Earth:Dental microwear

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Short description: Material analysis method in palaeontology

Dental microwear analysis is a method to infer diet and behaviour in extinct animals, especially in fossil specimens.[1] Typically, the patterns of pits and scratches on the occlusal or buccal surface of the enamel are compared with patterns observed in extant species to infer ecological information.[2][3] Hard foods in particular can lead to distinctive patterns (although see below). Microwear can also be used for inferring behavior, especially those related to the non-masticatory use of teeth as 'tools'. Other uses include investigating weaning in past populations.[4] Methods used to collect data initially involved a microscope and manually collecting information on individual microwear features, but software to automatically collect data have improved markedly in recent years.[5]

This method has been used on a variety of taxa, including:

Potential issues and on-going debates

  • The role of phytoliths and environmental grit in creating microwear features is not well understood and recent research suggests such items may create a surprisingly large amount of the microwear features visible in fossil samples.[71]
  • A recent study suggests hard food, or at least some types, may not contribute significantly to microwear textures.[72]
  • Occlusal dental microwear is rapidly turned over during life and therefore may only give information about the last few days of an individual's life. In particular, this 'last supper' effect may create a severely biased sample. This is why many researchers have focused on studying the striations on the buccal surfaces of teeth that present a life.[73]

References

  1. ↑ Hernando, Raquel; Fernández-Marchena, Juan Luis; Willman, John C.; Ollé, Andreu; Vergès, Josep Maria; Lozano, Marina (20 December 2020). "Exploring the utility of optical microscopy versus scanning electron microscopy for the quantification of dental microwear" (in en). Quaternary International 569-570: 5–14. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2020.05.022. ISSN 1040-6182. Bibcode: 2020QuInt.569....5H. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S104061822030255X. Retrieved 28 December 2024. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Rivals, Florent; Julien, Marie-Anne; Kuitems, Margot; Van Kolfschoten, Thijs; Serangeli, Jordi; Drucker, Dorothée G.; Bocherens, Hervé; Conard, Nicholas J. (December 2015). "Investigation of equid paleodiet from Schöningen 13 II-4 through dental wear and isotopic analyses: Archaeological implications" (in en). Journal of Human Evolution 89: 129–137. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2014.04.002. PMID 25242064. Bibcode: 2015JHumE..89..129R. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0047248414000840. Retrieved 24 March 2024. 
  3. ↑ Winkler, Daniela E.; Schulz-Kornas, Ellen; Kaiser, Thomas M.; Tütken, Thomas (29 May 2019). "Dental microwear texture reflects dietary tendencies in extant Lepidosauria despite their limited use of oral food processing". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 286 (1903). doi:10.1098/rspb.2019.0544. PMID 31113323. 
  4. ↑ Scott, Rachel M.; Halcrow, Siân E. (1 February 2017). "Investigating weaning using dental microwear analysis: A review" (in en). Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 11: 1–11. doi:10.1016/j.jasrep.2016.11.026. ISSN 2352-409X. Bibcode: 2017JArSR..11....1S. 
  5. ↑ Strani, Flavia; Profico, Antonio; Manzi, Giorgio; Pushkina, Diana; Raia, Pasquale; Sardella, Raffaele; DeMiguel, Daniel (2018). "MicroWeaR: A new R package for dental microwear analysis" (in en). Ecology and Evolution 8 (14): 7022–7030. doi:10.1002/ece3.4222. ISSN 2045-7758. PMID 30073064. Bibcode: 2018EcoEv...8.7022S. 
  6. ↑ Scott, Robert S.; Ungar, Peter Stuart; Bergstrom, Torbjorn S.; Brown, Christopher A.; Grine, Frederick E.; Teaford, Mark F.; Walker, Alan (August 2005). "Dental microwear texture analysis shows within-species diet variability in fossil hominins" (in en). Nature 436 (7051): 693–695. doi:10.1038/nature03822. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 16079844. Bibcode: 2005Natur.436..693S. https://www.nature.com/articles/nature03822. 
