Earth:Hasandong Formation

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Hasandong Formation
Stratigraphic range: Aptian-?earliest Albian
~118.0–113.4 Ma
↓
TypeGeological formation
Unit ofShindong Group
UnderliesJinju Formation
OverliesNakdong Formation
Thickness1,200 metres
Lithology
PrimaryMudstone
OtherShale, sandstone
Location
Coordinates [ ⚑ ] : 35°06′N 128°00′E / 35.1°N 128.0°E / 35.1; 128.0
Paleocoordinates [ ⚑ ] 41°18′N 128°06′E / 41.3°N 128.1°E / 41.3; 128.1
RegionGyeongsang Province
CountrySouth Korea
Type section
Named forHasandong(Now called Hasan-ri), Daegu
Named byTateiwa, 1929[1]
Hasandong Formation is located in South Korea
Hasandong Formation
Hasandong Formation (South Korea)

The Hasandong Formation (Korean: 하산동층; Hanja: 霞山洞層; RR: Hasandong-cheung) is an Early Cretaceous geologic formation in South Korea. It has been dated to the Aptian to possibly the earliest Albian stage. Lee et al. (2018) estimated the maximum depositional age of the formation at 118.0 ± 2.6 Ma, and suggested that the overlying Jinju Formation likely had a maximum depositional age of 112.4 ± 1.3 Ma.[2] Chae et al. (2026) examined the upper part of the Hasandong Formation on Yusu-ri, Jinju and on Jangguseom Island of Jungpyeong-ri, Hadong, and estimated the maximum depositional age of the upper part of the formation on each site at 116.9 ± 1.5 Ma and 113.4 ± 1.4 Ma respectively.[3] Fossils including dinosaurs, turtles and pterosaurs are known from this formation.

Fossil content

Invertebrate fossils

Few fragments of insects have been discovered from the formation.[4]

Molluscs

Molluscs reported from the Hasandong Formation[5]
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images
Plicatounio P. naktongensis
P. okjuni
P. yooni
Nagdongia N. soni
Trigonioides T. jaehoi
T. kodairai
T. tamurai
Brotiopsis B. kobayashii
B. naktongensis
B. ryohoriensis
B. wakinoensis
Viviparus[6] V. sp. Architaenioglossan gastropod, probably V. keishoensis
Probaicalia P. katoensis[7] Hydrobiidae gastropod; species previously assigned to the genus Micromelania

Ostracods

Ostracod carapaces have been discovered from the formation.[4]

Ostracods reported from the Hasandong Formation
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images
Cypridea C. cf. trita[8][9]

Vertebrate fossils

Actinopterygii

Ray-finned fish reported from the Hasandong Formation
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images
Sinamia[10] S. sp. Partial Skeleton
Lepidotes[4] L. sp. Partial Skeleton

Testudines

Shell fragments of testudines have been discovered.

Turtles reported from the Hasandong Formation
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images
Byeoljubuchelys[11] B. yeosuensis Nearly complete carapace and plastron and associated post-cranial bones A carettochelyid turtle frameless
Proadocus[12] P. hadongensis Partial Skeleton An adocid turtle

Crocodylomorpha

Several teeth remain have been reported but are not assigned to the specific clade.[13]

Crocodylomorphs reported from the Hasandong Formation
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images
"Hadongsuchus"[14] "H. acerdentis" Skull nomen nudum

Pterosaurs

Pterosaurs reported from the Hasandong Formation
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images
Pterodactyloidea[15][16][17] Indeterminate Teeth and a partial second wing phalanx Dental remains belong to either Boreopteridae or Anhanguerian
Dsungaripterus D.? cf. D. weii[18][5] Incomplete wing phalanx belonging to Dsungaripteridae[19][20]

Dinosaurs

Several indeterminate theropod teeth remains have been reported.[21]

Dinosaurs reported from the Hasandong Formation
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images
Carcharodontosauridae[22][23] Indeterminate Teeth Some dental remains show similarities with Acrocanthosaurus frameless
Hadrosauroidea[24] Indeterminate Tooth
Titanosauriformes[25][26][27] Indeterminate A partial skeleton[28] and several teeth showing different morphotypes Includes Chiayusaurus sp. and Pukyongosaurus milleniumi, both of which are nomen dubium
Tyrannosauroidea[29] Indeterminate Tooth, estimated crown length ~18mm

Eggs

Unnamed dinosaur egg fossils have been reported.[30]

Eggs reported from the Hasandong Formation
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images
Testudoolithus[4] T. aff. curiosa Turtle eggs

