Earth:Gogo Formation

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Gogo Formation
Stratigraphic range: Middle-Late Devonian (Givetian to Frasnian)[1], 387.9–372.1 Ma
TypeGeological formation
UnderliesVirgin Hills Formation
OverliesUnconformity with Prices Creek Group
ThicknessUp to 700 m (2,300 ft)
Lithology
PrimaryShale, Siltstone
OtherLimestone
Location
LocationKimberley, Western Australia
Coordinates [ ⚑ ] : 18°18′S 126°30′E / 18.3°S 126.5°E / -18.3; 126.5
Paleocoordinates [ ⚑ ] 16°42′S 136°42′E / 16.7°S 136.7°E / -16.7; 136.7
RegionWestern Australia
CountryAustralia
Type section
Named forGogo Station
Thickness at type section~425 m (1,394 ft)
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View of Gogo Station, 1951

The Gogo Formation in the Kimberley region of Western Australia is a Lagerstätte that exhibits exceptional preservation of a Devonian reef community. The formation is named after Gogo Station, a cattle station where outcrops appear and fossils are often collected from,[2] as is nearby Fossil Downs Station.

History

The reef, which now stands up abruptly in the western Australian desert (as the Windjana Limestone), was first identified in 1940 by paleontologist Curt Teichert, who discovered the first fossil fish from the region.[3]

Geology and deposition

The type section of the Gogo Formation is an approximately 430-meter-thick sequence of organic-rich, grey to black fine-grained shales and siltstones, interbedded with calcarenite and lenses of limestone. Horizons of resistant, silty calcareous concretions range from 3 to 50 centimeters in dimension (most commonly 5 to 20 cm).[1] As the surrounding softer matrix eroded away, these weather-resistant concretions produce extensive nodule fields across the ground.[4]

Deposition occurred between the middle Givetian (based on miospores) and early Frasnian (based on conodonts), dating the formation to approximately 384 to 382 million years ago.[1]

The Gogo sediments represent deep, hypoxic seafloor deposits in the vicinity of a large tropical reef composed primarily of algae and stromatoporoids during the Frasnian faunal stage of the Late Devonian.[5] Associated stratigraphic units which comprise this ancient reef system are the Windjana Formation (the actual reef structures), Pillara Limestone (reef platform) and the Sadler Formation (fore-reef deposits).[4]

Fossil preservation

The fossils of the Gogo Formation display three-dimensional soft-tissue preservation of tissues as fragile as nerves and embryos with umbilical cords.[6] Over fifty species of fish have been described from the formation, and arthropods, including phyllocarids[7] and eurypterids[8] are similarly well-preserved.[6] Nautiloids, goniatites and tentaculids are also known from the formation, but their soft tissue is not preserved.[6] However, the most diverse group by far are the radiolarians, known from over 100 species split between 17 genera. The excellent preservation of a sheer number of species has allowed for the identification of a wide range of morphotypes, and clarified the structure of different skeletal elements, permitting better taxonomic resolution.[1]

The calcareous concretions formed around objects from the shallow reef areas which sank into the deep anoxic basins. The concretions sometimes contain the remains of fish, whose bodies are often preserved complete in three-dimensions due to rapid encasement and the slow rate of decay in the oxygen-poor surroundings. By repeated baths in a dilute acid solution, the matrix is dissolved away via a process of acid etching to reveal delicate fish fossils, some retaining impressions of soft tissues.

