and some handheld game consoles. Often the displays are in a "portrait" orientation (i.e., taller than they are wide, as opposed to "landscape") and are referred to as 76800 240 × 320.[78]

The name comes from having a quarter of the 307200 640 × 480 maximum resolution of the original IBM Video Graphics Array display technology, which became a de facto industry standard in the late 1980s. QVGA is not a standard mode offered by the VGA BIOS, even though VGA and compatible chipsets support a QVGA-sized Mode X. The term refers only to the display's resolution and thus the abbreviated term QVGA or Quarter VGA is more appropriate to use.

QVGA resolution is also used in digital video recording equipment as a low-resolution mode requiring less data storage capacity than higher resolutions, typically in still digital cameras with video recording capability, and some mobile phones. Each frame is an image of 76800 320 × 240 pixels. QVGA video is typically recorded at 15 or 30 frames per second. QVGA mode describes the size of an image in pixels, commonly called the resolution; numerous video file formats support this resolution.

While QVGA is a lower resolution than VGA, at higher resolutions the capital "Q" prefix commonly means "quad(ruple)" or four times higher display resolution (e.g., QXGA is four times higher resolution than XGA). To distinguish "quarter" from "quad", a small "q" is sometimes used for "quarter".[79]

Some examples of devices that use QVGA display resolution include the iPod Classic, Samsung i5500, LG Optimus L3-E400, Galaxy Fit, Y and Pocket, HTC Wildfire, Sony Ericsson Xperia X10 Mini and Mini pro and Nintendo 3DS' bottom screen.

96000 400 × 240 (WQVGA)

WQVGA and similar display resolutions
Name H
(px)		 V
(px)		 H:V
0		 H × V
(Mpx)		 VESA Sources
N/A 360 240 15:10 0.086 Template:VESA - N/A 376 240 ≈11:7 0.090 Template:VESA - N/A 384 240 16:10 0.092 Template:VESA - WQVGA 400 240 15:9 0.096 Template:VESA [80]
N/A 426 240 ≈16:9 0.102 Template:VESA - N/A 428 240 ≈16:9 0.103 Template:VESA - N/A 432 240 18:10 0.104 Template:VESA - N/A 480 270 16:9 0.130 Template:VESA - WQVGA 480 272 ≈16:9 0.131 Template:VESA [81]

Wide QVGA or WQVGA are some display resolutions having the same height in pixels as QVGA, but wider.[80]

Since QVGA is 320 pixels wide and 240 pixels high (aspect ratio of 4:3), the resolution of a WQVGA screen might be 86400 360 × 240 (3:2 aspect ratio), 92160 384 × 240 (16:10 aspect ratio), 96000 400 × 240 (5:3 – such as the Nintendo 3DS screen), 102240 426 × 240, 102720 428 × 240 (≈16:9 ratio) or 103680 432 × 240 (18:10 aspect ratio). As with WVGA, exact ratios of n:9 are difficult because of the way VGA controllers internally deal with pixels. For instance, when using graphical combinatorial operations on pixels, VGA controllers will use 1 bit per pixel. Since bits cannot be accessed individually but by chunks of 16 or an even higher power of 2, this limits the horizontal resolution to a 16-pixel granularity, i.e., the horizontal resolution must be divisible by 16. In the case of the 16:9 ratio, with 240 pixels high, the horizontal resolution should be 240 / 9 × 16 = 426.6 (426​2⁄3), the closest multiple of 16 is 432.

WQVGA has also been used to describe other resolutions with a similar height, such as 129600 480 × 270 or 130560 480 × 272. WQVGA resolutions were commonly used in touchscreen mobile phones, such as 96000 400 × 240, 103680 432 × 240, and 115200 480 × 240. For example, the Hyundai MB 490i, Sony Ericsson Aino and the Samsung Instinct have WQVGA screen resolutions – 103680 240 × 432. Other devices such as the Apple iPod Nano also use a WQVGA screen, 90240 240 × 376 pixels. The Nintendo 3DS line is probably the most famous device to have a WQVGA screen.

