Earth:Caves of the Mendip Hills

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Entrance to Swildon's Hole at Priddy, Somerset

The caves of the Mendip Hills are formed by the particular geology of the Mendip Hills: large areas of limestone worn away by water makes it a national centre for caving. The hills conceal the largest underground river system in Britain.[1]

Geology

The hills consist of anticlines of Carboniferous Limestone lying over Devonian Old Red Sandstone, with the sandstone exposed on the summits. When a surface stream running off the sandstone reaches the limestone it sinks below ground through a "swallet", (also known locally as a "slocker"), continuing on its way down towards sea level by enlarging existing cracks in the rock to form caves, and reappearing at the base of the limestone outcrop. As the water changes route within the hill some caves (or parts of caves) are left dry.[2]

Dark brown cave interior with water. A white vertically hanging stalagmite shown above a brown mound on the cave floor.
Stalagmites and stalactites in Gough's Cave

There is a characteristic type of Mendip cave, in which there is an initially steep descent, and then a more level stretch ending in a "sump" as the cave reaches and descends below the prevailing water table. The passages below the water table (which may be accessible by cave diving) often have a loop formation caused by the water flowing down a bedding plane and then rising up a fracture in the rock.[2] Few caves on the Mendip Hills are more than 150 metres (492 ft) deep or a few kilometres in length,[3] (with some notable exceptions, such as Swildon's Hole which is over 9 kilometres (6 mi) long[4]), but a number are complex with several levels of passages which have been abandoned by the water, for example those around Cheddar.[5]

The catchment area of the Cheddar Yeo, which rises in Gough's Cave, measures 54 km2 (20.8 sq mi). Dye marking shows that some of the water travels underground for up to 10 miles (16 km), taking up to 14 days to reach Cheddar.

History

When Banwell Bone Cave was discovered in 1824, it was found to contain a great many animal bones which have been dated as about 80,000 years old.[6]

The earliest scientifically dated human cemetery in Britain was found at Aveline's Hole, in Burrington Combe. The human bone fragments it contained, from about 21 different individuals, are thought to be between roughly 10,200 and 10,400 years old.[7][8]

Archaeological evidence including pottery, flints, hearths, coins, burials and metalwork from the Mesolithic, Neolithic, Bronze Age, Iron Age and Roman eras have been found in many of the caves.[9][10] A number of Mendip caves were found by miners, for example the Banwell Caves which were opened by ochre miners in 1757.[6]

Many caves in the Mendip area were photographed by caver Harry Savory early in the 20th century using huge cameras, glass plates and flash powder. His work has been described as "...of a quality to shame virtually all modern cave photographers". The 1990 book A Man Deep in Mendip: The Caving Diaries of Harry Savory, 1910-1921 provides a diary made by Harry Savory, explained and extended by his son John.[11]

A number of important cave excavations and explorations were undertaken, from the 1920s onwards, by pioneer caver Herbert E. Balch. The caves are recorded in the Mendip Cave Registry and Archive.[12]

Access

The caves which are easily accessible to the public are at Cheddar Gorge and Wookey Hole, but the vast majority of the caves require specialist equipment and knowledge. Many of the caves are gated and operate leader systems in an attempt to reduce the damage caused when the caves are visited.[13] Local caving groups organise trips and continue to discover new caverns. Some estimates put the number of cavers active on the Mendip Hills over a busy weekend at more than 500.[14]

Cave diving

Attempts made in the Mendip Hills to traverse from one cave to another through the underground rivers led to the development of cave diving; the first cave dive attempt in Britain took place at Swildon's Hole in 1934. The first successful cave dive in Britain was achieved the following year at Wookey Hole Caves, where the last sump is currently the deepest in Britain at 90 m (300 ft).[15]

Sites of special scientific interest

The cave complexes at St. Dunstan's Well Catchment, Thrupe Lane Swallet, Lamb Leer and Priddy Caves have been identified as geological Site of Special Scientific Interest. There are also caves within the Cheddar Complex SSSI.