The discovery of Materpiscis, a placoderm preserved with an embryonic juvenile still attached by its umbilical cord, has revealed that at least some placoderms gave birth to live young.[9]

Fossil content

Placodermi

Genus Species Clade Images
Austroptyctodus A. gardinieri[10] Ptyctodontida,

Ptyctodontidae

Bothriolepis Indeterminate[11] Antiarchi,

Bothriolepididae

Bruntonichthys B. multidens[12] Arthrodira

(Aspinothoracidi incertae sedis)

Bullerichthys B. fascidens[12] Arthrodira

(Aspinothoracidi incertae sedis)

Campbellodus C. decipiens[10] Ptyctodontida,

Ptyctodontidae

Camuropiscis C. concinnus[13] Arthrodira,

Camuropiscidae

C. laidlawi[14]
Compagopiscis C. croucheri[15] Arthrodira

(Incisoscutoidea incertae sedis)

Eastmanosteus E. calliaspis[16] Arthrodira,

Dunkleosteidae

Fallacosteus F. turneri[17] Arthrodira,

Camuropiscidae

Harrytoombsia H. elegans[18] Arthrodira

(Incisoscutoidea incertae sedis)

Holonema H. westolli[19] Arthrodira,

Holonematidae

Incisoscutum I. ritchei[20] Arthrodira,

Incisoscutidae

I. sarahae[21]
Kendrickichthys K. cavernosus[12] Arthrodira

(Aspinothoracidi incertae sedis)

Kimberleyichthys[22] K. bispicatus Arthrodira

(incertae sedis)

K. whybrowi
Materpiscis M. attenboroughi[23] Ptyctodontida,

Ptyctodontidae

Latocamurus L. coulthardi[24] Arthrodira,

Camuropiscidae

Mcnamaraspis M. kaprios[25] Arthrodira

(Incisoscutoidea incertae sedis)

Pinguosteus P. thulborni[17] Arthrodira

(Coccosteina incertae sedis)

Rolfosteus R. canningensis[26] Arthrodira,

Camuropiscidae

Simosteus S. tuberculatus[27] Arthrodira,

Camuropiscidae

Torosteus[15] T. tuberculatus Arthrodira

(Incisoscutoidea incertae sedis)

T. pulchellus
Tubonasus T. lennardensis[26] Arthrodira,

Camuropiscidae

Actinopterygii

Genus Species Clade Images
Gogosardina G. coatesi[28] Actinopterygii incertae sedis
Halimacanthodes H. ahlbergi[29] Acanthodiformes,

Howittacanthidae

Mimipiscis[30] M. toombsi Actinopterygii incertae sedis
M. bartrami
Moythomasia M. durgaringa[31] Actinopterygii,

Moythomasiidae

Pickeringius P. acanthophorus[32] Actinopterygii incertae sedis

Chondrichthyes

Genus Species Clade Images
Gogoselachus G. lynbeazleyae[33] Chondrichthyes incertae sedis

Sarcopterygii

Genus Species Clade Images
Adololopas A. moyasmithae[34] Speonesidrionina incertae sedis
Asthenorhynchus A. meemanae[35][36] Dipnoi,

Holodontidae

Cainocara C. enigma[37][38] Dipnoi incertae sedis
Chirodipterus C. australis[39] Dipnoi,

Chirodipteridae

Ngamugawi N. wirngarri[40][41] Coelacanthiformes incertae sedis
Gogodipterus G. paddyensis[42] Dipnoi,

Chirodipteridae

Gogonasus G. andrewsae[43] Osteolepiformes,

Osteolepididae

Griphognathus G. whitei[39] Dipnoi,

Holodontidae

Holodipterus "H" (Holodipteroides) elderae[35] Dipnoi,

Holodontidae

H. gogoensis[39]
Onychodus O. jandemarrai[44] Onychodontiformes,

Onychodontidae

Pillararhynchus P. longi[45] Dipnoi,

Chirodipteridae

Rhinodipterus R. kimberleyensis[6] Dipnoi incertae sedis
Robinsondipterus R. longi[36] Dipnoi,

Holodontidae

Xeradipterus X. hatcheri[46] Dipnoi,

Holodontidae

Conodonta

Genus Species Clade Images
Polygnathus[47] P. varca Ozarkodinida,

Polygnathidae

P. normalis
P. asymmetrica asymmetrica
P. asymmetrica ovalis
Playfordia P. primitiva[47] Prioniodontida,

Playfordiidae

Gnamptognathus[47] G.? lipperti Uncertain
G.? cf. G.? lipperti
Ancyrodella[47] A. rotundiloba alata Ozarkodinida,

