Earth:Garbage patch

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Short description: Gyre of marine debris
Trash washed ashore in Hawaii from the Great Pacific Garbage Patch

A garbage patch is a gyre of marine debris particles caused by the effects of ocean currents and increasing plastic pollution by human populations. These human-caused collections of plastic and other debris, cause ecosystem and environmental problems that affect marine life, contaminate oceans with toxic chemicals, and contribute to greenhouse gas emissions. Once waterborne, marine debris becomes mobile. Flotsam can be blown by the wind, or follow the flow of ocean currents, often ending up in the middle of oceanic gyres where currents are weakest.

Within garbage patches The waste is not compact, and although most of it is near the surface of the Pacific, it can be found up to more than 30 metres (100 ft) deep in the water.[1] Patches contain plastics and debris in a range of sizes from Microplastics and small scale plastic pellet pollution, to large objects such as fishing nets and consumer goods and appliances lost from flood and shipping loss.

Garbage patches grow because of widespread loss of plastic from human trash collection systems. The United Nations Environmental Program estimated that "for every square mile of ocean" there are about "46,000 pieces of plastic".[2] The 10 largest emitters of oceanic plastic pollution worldwide are, from the most to the least, China, Indonesia, Philippines, Vietnam, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Egypt, Malaysia, Nigeria, and Bangladesh,[3] largely through the rivers Yangtze, Indus, Yellow, Hai, Nile, Ganges, Pearl, Amur, Niger, and the Mekong, and accounting for "90 percent of all the plastic that reaches the world's oceans".[4][5] Asia was the leading source of mismanaged plastic waste, with China alone accounting for 2.4 million metric tons.[6]

The best known of these is the Great Pacific garbage patch which has the highest density of marine debris and plastic. The Pacific Garbage patch has two mass buildups: the western garbage patch and the eastern garbage patch, the former off the coast of Japan and the latter between Hawaii and California . These garbage patches contain 90 million tonnes (100 million short tons) of debris.[1] Other identified patches include the North Atlantic garbage patch between North America and Africa, the South Atlantic garbage patch located between eastern South America and the tip of Africa, the South Pacific garbage patch located west of South America, and the Indian Ocean garbage patch found east of South Africa listed in order of decreasing size.[7]

Identified patches

Of the five gyres on this map, all have significant garbage patches.

In 2014, there were five areas across all the oceans where the majority of plastic concentrated.[8] Researchers collected a total of 3070 samples across the world to identify hot spots of surface level plastic pollution. The pattern of distribution closely mirrored models of oceanic currents with the North Pacific Gyre, or Great Pacific Garbage Patch, being the highest density of plastic accumulation. The other four garbage patches include the North Atlantic garbage patch between the North America and Africa, the South Atlantic garbage patch located between eastern South America and the tip of Africa, the South Pacific garbage patch located west of South America, and the Indian Ocean garbage patch found east of South Africa.[8]

Great Pacific

This section is an excerpt from Great Pacific garbage patch[ edit ]

South Pacific

This section is an excerpt from South Pacific garbage patch[ edit ]

Indian Ocean

This section is an excerpt from Indian Ocean garbage patch[ edit ]

North Atlantic

This section is an excerpt from North Atlantic garbage patch[ edit ]

Environmental issues

Main pages: Earth:Marine debris and Earth:Marine plastic pollution

Photodegradation of plastics

Washed-up plastic waste on a beach in Singapore

The North Atlantic patch is one of several oceanic regions where researchers have studied the effects and impact of plastic photodegradation in the neustonic layer of water.[9] Unlike organic debris, which biodegrades, plastic disintegrates into ever smaller pieces while remaining a polymer (without changing chemically). This process continues down to the molecular level.[10] Some plastics decompose within a year of entering the water, releasing potentially toxic chemicals such as bisphenol A, PCBs and derivatives of polystyrene.[11]