  7. ↑ Louys, Julien; Zaim, Yahdi; Rizal, Yan; Aswan; Puspaningrum, Mika; Trihascaryo, Agus; Price, Gilbert J.; Petherick, Ansley et al. (8 September 2020). "Sumatran orangutan diets in the Late Pleistocene as inferred from dental microwear texture analysis" (in en). Quaternary International 603: 74–81. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2020.08.040. ISSN 1040-6182. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S104061822030505X. Retrieved 4 August 2025. 
  8. ↑ Fehringer, Leah K.; Beck, Catherine C.; Leakey, Louise N.; Princehouse, Patricia; Rowan, John; Russo, Gabrielle A.; Teaford, Mark F.; Uno, Kevin T. et al. (April 2025). "Dental microwear of Neogene cercopithecoids from the Turkana Basin, Kenya" (in en). Journal of Human Evolution 201. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2024.103646. PMID 39965434. Bibcode: 2025JHumE.20103646F. 
  9. ↑ Ungar, Peter Stuart; Abella, Elicia F.; Burgman, Jenny H. E.; Lazagabaster, Ignacio A.; Scott, Jessica Renee; Delezene, Lucas K.; Manthi, Fredrick K.; Plavcan, J. Michael et al. (March 2020). "Dental microwear and Pliocene paleocommunity ecology of bovids, primates, rodents, and suids at Kanapoi" (in en). Journal of Human Evolution 140. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2017.03.005. PMID 28499698. Bibcode: 2020JHumE.14002315U. 
  10. ↑ Ungar, Peter Stuart (October 1996). "Dental microwear of European Miocene catarrhines: evidence for diets and tooth use" (in en). Journal of Human Evolution 31 (4): 335–366. doi:10.1006/jhev.1996.0065. Bibcode: 1996JHumE..31..335U. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0047248496900652. Retrieved 10 July 2025. 
  11. ↑ Marivaux, Laurent; Adnet, Sylvain; Altamirano-Sierra, Ali J.; Boivin, Myriam; Pujos, François; Ramdarshan, Anusha; Salas-Gismondi, Rodolfo; Tejada-Lara, Julia V. et al. (August 2016). "Neotropics provide insights into the emergence of New World monkeys: New dental evidence from the late Oligocene of Peruvian Amazonia" (in en). Journal of Human Evolution 97: 159–175. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2016.05.011. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0047248416300367?via%3Dihub. Retrieved 28 September 2025. 
  12. ↑ Marivaux, Laurent; Ramdarshan, Anusha; Essid, El Mabrouk; Marzougui, Wissem; Ammar, Hayet Khayati; Lebrun, Renaud; Marandat, Bernard; Merzeraud, Gilles et al. (4 December 2013). Viriot, Laurent. ed. "Djebelemur, a Tiny Pre-Tooth-Combed Primate from the Eocene of Tunisia: A Glimpse into the Origin of Crown Strepsirhines" (in en). PLoS ONE 8 (12): e80778. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0080778. ISSN 1932-6203. PMID 24324627. Bibcode: 2013PLoSO...880778M. 
  13. ↑ Firmat, Cyril; Rodrigues, Helder Gomes; Renaud, Sabrina; Claude, Julien; Hutterer, Rainer; Garcia-Talavera, Francisco; Michaux, Jacques (24 August 2010). "Mandible morphology, dental microwear, and diet of the extinct giant rats Canariomys (Rodentia: Murinae) of the Canary Islands (Spain): THE EXTINCT CANARIAN GIANT RATS" (in en). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 101 (1): 28–40. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.2010.01488.x. https://academic.oup.com/biolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1095-8312.2010.01488.x. Retrieved 30 August 2025. 
  14. ↑ Hopley, Philip J.; Latham, Alf G.; Marshall, Jim D. (17 April 2006). "Palaeoenvironments and palaeodiets of mid-Pliocene micromammals from Makapansgat Limeworks, South Africa: A stable isotope and dental microwear approach" (in en). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 233 (3–4): 235–251. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2005.09.011. Bibcode: 2006PPP...233..235H. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0031018205005547. Retrieved 30 September 2025. 