Polygnathidae

A. rotundiloba rotundiloba
Icirodus[47] I. symmetricus Uncertain
Roundya[47] A. aurita Uncertain

Ammonoidea

Genus Species Clade Images
Hoeninghausia H. pons[48] Goniatitida,

Gephuroceratidae

Ponticeras P. discoidale[48] Goniatitida,

Gephuroceratidae

Probeloceras P. lutheri holzapfeli[49] Agoniatitida,

Acanthoclymeniidae

Timanites T. angustus[47] Agoniatitida,

Koenentidae

Tornoceras T. (T.) simplex[47][50] Goniatitida,

Tornoceratidae

150x150px

Arthropoda

Genus Species Clade Images
Montecaris[51] M. gogoensis Archaeostraca,

Echinocarididae

M. sp. indet.
Schugurocaris[51] S. wami Archaeostraca,

Ceratiocarididae

S. sp. indet.
Dithyrocaris[51] D. sp. indet. Archaeostraca,

Rhinocarididae

Concavicaris[52] C. campi Thylacocephala

(Concavicarida incertae sedis)

C. glenisteri
C. milesi
C. playfordi
C. sp.
Harrycaris H. whittingtoni[53] Thylacocephala

(Concavicarida incertae sedis)

Eurypterida,

Adelophthalmidae

Undescribed eurypterid sp. indet.[1] Eurypterida incertae sedis
'Mushia' sp. indet.[1] Crustacea? incertae sedis