As the plastic flotsam photodegrades into smaller and smaller pieces, it concentrates in the upper water column. As it disintegrates, the pieces become small enough to be ingested by aquatic organisms that reside near the ocean's surface. Plastic may become concentrated in neuston, thereby entering the food chain. Disintegration means that much of the plastic is too small to be seen. Moreover, plastic exposed to sunlight and in watering environments produce greenhouse gases, leading to further environmental impact.[12]

Effects on marine life

The 2017 United Nations Ocean Conference estimated that the oceans might contain more weight in plastics than fish by the year 2050.[13] Some long-lasting plastics end up in the stomachs of marine animals.[14][15][16] Plastic attracts seabirds and fish. When marine life consumes plastic allowing it to enter the food chain, this can lead to greater problems when species that have consumed plastic are then eaten by other predators.

Animals can also become trapped in plastic nets and rings, which can cause death. Plastic pollution affects at least 700 marine species, including sea turtles, seals, seabirds, fish, whales, and dolphins.[17] Cetaceans have been sighted within the patch, which poses entanglement and ingestion risks to animals using the Great Pacific garbage patch as a migration corridor or core habitat.[18]

Plastic consumption

An exhibit at the Mote Marine Laboratory that displays plastic bags in the ocean that look similar to jellyfish.

With the increased amount of plastic in the ocean, living organisms are now at a greater risk of harm from plastic consumption and entanglement. Approximately 23% of aquatic mammals, and 36% of seabirds have experienced the detriments of plastic presence in the ocean.[19] Since as much as 70% of the trash is estimated to be on the ocean floor, and microplastics are only millimeters wide, sealife at nearly every level of the food chain is affected.[20][21][22] Animals who feed off of the bottom of the ocean risk sweeping microplastics into their systems while gathering food.[23] Smaller marine life such as mussels and worms sometimes mistake plastic for their prey.[19][24]

Larger animals are also affected by plastic consumption because they feed on fish, and are indirectly consuming microplastics already trapped inside their prey.[23] Likewise, humans are also susceptible to microplastic consumption. People who eat seafood also eat some of the microplastics that were ingested by marine life. Oysters and clams are popular vehicles for human microplastic consumption.[23] Animals who are within the general vicinity of the water are also affected by the plastic in the ocean. Studies have shown 36% species of seabirds are consuming plastic because they mistake larger pieces of plastic for food.[19] Plastic can cause blockage of intestines as well as tearing of interior stomach and intestinal lining of marine life, ultimately leading to starvation and death.[19]

Entanglement

Not all marine life is affected by the consumption of plastic. Some instead find themselves tangled in larger pieces of garbage that cause just as much harm as the barely visible microplastics.[19] Trash that has the possibility of wrapping itself around a living organism may cause strangulation or drowning.[19] If the trash gets stuck around a ligament that is not vital for airflow, the ligament may grow with a malformation.[19] Plastic's existence in the ocean becomes cyclical because marine life that is killed by it ultimately decompose in the ocean, re-releasing the plastics into the ecosystem.[25][26]