  15. ↑ Kaya, Ferhat; Kaymakçı, Nuretdin (September 2013). "Systematics and dental microwear of the late Miocene Gliridae (Rodentia, Mammalia) from Hayranlı, Anatolia: Implications for paleoecology and paleobiodiversity" (in en). Palaeontologia Electronica. doi:10.26879/385. ISSN 1094-8074. https://palaeo-electronica.org/content/2013/508-gliridae-from-anatolia. Retrieved 30 September 2025. 
  16. ↑ Yang, Yangheshan; Li, Qiang; Ni, Xijun; Cheng, Xiaodong; Zhang, Jie; Li, Honglong; Jin, Changzhu (30 July 2021). "Tooth micro-wear analysis reveals that persistence of beaver Trogontherium cuvieri (Rodentia, Mammalia) in Northeast China relied on its plastic ecological niche in Pleistocene" (in en). Quaternary International 591: 70–79. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2021.01.004. Bibcode: 2021QuInt.591...70Y. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1040618221000136. Retrieved 11 September 2025. 
  17. ↑ Goillot, Cyrielle; Blondel, Cécile; Peigné, Stéphane (1 January 2009). "Relationships between dental microwear and diet in Carnivora (Mammalia) — Implications for the reconstruction of the diet of extinct taxa" (in en). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 271 (1–2): 13–23. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2008.09.004. Bibcode: 2009PPP...271...13G. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0031018208005245. Retrieved 6 April 2025. 
  18. ↑ Prassack, Kari A.; DuBois, Josephine; Lázničková-Galetová, Martina; Germonpré, Mietje; Ungar, Peter Stuart (March 2020). "Dental microwear as a behavioral proxy for distinguishing between canids at the Upper Paleolithic (Gravettian) site of Předmostí, Czech Republic" (in en). Journal of Archaeological Science 115. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2020.105092. Bibcode: 2020JArSc.115j5092P. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305440320300169. Retrieved 25 February 2025. 
  19. ↑ Pappa, Spyridoula; Schreve, Danielle C.; Rivals, Florent (15 January 2019). "The bear necessities: A new dental microwear database for the interpretation of palaeodiet in fossil Ursidae" (in en). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 514: 168–188. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2018.10.015. ISSN 0031-0182. Bibcode: 2019PPP...514..168P. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0031018218305832. 
  20. ↑ DeSantis, Larisa R. G.; Schubert, Blaine W.; Scott, Jessica Renee; Ungar, Peter Stuart (26 December 2012). Goswami, Anjali. ed. "Implications of Diet for the Extinction of Saber-Toothed Cats and American Lions" (in en). PLoS ONE 7 (12). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0052453. ISSN 1932-6203. PMID 23300674. Bibcode: 2012PLoSO...752453D. 
  21. ↑ Stynder, Deano D.; Ungar, Peter Stuart; Scott, Jessica Renee; Schubert, Blaine W. (1 September 2012). "A Dental Microwear Texture Analysis of the Mio-Pliocene Hyaenids from Langebaanweg, South Africa" (in en). Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 57 (3): 485–496. doi:10.4202/app.2011.0053. ISSN 0567-7920. 
  22. ↑ Bastl, Katharina; Semprebon, Gina; Nagel, Doris (1 September 2012). "Low-magnification microwear in Carnivora and dietary diversity in Hyaenodon (Mammalia: Hyaenodontidae) with additional information on its enamel microstructure" (in en). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 348-349: 13–20. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2012.05.026. Bibcode: 2012PPP...348...13B. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S003101821200301X. Retrieved 17 December 2024. 
  23. ↑ Joomun, Sarah C.; Hooker, Jerry J.; Collinson, Margaret E. (24 March 2010). "Changes in dental wear of Plagiolophus minor (Mammalia: Perissodactyla) across the Eocene–Oligocene transition" (in en). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 30 (2): 563–576. doi:10.1080/02724631003618124. ISSN 0272-4634. Bibcode: 2010JVPal..30..563J. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02724631003618124. Retrieved 19 August 2025. 
  24. ↑ Hullot, Manon; Laurent, Yves; Merceron, Gildas; Antoine, Pierre-Olivier (2021). "Paleoecology of the Rhinocerotidae (Mammalia, Perissodactyla) from Béon 1, Montréal-du-Gers (late early Miocene, SW France): Insights from dental microwear texture analysis, mesowear, and enamel hypoplasia". Palaeontologia Electronica. doi:10.26879/1163. https://palaeo-electronica.org/content/2021/3433-beon-1-rhinocerotids-ecology. Retrieved 29 November 2024. 