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Trinajstic, Kate; Briggs, Derek E. G.; Long, John A. (2021-11-23). "The Gogo Formation Lagerstätte: a view of Australia's first great barrier reef". Journal of the Geological Society 179 (1). doi:10.1144/jgs2021-105. ISSN 0016-7649. 
  2. ↑ "The Fossil Emblem of Western Australia" Accessed 16 August 2012.
  3. ↑ Long, John (2007). Swimming in Stone: the Amazing Gogo Fossils of the Kimberley. Fremantle, W.A.: Fremantle Arts Centre. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 "Australian Stratigraphic Names Database". Australian Government Geoscience Australia. 2010-09-29. http://dbforms.ga.gov.au/pls/www/geodx.strat_units.sch_full?wher=stratno=7476. 
  5. ↑ "Gogo Reef Formation". http://palaeo.gly.bris.ac.uk/palaeofiles/lagerstatten/Gogo/index.html. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 Long, J. A.; Trinajstic, K. (2010). "The Late Devonian Gogo Formation Lägerstatte of Western Australia: Exceptional Early Vertebrate Preservation and Diversity". Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 38: 255–279. doi:10.1146/annurev-earth-040809-152416. Bibcode: 2010AREPS..38..255L. 
  7. ↑ Ian Rolfe, W. D. (1966). "Phyllocarid Crustacean Fauna of European Aspect from the Devonian of Western Australia". Nature 209 (5019): 192. doi:10.1038/209192a0. Bibcode: 1966Natur.209..192R. 
  8. ↑ Tetlie, O. E.; Braddy, S. J.; Butler, P. D.; Briggs, D. E. G. (2004). "A New Eurypterid (Chelicerata: Eurypterida) from the Upper Devonian Gogo Formation of Western Australia, with a Review of the Rhenopteridae". Palaeontology 47 (4): 801. doi:10.1111/j.0031-0239.2004.00390.x. Bibcode: 2004Palgy..47..801T. 
  9. ↑ "Aussie fish fossil gives birth to history" Accessed 29 May 2008.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Long, J.A. 1997. Ptyctodontid fishes (Vertebrata, Placodermi) from the Late Devonian Gogo Formation, Western Australia, with a revision of the European genus Ctenurella Orvig, 1960. Geodiversitas 19(3): 515–555.
  11. ↑ Patten, W. (July 1904). "New facts concerning Bothriolepis". Biological Bulletin 7 (2): 113–124. doi:10.2307/1535537. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 DENNIS, K. and MILES, R. S. (1980), New durophagous arthrodires from Gogo, Western Australia. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 69: 43–85. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1980.tb01932.x
  13. ↑ Dennis, Kim; R. S. Miles (September 1979). "A second eubrachythoracid arthrodire from Gogo, Western Australia". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 67: 1–29. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1979.tb01102.x. 
  14. ↑ Locality No. 20, Stromatoporoid Camp Area at Fossilworks.org
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Sallan, Lauren Cole; Coates, Michael I. (2010-06-01). "End-Devonian extinction and a bottleneck in the early evolution of modern jawed vertebrates" (in en). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 107 (22): 10131–10135. doi:10.1073/pnas.0914000107. ISSN 0027-8424. PMID 20479258. Bibcode: 2010PNAS..10710131S. 
  16. ↑ Dennis-Bryan, K. (1987). "A new species of eastmanosteid arthrodire (Pisces: Placodermi) from Gogo, Western Australia". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 90 (1): 1–64. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1987.tb01347.x. https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-abstract/90/1/1/2658205?redirectedFrom=fulltext. 
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Long, J. A. 1990a, "Two new arthrodires (placoderm fishes) from the Upper Devonian Gogo Formation, Western Australia", Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 28, De Vis Symposium Volume, pp. 51–64.
  18. ↑ "Fossilworks: Harrytoombsia". https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=34345. 
  19. ↑ Denison, Robert (1978). Placodermi Volume 2 of Handbook of Paleoichthyology'. Stuttgart New York: Gustav Fischer Verlag. p. 63. ISBN 978-0-89574-027-4
  20. ↑ Dennis, Kim; R.S. Miles (1981). "A pachyosteomorph arthrodire from Gogo, Western Australia". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 73 (3): 213–258. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1981.tb01594.x. 
  21. ↑ J. A. Long. 1994. A second incisoscutid arthrodire (Pisces, Placodermi) from the Late Devonian Gogo Formation, Western Australia. Alcheringa 18(1-2):59-69
  22. ↑ K. Dennis-Bryan and R. S. Miles. 1983. Corrigendum: Renaming of Kimberia Dennis-Bryan & Miles, 1983. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 78:397