Deposits on landmasses

Research in 2017[27] reported "the highest density of plastic rubbish anywhere in the world" on remote and uninhabited Henderson Island in South Pacific as a result of the South Pacific Gyre. The beaches contain an estimated 37.7 million items of debris together weighing 17.6 tonnes. In a study transect on North Beach, each day 17 to 268 new items washed up on a 10-metre section.[28][29][30]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Marine Debris in the North Pacific A Summary of Existing Information and Identification of Data Gaps". 24 July 2015. http://www.epa.gov/region9/marine-debris/pdf/MarineDebris-NPacFinalAprvd.pdf. 
  2. ↑ Maser, Chris (2014). Interactions of Land, Ocean and Humans: A Global Perspective. CRC Press. pp. 147–48. ISBN 978-1482226393. 
  3. ↑ Jambeck, Jenna R.; Geyer, Roland; Wilcox, Chris (12 February 2015). "Plastic waste inputs from land into the ocean". Science 347 (6223): 769. doi:10.1126/science.1260352. PMID 25678662. Bibcode: 2015Sci...347..768J. https://www.iswa.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Calendar_2011_03_AMERICANA/Science-2015-Jambeck-768-71__2_.pdf. Retrieved 28 August 2018. 
  4. ↑ Christian Schmidt; Tobias Krauth; Stephan Wagner (11 October 2017). "Export of Plastic Debris by Rivers into the Sea". Environmental Science & Technology 51 (21): 12246–12253. doi:10.1021/acs.est.7b02368. PMID 29019247. Bibcode: 2017EnST...5112246S. http://oceanrep.geomar.de/43169/4/es7b02368_si_001.pdf. "The 10 top-ranked rivers transport 88–95% of the global load into the sea". 
  5. ↑ Franzen, Harald (30 November 2017). "Almost all plastic in the ocean comes from just 10 rivers". Deutsche Welle. https://p.dw.com/p/2oTF6. "It turns out that about 90 percent of all the plastic that reaches the world's oceans gets flushed through just 10 rivers: The Yangtze, the Indus, Yellow River, Hai River, the Nile, the Ganges, Pearl River, Amur River, the Niger, and the Mekong (in that order)." 
  6. ↑ Robert Lee Hotz (13 February 2015). "Asia Leads World in Dumping Plastic in Seas". Wall Street Journal. https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB20530567965804683707904580457713291864670. 
  7. ↑ Cózar, Andrés; Echevarría, Fidel; González-Gordillo, J. Ignacio; Irigoien, Xabier; Úbeda, Bárbara; Hernández-León, Santiago; Palma, Álvaro T.; Navarro, Sandra et al. (2014-07-15). "Plastic debris in the open ocean" (in en). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111 (28): 10239–10244. doi:10.1073/pnas.1314705111. ISSN 0027-8424. PMID 24982135. Bibcode: 2014PNAS..11110239C. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Cózar, Andrés; Echevarría, Fidel; González-Gordillo, J. Ignacio; Irigoien, Xabier; Úbeda, Bárbara; Hernández-León, Santiago; Palma, Álvaro T.; Navarro, Sandra et al. (2014-07-15). "Plastic debris in the open ocean" (in en). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111 (28): 10239–10244. doi:10.1073/pnas.1314705111. ISSN 0027-8424. PMID 24982135. Bibcode: 2014PNAS..11110239C. 
  9. ↑ Thompson, R. C.; Olsen, Y.; Mitchell, R. P.; Davis, A.; Rowland, S. J.; John, A. W.; McGonigle, D.; Russell, A. E. (2004). "Lost at Sea: Where is All the Plastic?". Science 304 (5672): 838. doi:10.1126/science.1094559. PMID 15131299. 
  10. ↑ Barnes, D. K. A.; Galgani, F.; Thompson, R. C.; Barlaz, M. (2009). "Accumulation and fragmentation of plastic debris in global environments". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 364 (1526): 1985–98. doi:10.1098/rstb.2008.0205. PMID 19528051. 
  11. ↑ Barry, Carolyn (20 August 2009). "Plastic Breaks Down in Ocean, After All – And Fast". National Geographic News. National Geographic Society. http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2009/08/090820-plastic-decomposes-oceans-seas.html. 
  12. ↑ Royer, Sarah-Jeanne; Ferrón, Sara; Wilson, Samuel T.; Karl, David M. (2018-08-01). "Production of methane and ethylene from plastic in the environment" (in en). PLOS ONE 13 (8): e0200574. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0200574. ISSN 1932-6203. PMID 30067755. Bibcode: 2018PLoSO..1300574R. 