  25. ↑ DeSantis, Larisa R. G.; Sharp, Alana C.; Schubert, Blaine W.; Colbert, Matthew W.; Wallace, Steven C.; Grine, Frederick E. (1 June 2020). "Clarifying relationships between cranial form and function in tapirs, with implications for the dietary ecology of early hominins" (in en). Scientific Reports 10 (1). doi:10.1038/s41598-020-65586-w. ISSN 2045-2322. PMID 32483196. Bibcode: 2020NatSR..10.8809D. 
  26. ↑ Gong, Yan-Xin; Wang, Yuan-Qing; Mao, Fang-Yuan; Bai, Bin; Li, Qian; Wang, Hai-Bing; Jin, Xun; Meng, Jin (2 September 2021). "Dietary reconstruction and palaeoecology of Eocene Lophialetidae (Mammalia: Tapiroidea) from the Erlian Basin of China: evidence from dental microwear" (in en). Historical Biology 33 (9): 1624–1635. doi:10.1080/08912963.2020.1722660. ISSN 0891-2963. Bibcode: 2021HBio...33.1624G. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/08912963.2020.1722660. Retrieved 20 November 2024. 
  27. ↑ Hullot, Manon; Robinet, Céline; Vautrin, Quentin; Tabuce, Rodolphe; Antoine, Pierre-Olivier; Merceron, Gildas; Lihoreau, Fabrice (1 October 2025). "Evolution of dietary preferences of the Lophiodontidae (Mammalia, Perissodactyla) from Southern France" (in en). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 675. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2025.113076. Bibcode: 2025PPP...67513076H. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S003101822500361X. Retrieved 1 September 2025. 
  28. ↑ Schulz, Ellen; Fahlke, Julia M.; Merceron, Gildas; Kaiser, Thomas M. (2007). "Feeding ecology of the Chalicotheriidae (Mammalia, Perissodactyla, Ancylopoda). Results from dental micro- and mesowear analyses". Verhandlungen des Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins in Hamburg 43: 5–31. https://doc.rero.ch/record/15356/files/PAL_E2704.pdf. Retrieved 27 August 2025. 
  29. ↑ Corona, Andrea; Ubilla, Martín; Perea, Daniel (28 September 2018). "New records and diet reconstruction using dental microwear analysis for Neolicaphrium recens Frenguelli, 1921 (Litopterna, Proterotheriidae)". Andean Geology 46 (1): 153. doi:10.5027/andgeoV46n1-3136. ISSN 0718-7106. Bibcode: 2018AndGe..46..153C. http://www.andeangeology.cl/index.php/revista1/article/view/V46n1-3136. Retrieved 19 September 2025. 
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 30.2 Xafis, Alexandros; Saarinen, Juha; Bastl, Katharina; Nagel, Doris; Grímsson, Friðgeir (11 June 2020). "Palaeodietary traits of large mammals from the middle Miocene of Gračanica (Bugojno Basin, Bosnia-Herzegovina)" (in en). Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments 100 (2): 457–477. doi:10.1007/s12549-020-00435-2. ISSN 1867-1594. PMID 32647552. Bibcode: 2020PdPe..100..457X. 
  31. ↑ Semprebon, Gina M.; Rivals, Florent (1 September 2010). "Trends in the paleodietary habits of fossil camels from the Tertiary and Quaternary of North America" (in en). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 295 (1–2): 131–145. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2010.05.033. Bibcode: 2010PPP...295..131S. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0031018210003202. Retrieved 10 July 2025. 
  32. ↑ Semprebon, Gina M.; Rivals, Florent; Janis, Christine M. (19 March 2019). "The Role of Grass vs. Exogenous Abrasives in the Paleodietary Patterns of North American Ungulates". Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution 7. doi:10.3389/fevo.2019.00065. ISSN 2296-701X. Bibcode: 2019FrEEv...7...65S. 