Ichnofossils

Tracks of theropods, sauropods and ornithopods have been discovered from the formation.[4][31] Possible amphibian tracks are also known.[32]

Ichnofossils reported from the Hasandong Formation
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images
Pteraichnus[32] P. koreanensis Pterosaur tracks
Sauripes[33] S. hadongensis The oldest lizard tracks showing possible bipedalism, though potentially a nomen dubium due to insufficient description and problematic holotype designation[34]
Diplocraterion[35] D. luniforme
Beaconites B. coronus[31]
Circulichnus C. montanus[31]
Cochlichnus C. anguineus[31]
Chondrites C. isp.[31]
Helminthopsis H. abeli & H. hieroglyphica[31]
Laevicyclus L. isp.[31]
Planolites P. annularius, P. beverleyensis & P. montanus[31]
Skolithos S. magnus, S. verticalis & S. isp.[31]
Spirodesmos S. isp.[31]
Taenidium T. barretti[31]
Thalassinoides T. paradoxicus & T. suevicus[31]

Paleoflora

Consists of 6 genera and 9 species. The assemblage of plant fossils from the Hasandong represents the 'mixed' type of Tetori-type and Ryoseki-type flora.

Plants reported from the Hasandong Formation[36][32]
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images
Brachyphyllum B. japonicum Araucariaceae conifer
Cladophlebis C. denticulata
C. (Eboracia?) lobifolia
C. (Klukia?) koraiensis
C. shinshuensis
Elatocladus E. tennerima Conifer with an unknown systematic position
Onychiopsis O. elongata Leptosporangiate fern
Ptilophyllum P. sp. Bennettitales (extinct order of seed plants)
Ruffordia R. sp. Schizaeaceae ferns
Taeniopteris T.? sp. cf. T. auriculata The specific systematic position of this form genus is unknown.
Thallites T. yabei Liverwort

Photo

Hasandong Formation in Uiseong County
Seaside Hasandong Formation in Sulsang-Yangpo Area, Jingyo District, Hadong County
Seaside Hasandong Formation in Daechiri Area, Geumnam District, Hadong County
Seaside Hasandong Formation in Songmunri Area, Geumnam District, Hadong County