  13. ↑ Wright, Pam (6 June 2017). "UN Ocean Conference: Plastics Dumped In Oceans Could Outweigh Fish by 2050, Secretary-General Says". The Weather Channel. https://weather.com/science/environment/news/united-nations-ocean-conference-antonio-guterres-plastics. 
  14. ↑ Moore, Charles (November 2003). "Across the Pacific Ocean, plastics, plastics, everywhere". Natural History Magazine. http://www.naturalhistorymag.com/htmlsite/master.html?http://www.naturalhistorymag.com/htmlsite/1103/1103_feature.html. 
  15. ↑ Holmes, Krissy (18 January 2014). "Harbour snow dumping dangerous to environment: biologist". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/newfoundland-labrador/harbour-snow-dumping-dangerous-to-environment-biologist-1.2501993. 
  16. ↑ "Jan Pronk". https://www.pri.org/person/jan-pronk. 
  17. ↑ "These 5 Marine Animals Are Dying Because of Our Plastic Trash… Here's How We Can Help" (in en). 2019-04-22. https://www.onegreenplanet.org/animalsandnature/marine-animals-are-dying-because-of-our-plastic-trash/. 
  18. ↑ Gibbs, Susan E.; Salgado Kent, Chandra P.; Slat, Boyan; Morales, Damien; Fouda, Leila; Reisser, Julia (9 April 2019). "Cetacean sightings within the Great Pacific Garbage Patch". Marine Biodiversity 49 (4): 2021–27. doi:10.1007/s12526-019-00952-0. Bibcode: 2019MarBd..49.2021G. 
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 19.3 19.4 19.5 19.6 Sigler, Michelle (2014-10-18). "The Effects of Plastic Pollution on Aquatic Wildlife: Current Situations and Future Solutions" (in en). Water, Air, & Soil Pollution 225 (11): 2184. doi:10.1007/s11270-014-2184-6. ISSN 1573-2932. Bibcode: 2014WASP..225.2184S. 
  20. ↑ Perkins, Sid (17 December 2014). "Plastic waste taints the ocean floors". Nature. doi:10.1038/nature.2014.16581. https://www.nature.com/news/plastic-waste-taints-the-ocean-floors-1.16581. 
  21. ↑ Handwerk, Brian (2009). "Giant Ocean-Trash Vortex Attracts Explorers". https://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2009/07/090731-ocean-trash-pacific.html. 
  22. ↑ Ivar Do Sul, Juliana A.; Costa, Monica F. (2014-02-01). "The present and future of microplastic pollution in the marine environment" (in en). Environmental Pollution 185: 352–364. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2013.10.036. ISSN 0269-7491. PMID 24275078. 
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 "Marine Plastics" (in en). 30 April 2018. http://ocean.si.edu/conservation/pollution/marine-plastics. 
  24. ↑ Kaiser, Jocelyn (2010-06-18). "The Dirt on Ocean Garbage Patches" (in en). Science 328 (5985): 1506. doi:10.1126/science.328.5985.1506. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 20558704. Bibcode: 2010Sci...328.1506K. 
  25. ↑ "Plastic pollution found inside dead seabirds" (in en). https://www.scotsman.com/news/environment/plastic-pollution-found-inside-dead-seabirds-1-3729064. 
  26. ↑ "Pygmy sperm whale died in Halifax Harbour after eating plastic". 16 March 2015. https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/nova-scotia/pygmy-sperm-whale-died-in-halifax-harbour-after-eating-plastic-1.2997224. 
  27. ↑ Lavers, Jennifer L.; Bond, Alexander L. (2017). "Exceptional and rapid accumulation of anthropogenic debris on one of the world's most remote and pristine islands". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114 (23): 6052–6055. doi:10.1073/pnas.1619818114. PMID 28507128. Bibcode: 2017PNAS..114.6052L. 
  28. ↑ Cooper, Dani (16 May 2017). "Remote South Pacific island has highest levels of plastic rubbish in the world". ABC News Online. http://www.abc.net.au/news/science/2017-05-16/plastic-pollution-on-henderson-island-in-south-pacific/8527370. 
  29. ↑ Hunt, Elle (15 May 2017). "38 million pieces of plastic waste found on uninhabited South Pacific island". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2017/may/15/38-million-pieces-of-plastic-waste-found-on-uninhabited-south-pacific-island. 
  30. ↑ "No one lives on this remote Pacific island – but it's covered in 38 million pieces of our trash". The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/energy-environment/wp/2017/05/16/no-one-lives-on-this-remote-pacific-island-but-its-covered-in-38-million-pieces-of-our-trash/. 



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