  33. ↑ Hunter, John P.; Fortelius, Mikael (31 March 1994). "Comparative dental occlusal morphology, facet development, and microwear in two sympatric species of Listriodon (Mammalia: Suidae) from the middle Miocene of western Anatolia (Turkey)" (in en). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 14 (1): 105–126. doi:10.1080/02724634.1994.10011541. ISSN 0272-4634. Bibcode: 1994JVPal..14..105H. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02724634.1994.10011541. Retrieved 14 November 2024. 
  34. ↑ Bradham, Jennifer L.; DeSantis, Larisa R. G.; Jorge, Maria Luisa S. P.; Keuroghlian, Alexine (15 June 2018). "Dietary variability of extinct tayassuids and modern white-lipped peccaries ( Tayassu pecari ) as inferred from dental microwear and stable isotope analysis" (in en). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 499: 93–101. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2018.03.020. Bibcode: 2018PPP...499...93B. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0031018217309392. Retrieved 28 September 2025. 
  35. ↑ Boisserie, Jean-Renaud; Zazzo, Antoine; Merceron, Gildas; Blondel, Cécile; Vignaud, Patrick; Likius, Andossa; Mackaye, Hassane Taïsso; Brunet, Michel (27 May 2005). "Diets of modern and late Miocene hippopotamids: Evidence from carbon isotope composition and micro-wear of tooth enamel" (in en). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 221 (1–2): 153–174. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2005.02.010. Bibcode: 2005PPP...221..153B. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0031018205000878. Retrieved 11 August 2025. 
  36. ↑ Fahlke, Julia M.; Bastl, Katharina A.; Semprebon, Gina M.; Gingerich, Philip D. (15 September 2013). "Paleoecology of archaeocete whales throughout the Eocene: Dietary adaptations revealed by microwear analysis" (in en). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 386: 690–701. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2013.06.032. Bibcode: 2013PPP...386..690F. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0031018213003209. Retrieved 11 January 2025. 
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  42. ↑ Ungar, Peter Stuart; Scott, J. R.; Curran, S. C.; Dunsworth, H. M.; Harcourt-Smith, W. E. H.; Lehmann, T.; Manthi, F. K.; McNulty, K. P. (15 July 2012). "Early Neogene environments in East Africa: Evidence from dental microwear of tragulids" (in en). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 342-343: 84–96. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2012.05.005. Bibcode: 2012PPP...342...84U. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0031018212002568. Retrieved 24 February 2025. 
  43. ↑ Merceron, Gildas; Colyn, Marc; Geraads, Denis (15 September 2018). "Browsing and non-browsing extant and extinct giraffids: Evidence from dental microwear textural analysis" (in en). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 505: 128–139. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2018.05.036. Bibcode: 2018PPP...505..128M. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0031018217300731. Retrieved 13 August 2025. 
  44. ↑ Schwartz, Andrew; DeSantis, Larisa R. G.; Scott, Rob S. (1 October 2025). "Dietary change across the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum in the mesonychid Dissacus praenuntius" (in en). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 675. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2025.113089. Bibcode: 2025PPP...67513089S. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0031018225003748. Retrieved 29 June 2025. 
  45. ↑ Green, Jeremy L.; Kalthoff, Daniela C. (3 August 2015). "Xenarthran dental microstructure and dental microwear analyses, with new data for Megatherium americanum (Megatheriidae)" (in en). Journal of Mammalogy 96 (4): 645–657. doi:10.1093/jmammal/gyv045. ISSN 0022-2372. https://academic.oup.com/jmammal/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/jmammal/gyv045. Retrieved 8 September 2025. 
  46. ↑ Green, Jeremy L. (20 April 2009). "Dental microwear in the orthodentine of the Xenarthra (Mammalia) and its use in reconstructing the palaeodiet of extinct taxa: the case study of Nothrotheriops shastensis (Xenarthra, Tardigrada, Nothrotheriidae)" (in en). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 156 (1): 201–222. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00486.x. https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00486.x. Retrieved 13 September 2025. 
  47. ↑ Green, Jeremy L.; DeSantis, Larisa R. G.; Smith, Gregory James (1 December 2017). "Regional variation in the browsing diet of Pleistocene Mammut americanum (Mammalia, Proboscidea) as recorded by dental microwear textures" (in en). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 487: 59–70. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2017.08.019. Bibcode: 2017PPP...487...59G. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0031018217304017. Retrieved 11 August 2025. 