153600 480 × 320 (HVGA)

HVGA and similar display resolutions
Name H
(px)		 V
(px)		 H:V
0		 H × V
(Mpx)		 VESA Sources
N/A 640 240 8:3 0.154 Template:VESA - N/A 480 270 16:9 0.130 Template:VESA - N/A 480 272 ≈16:9 0.131 Template:VESA -style="background-color:#CEE2BF" HVGA 480 320 3:2 0.154 Template:VESA [82]
N/A 480 360 4:3 0.173 Template:VESA }

HVGA (Half-size VGA) screens have 153600 480 × 320 pixels (3:2 aspect ratio), 172800 480 × 360 pixels (4:3 aspect ratio), 130560 480 × 272 (≈16:9 aspect ratio), or 153600 640 × 240 pixels (8:3 aspect ratio). The former is used by a variety of PDA devices, starting with the Sony CLIÉ PEG-NR70 in 2002,[82] and standalone PDAs by Palm. The latter was used by a variety of handheld PC devices. VGA resolution is 307200 640 × 480.

Examples of devices that use HVGA include the Apple iPhone (1st generation through 3GS), iPod Touch (1st Generation through 3rd), BlackBerry Bold 9000, HTC Dream, Hero, Wildfire S, LG GW620 Eve, MyTouch 3G Slide, Nokia 6260 Slide, Palm Pre, Samsung M900 Moment, Sony Ericsson Xperia X8, mini, mini pro, active and live and the Sony PlayStation Portable.

Texas Instruments produces the DLP pico projector which supports HVGA resolution.[83]

HVGA was the only resolution supported in the first versions of Google Android, up to release 1.5.[84] Other higher and lower resolutions became available starting on release 1.6, like the popular WVGA resolution on the Motorola Droid or the QVGA resolution on the HTC Tattoo.

Three-dimensional computer graphics common on television throughout the 1980s were mostly rendered at this resolution, causing objects to have jagged edges on the top and bottom when edges were not anti-aliased.

307200 640 × 480 (VGA)

Main article: Video Graphics Array

Video Graphics Array (VGA)[1][76][85] refers specifically to the display hardware first introduced with the IBM PS/2 line of computers in 1987.[86] Through its widespread adoption, VGA has also come to mean either an analog computer display standard, the 15-pin D-subminiature VGA connector, or the 307200 640 × 480 resolution itself. While the VGA resolution was superseded in the personal computer market in the 1990s and the SEGA Dreamcast in 1998,[87] it became a popular resolution on mobile devices in the 2000s.[88] VGA is still the universal fallback troubleshooting mode in the case of trouble with graphic device drivers in operating systems.

In the field of video, the resolution of 480i supports 640 samples per line (corresponding to 307200 640 × 480) corresponding to Standard Definition (SD), in contrast to high-definition (HD) resolutions like 921600 1280 × 720 and 2073600 1920 × 1080.


384000 800 × 480 (WVGA)

WVGA and similar display resolutions
Name H
(px)		 V
(px)		 H:V
0		 H × V
(Mpx)		 VESA Sources
N/A 640 384 15:9 0.246 Template:VESA - N/A 800 450 16:9 0.360 Template:VESA - N/A 720 480 15:10 0.346 Template:VESA - N/A 768 480 16:10 0.369 Template:VESA [1]
WVGA 800 480 15:9 0.384 Template:VESA [89][90][91]
WVGA 848 480 ≈16:9 0.407 Template:VESA [1][92]
WVGA 852 480 ≈16:9 0.409 Template:VESA [93]
N/A 853 480 ≈16:9 0.409 Template:VESA - style="background-color:#CEE2BF" FWVGA 854 480 ≈16:9 0.410 Template:VESA [94][95]

Wide VGA or WVGA,[89][90][91] sometimes just WGA are some display resolutions with the same 480-pixel height as VGA but wider, such as 345600 720 × 480 (3:2 aspect ratio), 384000 800 × 480[89][90][91] (5:3), 407040 848 × 480, 408960 852 × 480,[93] 409440 853 × 480, or 409920 854 × 480 (≈16:9).{{Citation needed|date=May 2023} It was a common resolution among LCD projectors and later portable and hand-held internet-enabled devices (such as MID and Netbooks) as it is capable of rendering websites designed for an 800 wide window in full page-width. Examples of hand-held internet devices, without phone capability, with this resolution include: Spice stellar nhance mi-435, ASUS Eee PC 700 series, Dell XCD35, Nokia 770, N800, and N810.