  23. ↑ Long, J. A.; Trinajstic, K.; Young, G. C.; Senden, T. (2008). "Live birth in the Devonian period". Nature 453 (7195): 650–652. doi:10.1038/nature06966. PMID 18509443. Bibcode: 2008Natur.453..650L. 
  24. ↑ Long, J. A. (1988). "A new camuropiscid arthrodire (Pisces: Placodermi) from Gogo, Western Australia". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 94 (3): 233–258. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1988.tb01194.x. 
  25. ↑ Long, J. (1995). "A new ploudosteid arthrodire from the Upper Devonian Gogo Formation of Western Australia". Palaeontology. 38: 39–62.
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 Dennis, K.; Miles, R. S. (1979). "Eubrachythoracid arthrodires with tubular rostra1 plates from Gogo, Western Australia". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 67 (4): 297–328. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1979.tb01118.x. 
  27. ↑ Dennis, K.; Miles, R. S. (1982). "A eubrachythoracid arthrodire with a snubnose from Gogo, Western Australia". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 75 (2): 153–166. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1982.tb01945.x. 
  28. ↑ Brian Choo; John A. Long; Katherine Trinajstic. (2009). A new genus and species of basal actinopterygian fish from the Upper Devonian Gogo Formation of Western Australia., 90(Supplement s1), 194–210. doi:10.1111/j.1463-6395.2008.00370.x
  29. ↑ Burrow, Carole J.; Trinajstic, Kate; Long, John (2012-08-01). "First acanthodian from the Upper Devonian (Frasnian) Gogo Formation, Western Australia". Historical Biology 24 (4): 349–357. doi:10.1080/08912963.2012.660150. ISSN 0891-2963. Bibcode: 2012HBio...24..349B. 
  30. ↑ Choo, Brian (2012). "Revision of the actinopterygian genus Mimipiscis (=Mimia) from the Upper Devonian Gogo Formation of Western Australia and the interrelationships of the early Actinopterygii". Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 102 (2): 77–104. doi:10.1017/s1755691011011029. Bibcode: 2012EESTR.102...77C. http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=8514396&fulltextType=RA&fileId=S1755691011011029. Retrieved 2012-03-29. 
  31. ↑ Choo, Brian (2015). "A new species of the Devonian actinopterygian Moythomasia from Bergisch Gladbach, Germany, and fresh observations on M. durgaringa from the Gogo Formation of Western Australia". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 35 (4): e952817. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02724634.2015.952817. 
  32. ↑ Choo, Brian; Lu, Jing; Giles, Sam; Trinajstic, Kate; Long, John A. (2019). "A new actinopterygian from the Late Devonian Gogo Formation, Western Australia". Papers in Palaeontology 5 (2): 343-363. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/spp2.1243. 
  33. ↑ Long, John A.; Burrow, Carole J.; Ginter, Michal; Maisey, John G.; Trinajstic, Kate M.; Coates, Michael I.; Young, Gavin C.; Senden, Tim J. (2015-05-28). "First Shark from the Late Devonian (Frasnian) Gogo Formation, Western Australia Sheds New Light on the Development of Tessellated Calcified Cartilage". PLOS ONE 10 (5). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0126066. ISSN 1932-6203. PMID 26020788. Bibcode: 2015PLoSO..1026066L. 
  34. ↑ Campbell, K.S.W., & Barwick, R. E. (1998). A new tooth-plated dipnoan from the Upper Devonian Gogo Formation and its relationships. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, 42(2), 403--437. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/215097
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 Pridmore, P. A.; Campbell, K. S. W.; Barwick, R. E. (1994-04-29). "Morphology and phylogenetic position of the holodipteran dipnoans of the Upper Devonian Gogo Formation of northwestern Australia" (in en). Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 344 (1308): 105–164. doi:10.1098/rstb.1994.0058. ISSN 0962-8436. https://royalsocietypublishing.org/rstb/article/344/1308/105/18568/Morphology-and-phylogenetic-position-of-the. 
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 Long, John. (2010). New holodontid lungfishes from the Late Devonian Gogo Formation, Western Australia.
  37. ↑ Campbell, K.S.W.; Barwick, R.E. (2011). "A new unusual Osteichthyan fish from the Gogo Formation, Western Australia". Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 94 (3): 473-502. https://biostor.org/reference/256349. 