  48. ↑ Zhang, Hanwen; Wang, Yuan; Janis, Christine M.; Goodall, Robert H.; Purnell, Mark A. (25 July 2017). "An examination of feeding ecology in Pleistocene proboscideans from southern China ( Sinomastodon , Stegodon , Elephas ), by means of dental microwear texture analysis" (in en). Quaternary International 445: 60–70. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2016.07.011. Bibcode: 2017QuInt.445...60Z. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1040618216302051. Retrieved 10 September 2024. 
  49. ↑ Pardi, Melissa I.; DeSantis, Larisa R. G. (24 November 2022). "Interpreting spatially explicit variation in dietary proxies through species distribution modeling reveals foraging preferences of mammoth (Mammuthus) and American mastodon (Mammut americanum)". Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution 10. doi:10.3389/fevo.2022.1064299. ISSN 2296-701X. Bibcode: 2022FrEEv..1064299P. 
  50. ↑ Solounias, Nikos; Rivals, Florent; Semprebon, Gina M. (1 January 2010). "Dietary interpretation and paleoecology of herbivores from Pikermi and Samos (late Miocene of Greece)" (in en). Paleobiology 36 (1): 113–136. doi:10.1666/0094-8373-36.1.113. ISSN 0094-8373. Bibcode: 2010Pbio...36..113S. https://bioone.org/journals/paleobiology/volume-36/issue-1/0094-8373-36.1.113/Dietary-interpretation-and-paleoecology-of-herbivores-from-Pikermi-and-Samos/10.1666/0094-8373-36.1.113.full. Retrieved 14 August 2025. 
  51. ↑ 51.0 51.1 DeSantis, Larisa R. G.; Field, Judith H.; Wroe, Stephen; Dodson, John R. (May 2017). "Dietary responses of Sahul (Pleistocene Australia–New Guinea) megafauna to climate and environmental change" (in en). Paleobiology 43 (2): 181–195. doi:10.1017/pab.2016.50. ISSN 0094-8373. Bibcode: 2017Pbio...43..181D. 
  52. ↑ White, Joshua M.; DeSantis, Larisa R. G.; Evans, Alistair R.; Wilson, Laura A. B.; McCurry, Matthew R. (1 December 2021). "A panda-like diprotodontid? Assessing the diet of Hulitherium tomasettii using dental complexity (Orientation Patch Count Rotated) and dental microwear texture analysis" (in en). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 583. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2021.110675. Bibcode: 2021PPP...58310675W. 
  53. ↑ Wilson, Gregory P.; Ekdale, Eric G.; Hoganson, John W.; Calede, Jonathan J.; Vander Linden, Abby (8 December 2016). "A large carnivorous mammal from the Late Cretaceous and the North American origin of marsupials" (in en). Nature Communications 7 (1). doi:10.1038/ncomms13734. ISSN 2041-1723. PMID 27929063. Bibcode: 2016NatCo...713734W. 
  54. ↑ Lazzari, Vincent; Schultz, Julia A.; Tafforeau, Paul; Martin, Thomas (8 June 2010). "Occlusal Pattern in Paulchoffatiid Multituberculates and the Evolution of Cusp Morphology in Mammaliamorphs with Rodent-like Dentitions" (in en). Journal of Mammalian Evolution 17 (3): 177–192. doi:10.1007/s10914-010-9139-5. ISSN 1064-7554. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10914-010-9139-5. Retrieved 21 September 2025. 
  55. ↑ 55.0 55.1 Winkler, Daniela E.; Kubo, Tai; Kubo, Mugino O.; Kaiser, Thomas M.; Tütken, Thomas (9 December 2022). Porro, Laura. ed. "First application of dental microwear texture analysis to infer theropod feeding ecology" (in en). Palaeontology 65 (6). doi:10.1111/pala.12632. ISSN 0031-0239. Bibcode: 2022Palgy..6512632W. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/pala.12632. Retrieved 11 August 2025. 