List of caves

A selection of the better known caves are listed below

Name Location Map Length (km) Depth (m) Notes
Attborough Swallet Chewton Mendip ST56105181 0.22[14] 44[14]
Aveline's Hole Burrington Combe ST47615867 0.067 16 Site of early cemetery & cave markings
Axbridge Ochre Mine Axbridge ST429552 0.132 33
Banwell Caves Banwell ST38225881 0.097 21 geological Site of Special Scientific Interest
Banwell Ochre Caves Banwell ST40605904 geological Site of Special Scientific Interest
Bos Swallet Burrington Combe ST47095837 0.076 37
Bath Swallet Burrington Combe ST47255845 0.078[16] 42[16]
Charterhouse Cave Charterhouse ST47755620 4.868[17] 205[17] Close, but not connected, to GB Cave. Deepest cave on the Mendip Hills.
Compton Martin Ochre Mine Compton Martin ST543566 0.4 21 geological Site of Special Scientific Interest
Cox's Cave Cheddar ST46465390 0.1[14] 18[14] Open to the general public as a show cave
Drunkard's Hole Burrington Combe ST47145839 0.127[18] 48[18]
Eastwater Cavern Priddy ST53885062 2.8[14] 160[14] One of the Priddy Caves
East Twin Swallet Burrington Combe ST47955814 0.274[19] 38[19]
Fairy Cave Quarry
*Balch Cave
*Conning Tower Cave
*Fairy Cave
*Fernhill Cave
*Hillier's Cave
*Hillwithy Cave
*Shatter Cave
*W/L Cave
*Withyhill Cave 		Stoke St Michael ST65654775 1.17[20] <60[20] Many highly decorated.
GB Cave Charterhouse ST47595623 1.95[20] 134[20] Part of the Cheddar Complex SSSI.
Goatchurch Cavern Burrington Combe ST47585823 0.75[14] 55[14] Very popular with novice cavers
Gough's Cave Cheddar ST46705391 2.135[20] 90[20] Open to the general public as a show cave
Hunter's Hole Priddy ST54925005 0.275[14] 58[14] One of the Priddy Caves
Lamb Leer East Harptree ST54325505 0.64 67 geological Site of Special Scientific Interest
Longwood Swallet Charterhouse ST48615571 1.65 175 Part of the Cheddar Complex SSSI.
Manor Farm Swallet Charterhouse ST49825566 1.06[20] 156[20]
Picken's Hole Compton Bishop ST3968055004
Pierre's Pot Burrington Combe ST47635837 0.465[14] 33[14]
Read's Cavern Burrington Combe ST46825844 1.224[14] 62[14]
Reservoir Hole Cheddar ST47465447 Length/depth to be confirmed following the recent discovery of what is believed to be the largest chamber under the Mendip Hills.
Rhino Rift Charterhouse ST48475557 0.25 147 Part of the Cheddar Complex SSSI.
Rod's Pot Burrington ST47215844 0.188 45 In September 2007, digging established a link through to nearby Bath Swallet
Sidcot Swallet Burrington ST47545828 0.2 28
St Cuthbert's Swallet Priddy ST54305050 6.7[14] 145[14] One of the Priddy Caves. Most complex cave on Mendip.
Stoke Lane Slocker Stoke St Michael ST66874745 2.18[20] <60[20]
Swildon's Hole Priddy ST53125131 9.15[14] 167[14] One of the Priddy Caves. Longest cave on Mendip.
Thrupe Lane Swallet Shepton Mallet ST60384580 1.147[20] 120[20] geological Site of Special Scientific Interest
Tyning's Barrow Swallet Cheddar ST47135638 1.29[20] 132[20]
Upper Flood Swallet Charterhouse ST50575576 4.720[20] 136[20]
Wigmore Swallet Priddy ST55715256 1.0[14] 110[14] One of the Priddy Caves.
Withybrook Slocker Stoke St Michael ST65534715 0.23 26 Upstream part of caves in Fairy Cave Quarry
Wookey Hole Caves Wookey Hole ST53184802 3.66[20] 182[20] Open to the general public as a show cave