409920 854 × 480 (FWVGA)

FWVGA[94][95] is an abbreviation for Full Wide Video Graphics Array which refers to a display resolution of 409920 854 × 480 pixels. 409920 854 × 480 is approximately the 16:9 aspect ratio of anamorphically "un-squeezed" NTSC DVD widescreen video and is considered a "safe" resolution that does not crop any of the image. It is called Full WVGA to distinguish it from other, narrower WVGA resolutions which require cropping 16:9 aspect ratio high-definition video (i.e. it is full width, albeit with a considerable reduction in size).

The 854 pixel width is rounded up from 853.3:

480 × ​16⁄9 = ​7680⁄9 = ​853 1⁄3.

Since a pixel must be a whole number, rounding up to 854 ensures inclusion of the entire image. 409440 853 × 480 is the 16:9 equivalent for NTSC (480 lines) on a display with square pixels. Plasma and other digital TV sets with this resolution were marketed as enhanced-definition television (EDTV) at the time.

In 2010, mobile phones with FWVGA display resolution started to become more common. (See also: list of mobile phones with FWVGA display.) In addition, the Wii U GamePad for Nintendo's Wii U gaming console includes a 6.2-inch FWVGA display.

480000 800 × 600 (SVGA)

Main article: Super VGA

Super Video Graphics Array, abbreviated to Super VGA or SVGA,[1][76][85] also known as Ultra Video Graphics Array early on,[96] abbreviated to Ultra VGA or UVGA, is a broad term that covers a wide range of computer display standards.[97]

Originally, it was an extension to the VGA standard first released by IBM in 1987. Unlike VGA – a purely IBM-defined standard – Super VGA was defined by the Video Electronics Standards Association (VESA), an open consortium set up to promote interoperability and define standards. When used as a resolution specification, in contrast to VGA or XGA for example, the term SVGA normally refers to a resolution of 480000 800 × 600 pixels.

The marginally higher resolution 519168 832 × 624 is the highest 4:3 resolution that is not greater than 219 pixels while also having a horizontal dimension that is a multiple of 32 pixels. The pixel count limit enables it to fit within a framebuffer of 512 KB (512 × 210 bytes), and the common multiple of 32 pixels is related to data structure alignment. For these reasons, this resolution was available on the Macintosh LC III and other systems.

589824 1024 × 576, 614400 1024 × 600 (WSVGA)

The wide version of SVGA is known as WSVGA (Wide Super VGA or Wide SVGA),[98] featured on Ultra-Mobile PCs, netbooks, and tablet computers. The resolution is either 589824 1024 × 576 (aspect ratio 16:9) or 614400 1024 × 600 (128:75) with screen sizes normally ranging from 7 to 10 inches. It has full XGA width of 1024 pixels. Although digital broadcast content in former PAL/SECAM regions has 576 active lines, several mobile TV sets with a DVB-T2 tuner use the 600-line variant with a diameter of 7, 9 or 10 inches (18 to 26 cm).

589824 1024 × 576 is the 16:9 equivalent for PAL (576 lines) on a display with square pixels, resulting in a pixel aspect ratio of 16∶11 or 64∶45 depending on the native resolution of PAL.

614400 960 × 640

DVGA (DoubleVGA) screens have 614400 960 × 640 pixels (3:2 aspect ratio)[99][100]

1136 640 Template:Resratio 0.727 Apple
1334 750 Template:Resratio 1.000 Apple
1792 828 Template:Resratio 1.484 Apple
2160 1080 Template:Resratio 2.333 Android
2220 1080 Template:Resratio 2.400 Android
2280 1080 Template:Resratio 2.462 Android
2340 1080 Template:Resratio 2.527 Android, Apple
2400 1080 Template:Resratio 2.592 Android
2436 1125 Template:Resratio 2.741 Apple
2532 1170 Template:Resratio 2.962 Apple
2556 1179 Template:Resratio 3.014 Apple
2688 1242 Template:Resratio 3.338 Apple
2778 1284 Template:Resratio 3.567 Apple
2796 1290 Template:Resratio 3.607 Apple
2960 1440 Template:Resratio 4.262 Android
3040 1440 Template:Resratio 4.378 Android
3120 1440 Template:Resratio 4.493 Android

Some hardware devices, smartphones in particular, use non-standard resolutions for their displays. Still, their aspect ratio or one of the dimensions is often derived from one of the standards. Many of them have bend edges, rounded corners, notches or islands for sensors, which may make some pixels invisible or unused.