  56. ↑ Schubert, Blaine W.; Ungar, Peter Stuart (2005). "Wear facets and enamel spalling in tyrannosaurid dinosaurs". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 50 (1): 93–99. https://agro.icm.edu.pl/agro/element/bwmeta1.element.agro-article-230d9cc4-661d-4f8c-a984-a0b0e0ad04f5. Retrieved 26 September 2024. 
  57. ↑ 57.0 57.1 Winkler, Daniela E.; Tschopp, Emanuel; Saleiro, André; Wiesinger, Ria; Kaiser, Thomas M. (18 July 2025). "Dental microwear texture analysis reveals behavioural, ecological and habitat signals in Late Jurassic sauropod dinosaur faunas" (in en). Nature Ecology & Evolution 9 (9): 1719–1730. doi:10.1038/s41559-025-02794-5. ISSN 2397-334X. PMID 40681880. PMC 12420387. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41559-025-02794-5. Retrieved 13 October 2025. 
  58. ↑ Fiorillo, Anthony Ricardo (1 January 1998). "Dental micro wear patterns of the sauropod dinosaurs camarasaurus and diplodocus : Evidence for resource partitioning in the late Jurassic of North America" (in en). Historical Biology 13 (1): 1–16. doi:10.1080/08912969809386568. ISSN 0891-2963. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/08912969809386568. Retrieved 11 October 2025. 
  59. ↑ Kubo, Tai; Kubo, Mugino (2014). "Dental microwear of a Late Triassic dinosauriform, Silesaurus opolensis". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 59 (2): 305–312. doi:10.4202/app.2013.0027. https://www.app.pan.pl/article/item/app20130027.html. Retrieved 27 September 2024. 
  60. ↑ 60.0 60.1 Kubo, Tai; Kubo, Mugino O.; Sakamoto, Manabu; Winkler, Daniela E.; Shibata, Masateru; Zheng, Wenjie; Jin, Xingsheng; You, Hai-Lu (1 December 2023). "Dental microwear texture analysis reveals a likely dietary shift within Late Cretaceous ornithopod dinosaurs" (in en). Palaeontology 66 (6). doi:10.1111/pala.12681. ISSN 0031-0239. Bibcode: 2023Palgy..6612681K. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/376163279. Retrieved 12 September 2024. 
  61. ↑ 61.0 61.1 Ősi, Attila; Barrett, Paul M.; Evans, Alistair R.; Nagy, András Lajos; Szenti, Imre; Kukovecz, Ákos; Magyar, János; Segesdi, Martin et al. (2 December 2022). "Multi-proxy dentition analyses reveal niche partitioning between sympatric herbivorous dinosaurs" (in en). Scientific Reports 12 (1): 20813. doi:10.1038/s41598-022-24816-z. ISSN 2045-2322. PMID 36460688. Bibcode: 2022NatSR..1220813A. 
  62. ↑ Williams, Vincent S.; Barrett, Paul M.; Purnell, Mark A. (7 July 2009). "Quantitative analysis of dental microwear in hadrosaurid dinosaurs, and the implications for hypotheses of jaw mechanics and feeding" (in en). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 106 (27): 11194–11199. doi:10.1073/pnas.0812631106. ISSN 0027-8424. PMID 19564603. Bibcode: 2009PNAS..10611194W. 
  63. ↑ Varriale, Frank J. (6 July 2016). "Dental microwear reveals mammal-like chewing in the neoceratopsian dinosaur Leptoceratops gracilis" (in en). PeerJ 4. doi:10.7717/peerj.2132. ISSN 2167-8359. PMID 27441111. 
  64. ↑ 64.0 64.1 Mallon, Jordan C.; Anderson, Jason S. (11 June 2014). Farke, Andrew A.. ed. "The Functional and Palaeoecological Implications of Tooth Morphology and Wear for the Megaherbivorous Dinosaurs from the Dinosaur Park Formation (Upper Campanian) of Alberta, Canada" (in en). PLoS ONE 9 (6). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0098605. ISSN 1932-6203. PMID 24918431. Bibcode: 2014PLoSO...998605M. 