References

  1. ↑ "Fact Sheet 8: Rivers". Cheddar caves. http://www.cheddarcaves.co.uk/facts/Fact%20Sheet%208%20-%20Rivers.pdf. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Mendip Caves: How caves form". British Geological Survey. 2008. http://www.bgs.ac.uk/mendips/caveskarst/caveform.htm. 
  3. ↑ "Mendip Caves: Introduction". British Geological Survey. 2008. http://www.bgs.ac.uk/mendips/caveskarst/Caves_1.htm. 
  4. ↑ "Mendip Caves: Wookey Hole Catchment". British Geological Survey. 2008. http://www.bgs.ac.uk/mendips/caveskarst/Caves_3.htm. 
  5. ↑ "Mendip Caves: Cheddar Catchment". British Geological Survey. 2008. http://www.bgs.ac.uk/mendips/caveskarst/Caves_2.htm. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 "Mendip Caves: Western Mendip". British Geological Survey. 2008. http://www.bgs.ac.uk/mendips/caveskarst/Caves_6.htm. 
  7. ↑ "Earliest British cemetery dated". BBC News. 23 September 2003. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/somerset/3131700.stm. 
  8. ↑ "Aveline's Hole - An Early Mesolithic Cemetery Site in the Mendips". Rick Schulting. http://www.qub.ac.uk/arcpal/Rick%20Research/aveline's.html. 
  9. ↑ "Mendip Hills: An Archaeological Survey of the Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty". Mendip Hills AONB. http://www.somerset.gov.uk/media/896B4/MendipAONB.pdf. 
  10. ↑ "Mendip Caves: The Burrington area". British Geological Survey. 2008. http://www.bgs.ac.uk/mendips/caveskarst/Caves_4.htm. 
  11. ↑ Savory, H. and Savory, J. (1990) A Man Deep in Mendip: The Caving Diaries of Harry Savory, 1910-1921, Southern Illinois University Press, ISBN:978-0-8093-1623-6
  12. ↑ "History". Mendip Cave Registry and Archives. http://www.mcra.org.uk/wiki/doku.php?id=history. 
  13. ↑ "Mendip". Protect Our Caves. http://www.cerberusspeleo.org.uk/conservation/mendip.htm. 
  14. ↑ 14.00 14.01 14.02 14.03 14.04 14.05 14.06 14.07 14.08 14.09 14.10 14.11 14.12 14.13 14.14 14.15 14.16 14.17 14.18 14.19 14.20 Irwin & Knibbs, Mendip Underground: A Cavers Guide
  15. ↑ Hanwell, Jim; Price, Duncan; Witcombe, Richard (2010). Wookey Hole - 75 years of cave diving and exploration. Wells: Cave Diving Group. pp. 338–340. ISBN 978-0-901031-07-5. 
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 "Bath Swallet". Mendip Cave Registry & Archive. http://www.mcra.org.uk/registry/sitedetails.php?id=5. Retrieved 2019-05-11. 
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 "Charterhouse Cave". UK Caves database. http://www.ukcaves.co.uk/onecave-charterhouse. 
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 D.J. Irwin & A.R. Jarret. Mendip underground : a caver's guide. Rev. ed.. ISBN 9780905903125. 
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 "East Twin Swallet". Mendip Cave Registry & Archive. http://www.mcra.org.uk/registry/sitedetails.php?id=12. Retrieved 2009-05-11. 
  20. ↑ 20.00 20.01 20.02 20.03 20.04 20.05 20.06 20.07 20.08 20.09 20.10 20.11 20.12 20.13 20.14 20.15 20.16 20.17 "Mendip". UK and Ireland Cave Lengths and Depths. http://www.ukcaves.co.uk/tables.php?region=2&length_depth=length. 

Bibliography

  • Barrington, Nicholas; Stanton, William (1977). Mendip: The Complete Caves and a View of the Hills. Cheddar Valley P. ISBN 0-9501459-2-0. 
  • Irwin, David John; Knibbs Anthony J. (1999). Mendip Underground: A Cavers Guide. Bat Products. ISBN 0-9536103-0-6. 
  • Gray, Alan; Taviner, Rob; Witcombe, Richard (2013). Mendip Underground: A Caver's Guide (5th ed.). Wells: Mendip Cave Registry and Archive. ISBN 9780953131051. 

External links



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