After having used VGA-based Template:Resratio resolutions HVGA (153600 480 × 320) and "Retina" DVGA (614400 960 × 640) for several years in their iPhone and iPod products with a screen diagonal of 9 cm or 3.5 inches, Apple started using more exotic variants when they adopted the Template:Resratio aspect ratio to provide a consistent pixel density across screen sizes: first 727040 1136 × 640 with the iPhone 5(c/s) and SE 1st for 10 cm or 4 inch screens, and later the 1-megapixel resolution of 1000500 1334 × 750 with the iPhone 6 (s)/7/8 and SE 2nd/3rd for 12 cm or 4.7 inch screens, while devices with 14 cm or 5.5 inch screens used standard 2073600 1920 × 1080 with the iPhone 6 (s)/7/8 Plus.

Keeping the pixel density of previous models, the iPhone X (s) and 11 Pro introduced a 2740500 2436 × 1125 resolution for 15 cm or 5.8 inch screens, while the iPhone XS Max and 11 Pro Max introduced a 3338496 2688 × 1242 resolution for 17 cm or 6.5 inch screens (with a notch) all at an aspect ratio of roughly 13∶6 or, for marketing, 19.5∶9. Subsequent Apple smartphones and phablets stayed with that aspect ratio but increased screen size slightly with approximately constant pixel density. The resulting resolutions have longer sides divisible by 6 and hardly rounded shorter sides: 1483776 1792 × 828 (iPhone 11, Xr), 2962440 2532 × 1170 (12/13 (Pro), 14), 3013524 2556 × 1179 (14 (Pro), 15 Pro), 3566952 2778 × 1284 (12/13 Pro Max, 14 Plus), 3606840 2796 × 1290 (14/15 Pro Max, 15 Plus). The only Apple smartphone models that shared an ultra-wide Template:Resratio resolution with Android phones were the iPhone 12/13 Mini with 2527200 2340 × 1080.

Other manufacturers have also introduced phones with irregular display resolutions and aspect ratios, such as Samsung's various "Infinity" displays with 37∶18 = Template:Resratio aspect ratios (Galaxy S8/S9 and A8/A9) at resolutions of 4262400 2960 × 1440 and 2397600 2220 × 1080. The resolution 2332800 2160 × 1080 is used by many smartphones since 2018. It has an aspect ratio of 18:9, matching that of the Univisium film format.[101] Other phones feature an Template:Resratio aspect ratio with resolutions like 4377600 3040 × 1440 (e.g. S10) and 2462400 2280 × 1080 (S10e). Even wider resolutions with the same aspect ratio of Template:Resratio as iPhones are 4492800 3120 × 1440 (e.g. S24+) or 2527200 2340 × 1080 (Poco M3). Some phones have an aspect ratio of Template:Resratio at resolutions like 2592000 2400 × 1080 (e.g. S10 Lite) and 4608000 3200 × 1440 (e.g. S20).

Phones with foldable displays, e.g. Samsung Galaxy Z series, usually have non-systematic resolutions and aspect ratios, which are either roughly square when folded along the longer edge (Fold) or extremely tall when folded along the smaller edge (Flip).

Some air traffic control monitors use displays with a resolution of 4194304 2048 × 2048, with an aspect ratio of 1:1,[102] and similar consumer monitors at resolution of 3686400 1920 × 1920 are also available aimed primarily at productivity tasks.[103]