  65. ↑ Mellett, Michael P.; Kligman, Ben T.; Nesbitt, Sterling J.; Stocker, Michelle R. (18 May 2023). "Masticatory mechanisms, dental function, and diet in Triassic trilophosaurids (Reptilia: Allokotosauria)". Palaeodiversity 16 (1). doi:10.18476/pale.v16.a4. ISSN 1867-6294. 
  66. ↑ Bestwick, Jordan; Unwin, David M.; Purnell, Mark A. (12 August 2019). "Dietary differences in archosaur and lepidosaur reptiles revealed by dental microwear textural analysis" (in en). Scientific Reports 9 (1). doi:10.1038/s41598-019-48154-9. ISSN 2045-2322. PMID 31406164. Bibcode: 2019NatSR...911691B. 
  67. ↑ Holwerda, Femke M.; Beatty, B. L.; Schulp, A. S. (December 2013). "Dental macro- and microwear in Carinodens belgicus , a small mosasaur from the type Maastrichtian" (in en). Netherlands Journal of Geosciences - Geologie en Mijnbouw 92 (4): 267–274. doi:10.1017/S0016774600000202. ISSN 0016-7746. Bibcode: 2013NJGeo..92..267H. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/netherlands-journal-of-geosciences/article/dental-macro-and-microwear-in-carinodens-belgicus-a-small-mosasaur-from-the-type-maastrichtian/C7A80EFA9FF4A9B8A4DB48DAECF93386. Retrieved 14 November 2024. 
  68. ↑ Gere, Kinga; Bodor, Emese Réka; Makádi, László; Ősi, Attila (2 December 2021). "Complex food preference analysis of the Late Cretaceous (Santonian) lizards from Iharkút (Bakony Mountains, Hungary)" (in en). Historical Biology 33 (12): 3686–3702. doi:10.1080/08912963.2021.1887862. ISSN 0891-2963. Bibcode: 2021HBio...33.3686G. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/08912963.2021.1887862. Retrieved 11 January 2025. 
  69. ↑ Paredes-Aliaga, María Victoria; Botella, Héctor; Romero, Alejandro (30 July 2024). "Testing dental microwear as a proxy for characterising trophic ecology in fossil elasmobranchs (chondrichthyans)" (in en). Swiss Journal of Palaeontology 143 (1). doi:10.1186/s13358-024-00322-9. ISSN 1664-2376. Bibcode: 2024SwJP..143...29P. 
  70. ↑ Itano, Wayne M. (July 2019). "Oriented microwear on a tooth of Edestus minor (Chondrichthyes, Eugeneodontiformes): Implications for dental function". Palaeontologia Electronica 22 (2): 831. doi:10.26879/831. Bibcode: 2019PalEl..22..831I. https://palaeo-electronica.org/content/2019/2603-edestus-minor-microwear?fbclid=IwAR3j5K3OEXLgBSAbDiE8lRNHA-I_m4dsVt8fHwzITn8ZPVQ7-7Fna3ZFhV4. Retrieved 25 September 2024. 
  71. ↑ Winkler, Daniela E.; Tütken, Thomas; Schulz-Kornas, Ellen; Kaiser, Thomas M.; Müller, Jacqueline; Leichliter, Jennifer; Weber, Katrin; Hatt, Jean-Michel et al. (8 September 2020). "Shape, size, and quantity of ingested external abrasives influence dental microwear texture formation in guinea pigs" (in en). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 117 (36): 22264–22273. doi:10.1073/pnas.2008149117. ISSN 0027-8424. PMID 32839331. Bibcode: 2020PNAS..11722264W. 
  72. ↑ van Casteren, Adam; Strait, David S.; Swain, Michael V.; Michael, Shaji; Thai, Lidia A.; Philip, Swapna M.; Saji, Sreeja; Al-Fadhalah, Khaled et al. (17 January 2020). "Hard plant tissues do not contribute meaningfully to dental microwear: evolutionary implications" (in en). Scientific Reports 10 (1): 582. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-57403-w. ISSN 2045-2322. PMID 31953510. Bibcode: 2020NatSR..10..582V. 
  73. ↑ Puech, Pierre-François; Pinilla, Beatriz (January 2014). "Dental Microwear and Diet As Indicators of Geographic and Cultural Contexts in Human Evolution". Human Evolution: 103–123. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/261878257. 

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