  38. ↑ Thiele, Hannah S.; Long, John A.; Bevitt, Joseph J.; Clement, Alice M. (2026). "Deciphering Cainocara enigma from the Late Devonian Gogo Formation, Australia". Canadian Journal of Zoology 104: 1-13. https://cdnsciencepub.com/doi/10.1139/cjz-2025-0109. 
  39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 39.2 Miles, R. S. (1977). "Dipnoan (lungfish) skulls and the relationships of the group: a study based on new species from the Devonian of Australia". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 61 (1–3): 1–328. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1977.tb01031.x. ISSN 0024-4082. 
  40. ↑ LONG, J.A. & TRINAJSTIC, K. 2010. The Late Devonian Gogo Formation Lagerstatte –Exceptional preservation and Diversity in early Vertebrates. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 38: 665-680
  41. ↑ Clement, Alice M.; Cloutier, Richard; Lee, Michael S. Y.; King, Benedict; Vanhaesebroucke, Olivia; Bradshaw, Corey J. A.; Dutel, Hugo; Trinajstic, Kate et al. (2024-09-12). "A Late Devonian coelacanth reconfigures actinistian phylogeny, disparity, and evolutionary dynamics" (in en). Nature Communications 15 (1): 7529. doi:10.1038/s41467-024-51238-4. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 11392942. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-51238-4. 
  42. ↑ Long, John A. (1992). "Gogodipterus paddyensis (Miles), gen. nov., a new chirodipterid lungfish from the late Devonian Gogo formation, Western Australia". The Beagle: Occasional Papers of the Northern Territory Museum of Arts and Sciences 9: 11–20. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/263113. 
  43. ↑ Long, J. A. (1985). "A new osteolepidid fish from the Upper Devonian Gogo Formation of Western Australia". Recs. W. A. Mus 12 (8): 361–377. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/257938747. 
  44. ↑ Andrews, Mahala; Long, John; Ahlberg, Per; Barwick, Richard; Campbell, Ken (2006). "The structure of the sarcopterygian Onychodus jandemarrai n. sp. from Gogo, Western Australia: with a functional interpretation of the skeleton". Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 96 (3): 197–307. doi:10.1017/s0263593300001309. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/213769142. 
  45. ↑ "A Late Devonian dipnoan, Pillararhynchus, from Gogo, Western Australia, and its relationships" (in en). https://www.researchgate.net/publication/287622496. 
  46. ↑ Alice M. Clement & John A. Long (2010). "Xeradipterus hatcheri, a new dipnoan from the Late Devonian (Frasnian) Gogo Formation, Western Australia, and other new holodontid material". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 30 (3): 681–695. doi:10.1080/02724631003763482. Bibcode: 2010JVPal..30..681C. 
  47. ↑ 47.0 47.1 47.2 47.3 47.4 47.5 47.6 47.7 Glenister, Brian F.; Klapper, Gilbert (1966). "Upper Devonian Conodonts from the Canning Basin, Western Australia". Journal of Paleontology 40 (4): 777–842. ISSN 0022-3360. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1301879. 
  48. ↑ 48.0 48.1 Glenister, B.F. 1958. Upper Devonian ammonoids from the Manticoceras zone, Fitzroy basin, western Australia. Journal of Paleontology, 32, 58–96.
  49. ↑ Playford, Phillip E.; Hocking, Roger M.; Cockbain, Anthony E. (2009). DEVONIAN REEF COMPLEXES OF THE CANNING BASIN, WESTERN AUSTRALIA. 145. Geological Survey of Western Australia. https://www.academia.edu/32211010/DEVONIAN_REEF_COMPLEXES_OF_THE_CANNING_BASIN_WESTERN_AUSTRALIA_Geological_Survey_of_Western_Australia_Bulletin_145_Devonian_ammonoid_biostratigraphy_of_the_Canning_Basin. 
  50. ↑ Petersen, Morris S.. (1975). Upper Devonian (Famennian) Ammonoids from the Canning Basin, Western Australia. Journal of Paleontology, 49(S8), 1–55. doi:10.1017/s002233600006176x
  51. ↑ 51.0 51.1 51.2 Briggs, Derek E. G.; Rolfe, W. D. Ian; Butler, Piers D.; Liston, Jeff J.; Ingham, J. Keith (2011-09-01). "Phyllocarid crustaceans from the Upper Devonian Gogo Formation, Western Australia". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 9 (3): 399–424. doi:10.1080/14772019.2010.493050. ISSN 1477-2019. Bibcode: 2011JSPal...9..399B. 
  52. ↑ Briggs, D.E.G. and Rolfe, W.D.I. 1983. New Concavicarida (new order:? Crustacea) from the Upper Devonian of Gogo, Western Australia, and the palaeoecology and affinities of the group. Special Papers in Palaeontology, 30:249-276.
  53. ↑ Frederick R. Schram; Cees H. J. Hof; Fedor A. Steeman. (1999). Thylacocephala (Arthropoda: Crustacea?) from the Cretaceous of Lebanon and implications for thylacocephalan systematics., 42(5), 769–797. doi:10.1111/1475-4983.00097



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