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 "VESA Coordinated Video Timings (CVT) Standard – Version 1.2" (PDF). VESA. February 8, 2013. https://app.box.com/s/vcocw3z73ta09txiskj7cnk6289j356b/file/93518784646. 
  2. ↑ "VESA Coordinated Video Timings (CVT) Standard – Version 1.2" (PDF). VESA. February 8, 2013. https://app.box.com/s/vcocw3z73ta09txiskj7cnk6289j356b/file/93518784646. "VESA CVT 1.2 recommends only 4:3, 16:10 (8:5), and 16:9 aspect ratios for newly introduced display resolutions. Exceptions will be made only in the case of a long-established industry standard (e.g., the 1280 x 1024 format, which is a 5:4 aspect ratio), or in the case of a clear need." 
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  6. ↑ "Screen Resolutions and Why They Matter". How-To Geek. https://www.howtogeek.com/119117/htg-explains-screen-resolutions-and-why-they-matter/. 
  7. ↑ PAL is a colour video encoding system, rather than a display standard
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  65. ↑ "LG 34BK95U: 34 Inch Class 21:9 UltraWide 5K2K Nano IPS LED Monitor w/ HDR 600 | LG USA". LG. https://www.lg.com/us/business/commercial-display/products/desktop-monitors/lg-34BK95U-W. 
  66. ↑ "Issues users need to understand when using UHD (4K x 2K) and UHD+ (5K x 3K) displays (Text and icons are too small etc.)". Dell. https://www.dell.com/support/article/ee/en/eebsdt1/sln297129/issues-when-using-uhd-4k-x-2k-and-uhd-5k-x-3k-displays?lang=en. 
  67. ↑ Anthony, Sebastian (5 September 2014). "Dell unveils 5K desktop monitor with almost 2x the pixels of your puny 4K display". ExtremeTech. Ziff Davis. http://www.extremetech.com/computing/189342-dell-unveils-5k-desktop-monitor-with-almost-2x-the-pixels-of-your-puny-4k-display. 
  68. ↑ "Apple Special Event. October 16, 2014.". Apple. https://www.apple.com/apple-events/2014-oct-event. 
  69. ↑ Bonnington, Christina (17 October 2014). "Answers to All of Your Questions About Apple's 5K iMac Display". Wired (Condé Nast). https://www.wired.com/2014/10/apple-5k-faq. Retrieved 2014-10-19. 
  70. ↑ Chester, Edward (5 October 2015). "Dell UltraSharp UP2715K". TrustedReviews. https://www.trustedreviews.com/reviews/dell-up2715k. 
  71. ↑ Smith, Ryan (16 September 2014). "VESA Releases DisplayPort 1.3 Standard: 50% More Bandwidth, New Features". AnandTech. Purch. https://www.anandtech.com/show/8533/vesa-releases-displayport-13-standard-50-more-bandwidth-new-features. 
  72. ↑ "VESA Publishes DisplayPort Standard Version 1.4". DisplayPort. https://www.displayport.org/pr/vesa-publishes-displayport-standard-version-1-4. 
  73. ↑ Sony NW-E390 SERIES Walkman Specifications with QQVGA (160 × 128) on sony.com
  74. ↑ Kwon, Jang Yeon; Jung, Ji Sim; Park, Kyung Bae; Kim, Jong Man; Lim, Hyuck; Lee, Sang Yoon; Kim, Jong Min; Noguchi, Takashi et al. (2006). "2.2 inch qqVGA AMOLED Drove by Ultra Low Temperature Poly Silicon (ULTPS) TFT Direct Fabricated Below 200 °C". SID 2006 Digest 37 (2): 1358–61. doi:10.1889/1.2433233. 
  75. ↑ "Technical data". https://www.nintendo.co.uk/Support/Game-Boy-Advance/Product-information/Technical-data/Technical-data-619479.html. 
  76. ↑ 76.0 76.1 76.2 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named NEMA Specifications
  77. ↑ Sony NWZ-E443 / E444 / E445 Walkman Specifications with QVGA (320 × 240) on sony.com (PDF)
  78. ↑ "QVGA (Quarter Video Graphics Array)". Tech-FAQ. Independent Media. http://www.tech-faq.com/qvga.html. 
  79. ↑ Shin, Min-Seok; Choi, Jung-Whan; Kim, Yong-Jae; Kim, Kyong-Rok; Lee, Inhwan; Kwon, Oh-Kyong (2007). "Accurate Power Estimation of LCD Panels for Notebook Design of Low-Cost 2.2-inch qVGA LTPS TFT-LCD Panel". SID 2007 Digest 38 (1): 260–263. doi:10.1889/1.2785279. 