See also

References

  1. ↑ Tateiwa, Iwao (1929). "Geologic Atlas of Korea, No. 10, Gyeongju, Yeongcheon, Daegu, Waegwan Sheets". Geological Survey of Chosen (Korea). 
  2. ↑ Lee, Tae-Ho; Park, Kye-Hun; Yi, Keewook (October 2018). "Nature and evolution of the Cretaceous basins in the eastern margin of Eurasia: A case study of the Gyeongsang Basin, SE Korea" (in en). Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 166: 19–31. doi:10.1016/j.jseaes.2018.07.004. Bibcode: 2018JAESc.166...19L. 
  3. ↑ Chae, Yong-Un; Choi, Taejin; Joo, Young Ji; Kim, Kyung Soo; Ha, Sujin; Lim, Hyoun Soo (2026). "Effective application of multidimensional scaling for detrital zircon geochronology in the southern Miryang Subbasin, Gyeongsang Basin, Korea". Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 299. doi:10.1016/j.jseaes.2026.106954. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 Choi, S.; Kim, H.; Paik, I.; Park, Y.; Jung, H.; Xu, X. (2023). "Turtle eggs from the Lower Cretaceous Hasandong Formation (South Korea) with relict aragonite under significant thermal maturity". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 42 (4): e2183866. doi:10.1080/02724634.2023.2183866. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Kim, Jeong Yul; Huh, Min (2018). Dinosaurs, Birds, and Pterosaurs of Korea: A Paradise of Mesozoic Vertebrates. Springer Nature. ISBN 978-981-10-6998-7. https://www.geokniga.org/bookfiles/geokniga-dinosaurs.pdf. 
  6. ↑ Yun, Cheol-Soo; Yang, Seung-Yeong (2001). "Cretaceous Non-marine Molluscan Fauna From the Euiseong Subbasin in Korea". Journal of the Paleontological Society of Korea 17 (1): 1–14. https://www.dbpia.co.kr/Journal/articleDetail?nodeId=NODE01387177. 
  7. ↑ Isaji, S. (2023). "Molluscan Faunal Changes from Brackish to Freshwater Deposits in the Lower Cretaceous Itsuki Formation of the Tetori Group, Japan". Paleontological Research 28 (1): 1–25. doi:10.2517/PR220022. 
  8. ↑ Hayashi, K. (2006). "Nonmarine ostracode zonation and long-distance correlation based on analysis of regional ostracode successions in China, Korea, Japan, and Mongolia". Cretaceous Research 27 (2): 168–188. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2005.11.007. Bibcode: 2006CrRes..27..168H. 
  9. ↑ Qin, Z.-H.; Xi, D.-P.; Choi, B.-D.; Ye, Y.-Q.; Wan, X.-Q. (2021). "Lowermost occurrence of ostracod Cypridea species in East Asia and implications for the non-marine Jurassic/Cretaceous boundary". Palaeoworld 30 (1): 148–168. doi:10.1016/j.palwor.2020.04.003. 
  10. ↑ Yabumoto, Y.; Yang, S.Y.; Kim, T.W. (2006). "Early Cretaceous freshwater fishes from Japan and Korea". Journal of the Paleontological Society of Korea 22 (1): 119–132. https://cactus.utahtech.edu/jharris/Yabumotoetal_fish.pdf. 
  11. ↑ Kim, Minguk; Jung, Jongyun; Joyce, Walter G.; Park, Jae-Il; Jung, Hye-Yeon; Jo, Hyemin; Huh, Min (2025-12-08). "A new, Early Cretaceous carettochelyid turtle from South Korea provides insights into softshell evolution and aquatic ecology" (in en). Swiss Journal of Palaeontology 144 (1). doi:10.1186/s13358-025-00415-z. ISSN 1664-2376. 
  12. ↑ Kim, D. H.; Lee, Y.-N.; Ko, H.; Park, J.-Y.; Kim, S.-H.; Lee, S.; Jung, S.-H.; Kong, D.-Y. (2023). "The first adocid turtle in South Korea (Lower Cretaceous) and the early evolution of the Adocidae". Cretaceous Research 151: 105665. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2023.105665. Bibcode: 2023CrRes.15105665K. 
  13. ↑ Yun, Cheol-Soo; Baek, Kwang-Seok; Jeong, Young-Hyeon (2007). "Cretaceous reptilian teeth from the Gyeongsang Basin". Journal of the Paleontological Society of Korea 23 (1): 27–47. 
  14. ↑ Lee, Hang-Jae. A New Protosuchian (Archosauria: Crocodyliformes) Skull from the Hasandong Formation (Lower Cretaceous) of Hadong, Korea. Master's thesis, Chungnam National University, 2005.
  15. ↑ Park, J.-Y.; Lee, S.; Kim, S.-H.; Son, M.; Lee, Y.-N. (2020). "A pterosaur wing phalanx from the Lower Cretaceous Hasandong Formation of Hadong-gun, Gyeongsangnam-do, South Korea". Journal of the Geological Society of Korea 56 (1): 77–84. doi:10.14770/jgsk.2020.56.1.77. http://jgsk.or.kr/xml/23133/23133.pdf. 
  16. ↑ Yun, Chan-Gyu (2021). "Boreopterid pterosaur fossils from South Korea reconsidered". New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin 82: 567–568. 
  17. ↑ Yun, Chan-Gyu (2024). "Geometric morphometric approach to establish phylogenetic affinities of enigmatic pterosaur specimens from the Lower Cretaceous of South Korea". Acta Palaeontologica Romaniae 20 (1): 77–86. doi:10.35463/j.apr.2024.01.06. 
  18. ↑ Yang, S.Y. (2015). "Study history and research ethics of the dinosaur, pterosaur and bird tracks from Korea". Journal of the Geological Society of Korea 51 (2): 127–140. doi:10.14770/jgsk.2015.51.2.127. 