  80. ↑ 80.0 80.1 Sony NW-ZX100HN Specifications with WQVGA (400 × 240) on sony.com
  81. ↑ HP Color LaserJet Enterprise M651n with WQVGA (480 × 272) on hp.com
  82. ↑ 82.0 82.1 Sony Xperia E dual Specifications with HVGA (480 × 320) on sony.com
  83. ↑ June, Laura (24 November 2008). "Optoma DLP Pico projector "coming soon" to US". Engadget. AOL. https://www.engadget.com/2008/11/24/optoma-dlc-pico-projector-coming-soon-to-us. 
  84. ↑ "Screen compatibility overview". Android Developers. https://developer.android.com/guide/practices/screens_support. 
  85. ↑ 85.0 85.1 "Picture Appears Stretched, Distorted, or Shrunken on My Laptop Screen − LCD and Flat-Panel Monitor Types With Associated Native Resolutions". Dell. Automatic translation can change page content and "switch" between two tables: one lists VGA to QUXGA, other lists WXGA to 8k. https://www.dell.com/support/kbdoc/en-ae/000134729/picture-appears-stretched-distorted-or-shrunken-on-my-laptop-screen?lang=en. 
  86. ↑ Polsson, Ken (9 November 2010). "Chronology of IBM Personal Computers". http://www.islandnet.com/~KPOLSSON/ibmpc/ibm1987.htm. 
  87. ↑ "480p vs 480i - Streamer Tactics" (in en-us). 2023-01-19. https://streamertactics.com/480p-vs-480i/. 
  88. ↑ "New resolutions for Microsoft Smartphone (320x240) and Pocket PC (640x480) are coming". MS Mobiles. 28 October 2003. http://msmobiles.com/news.php/1541.html. 
  89. ↑ 89.0 89.1 89.2 Elo User Manual Touchmonitor 0700L with WVGA (800 × 480) by elotouch.com, p. 4 (Chapter 1 - Introduction), (DOC)
  90. ↑ 90.0 90.1 90.2 JVC GY-HC500E Camcorder with Operation Panel Resolution WVGA (800 × 480) on jvc.com
  91. ↑ 91.0 91.1 91.2 Sony NW-A37HN Specifications with Display Resolution WVGA (800 × 480) on sony.com
  92. ↑ "Panasonic Introduces 2 New Cameras". Tech Tree (India). http://www.techtree.com/India/News/Panasonic_Introduces_2_New_Cameras/551-97953-893.html. 
  93. ↑ 93.0 93.1 Dell W4200HD and W4200ED 42" Plasma TV Owner's Manual with WVGA (852 × 480) on dell.com, p. 41, (PDF)
  94. ↑ 94.0 94.1 "NVIDIA Tegra FAQ". Nvidia. https://www.nvidia.com/docs/IO/55043/NVIDIA_Tegra_FAQ_External.pdf. "FWVGA (854x480), SXGA (1280x1024), WSXGA+ (1680x1050)" 
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  96. ↑ "Ultra Video Graphics Array (UVGA)". Smart Computing Encyclopedia. Smart Computing. 16 January 2007. http://www.smartcomputing.com/editorial/dictionary/detail.asp?guid=&searchtype=&DicID=19364&RefType=Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2014-03-12. 
  97. ↑ Verma, Vipul (29 October 2001). "Same monitor yet better viewing". The Tribune. http://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20011029/login/main3.htm. 
  98. ↑ Dell Inspiron 1012 – Comprehensive Specifications with WSVGA (1024 × 600) on dell.com, p. 4, (PDF)
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  101. ↑ Bhagat, Hitesh Raj; Bajaj, Karan (26 January 2018). "The 18:9 display dilemma: Will the new smartphone screens make our lives easier or do the opposite?". The Economic Times. Bennett, Coleman & Co.. https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/the-189-display-dilemma-will-the-new-smartphone-screens-make-our-lives-easier-or-do-the-opposite/articleshow/62662023.cms. 
  102. ↑ "Raptor SQ2826 | EIZO". EIZO. https://www.eizoglobal.com/products/atc/sq2826/#tab02. 
  103. ↑ "EV2730Q 26.5" 1920 x 1920 Square Monitor with IPS Panel". https://www.eizo.com/products/flexscan/ev2730q/. 



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