  19. ↑ Lim, Jong-Deock; Baek, Kwang-Seok; Yang, Seung Young (2002). "A new record of a pterosaur from the Early Cretaceous of Korea". Current Science 82 (10): 1208–1210. https://www.jstor.org/stable/24107042. 
  20. ↑ "New information on Lonchognathosaurus (Pterosauria: Dsungaripteridae) from the Lower Cretaceous of the southern Junggar Basin (NW China)". Cretaceous Research 124. 2021. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2021.104808. Bibcode: 2021CrRes.12404808A. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0195667121000550. 
  21. ↑ Choi, Seung; Lee, Yuong-Nam (2017-12-01). "A review of vertebrate body fossils from the Korean Peninsula and perspectives" (in en). Geosciences Journal 21 (6): 867–889. doi:10.1007/s12303-017-0040-6. ISSN 1598-7477. Bibcode: 2017GescJ..21..867C. 
  22. ↑ Chan-gyu Yun (2020). "A Carcharodontosaurid tooth from the Hasandong Formation (Lower Cretaceous) of South Korea.". Mongolian Geoscientist 50: 2–10. doi:10.5564/mgs.v50i0.1325. 
  23. ↑ Lee, Yuong-Nam (2007). "New theropod teeth from the Juji Island (Hasandong Formation), Daedo-ri, Hadong County, South Gyeongsang Province". Journal of the Geological Society of Korea 43 (2): 151–166. 
  24. ↑ Lee, Yuong-Nam; Lee, Hang-Jae (2007). "The first ornithopod tooth in Korea.". Journal of the Paleontological Society of Korea 23 (213–225). 
  25. ↑ Lee, Yuong-Nam; Yang, Seong-Young; Park, Eun-Ju (1997). "Sauropod dinosaur remains from the Gyeongsang Supergroup, Korea.". Paleontological Society of Korea Special Publication 2: 103–114. 
  26. ↑ Park, Eun-Ju; Yang, Seong-Young; Currie, Phillip J. (2000). "Early Cretaceous dinosaur teeth of Korea". Paleontological Society of Korea Special Publication 4: 85–98. 
  27. ↑ Z. Dong, I. S. Paik, and H. J. Kim. 2001. A preliminary report on a sauropod from the Hasandong Formation (Lower Cretaceous), Korea. In T. Deng, Y. Wang (eds.), Proceedings of the Eighth Annual Meeting of the Chinese Society of Vertebrate Paleontology 41-53.
  28. ↑ Park, J.-Y. (2016). "Comments on the validity of the taxonomic status of "Pukyongosaurus" (Dinosauria: Sauropoda)". Memoir of the Fukui Prefectural Dinosaur Museum 15: 27–32. https://www.dinosaur.pref.fukui.jp/archive/memoir/memoir015-027.pdf. 
  29. ↑ Lee, Yuong-Nam (2008-03-01). "The first tyrannosauroid tooth from Korea" (in en). Geosciences Journal 12 (1): 19–24. doi:10.1007/s12303-008-0003-z. ISSN 1598-7477. Bibcode: 2008GescJ..12...19L. 
  30. ↑ Yun, Cheol-Soo; Yang, Seong-Young (1997). "Dinosaur eggshells from the Hasandong Formation, Gyeongsang Supergroup, Korea". Journal of the Paleontological Society of Korea 13 (1): 21~36. 
  31. ↑ 31.00 31.01 31.02 31.03 31.04 31.05 31.06 31.07 31.08 31.09 31.10 31.11 Kim, J.Y.; Pickerill, R. (2002). "Cretaceous Nonmarine Trace Fossils from the Hasandong and Jinju Formations of the Namhae Area, Kyongsangnamdo, Southeast Korea". Ichnos 9 (1–2): 41–60. doi:10.1080/10420940190034076. 
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 32.2 Lee, Y.-N.; Lee, H.-J.; Lü, J.; Kobayashi, Y. (2008). "New pterosaur tracks from the Hasandong Formation (Lower Cretaceous) of Hadong County, South Korea". Cretaceous Research 29 (2): 345–353. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2007.05.004. Bibcode: 2008CrRes..29..345L. http://doc.rero.ch/record/16202/files/PAL_E3428.pdf. 
  33. ↑ Lee, H.J.; Lee, Y.N.; Fiorillo, A.R.; Lü, J. (2018). "Lizards ran bipedally 110 million years ago". Scientific Reports 8 (1): 2617. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-20809-z. PMID 29449576. Bibcode: 2018NatSR...8.2617L. 
  34. ↑ Kim, Kyung Soo; Lim, Jong Deock; Lockley, Martin G.; Kim, Dong Hee; Pinuela, Laura; Yoo, Jae Sang (2019). "Largest Cretaceous lizard track assemblage, new morphotypes and longest trackways comprise diverse components of an exceptional Korean Konservat-Lagerstätten ichnofauna" (in en). Scientific Reports 9 (1): 13278. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-49442-0. PMID 31527673. Bibcode: 2019NatSR...913278K. 
  35. ↑ J.-Y., Kim; I. S., Paik (1997). "Nonmarine Diplocraterion luniforme (Blanckenhorn 1916) from the Hasandong Formation (Cretaceous) of the Jinju area, Korea". Ichnos 5 (2): 131–138. doi:10.1080/10420949709386412. Bibcode: 1997Ichno...5..131K. 
  36. ↑ Kim, Jong-Heon; Nam, Kye-Soo; Lee, Seong-Bok; Jeon, Yeong-Seok (2016). "Fossil Plants from the Early Cretaceous Hasandong Formation of Chilgok Area, Korea". Journal of the Korean Earth Science Society 37 (5): 295−308. doi:10.5467/JKESS.2016.37.5.295. https://koreascience.kr/article/JAKO201630765906942.pdf. 

Bibliography



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