Earth:Jinju Formation

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Jinju Formation
Stratigraphic range: Albian
~112.4–106.5 Ma
TypeGeological formation
Unit ofShindong Group
UnderliesChilgog Formation, Iljig Formation
OverliesHasandong Formation
Thickness1,000–1,800 m (3,300–5,900 ft)
Lithology
PrimaryShale
OtherSandstone
Location
Coordinates [ ⚑ ] : 35°06′N 128°06′E / 35.1°N 128.1°E / 35.1; 128.1
Paleocoordinates [ ⚑ ] 44°18′N 122°42′E / 44.3°N 122.7°E / 44.3; 122.7
RegionGyeongsang Province
CountrySouth Korea
ExtentGyeongsang Basin(:ko:경상 분지)
Type section
Named forJinju
Named byTateiwa, 1929[1]
Jinju Formation is located in South Korea
Jinju Formation
Jinju Formation (South Korea)

The Jinju Formation (Korean: 진주층; Hanja: 晋州層; RR: Jinju-cheung), also known as the Dongmyeong Formation (Korean: 동명층; Hanja: 東明層; RR: Dongmyeong-cheung) in some literature is an Early Cretaceous geologic formation in South Korea.[2] Dinosaur remains are among the fossils that have been recovered from the formation, although none have yet been referred to a specific genus.[3] The depositional age of this formation spans from approximately 112.4 ± 1.3 to 106.5 million years ago (early Albian) based on detrital zircon U-Pb dating.[4] It predominantly consists of black shale, with sandstone packets, deposited in a fluvial-lacustrine setting.

A diverse arthropod fauna, including isopods, spiders, and insects, is known from the formation. Other notable fossils known from the formation include several freshwater fishes, ostracods, and plants. This formation has also "attracted global ichnological attention" for the variety of important ichnofossils.[5] Columnar and rod-shaped stromatolites have also been found here.[6]

Fossil content

Plants

Plants of the Jinju Formation
Genus Species Region Member Material Notes Image
Cupressinocladus C. sp.[7] The presence of this conifer indicates that a mixed type of the Tetori-Type and the Ryoseki-Type flora existed in this formation.
Ruffordia R. sp.[8] Schizaeaceae ferns
Cladophlebis C. sp.[8]
Sphenopteris S. sp.[8]
Onychiopsis O. elongata[9] leptosporangiate ferns
Brachyphyllum B. japonicum[9]
Equisetum E. cf. burchardti[10]

Spiders

Spiders of the Jinju Formation[11]
Genus Species Region Member Material Notes Image
Korearachne K. jinju Jinju likely to be a lycosoid
Koreamegops K. samsiki Jinju a lagonomegopid
Jinjumegops J. dalingwateri Jinju a lagonomegopid
Mygalomorphae indeterminate Jinju
Araneomorphae indeterminate Jinju
Palpimanoidea indeterminate Jinju
"Cribellate Entelegynae"
  • "species 1"
  • "species 2"
 Jinju

Insects

Odonata

Dragonflies and damselflies of the Jinju Formation
Genus Species Region Member Material Notes Image
Hemeroscopus H. baissicus[12][13] Sacheon and Jinju Both nymphs and adults
Koreapodagrion K. coloratus[14] Jinju Isolated wings

Dermaptera

Earwigs of the Jinju Formation
Genus Species Region Member Material Notes Image
cf. Pygidicranoidea[15] indeterminate

Orthoptera

Orthopterans of the Jinju Formation
Genus Species Region Member Material Notes Image
Panorpidium P. spica[16] A member of Elcanidae

Dictyoptera

Dictyopterans of the Jinju Formation[17]
Genus Species Region Member Material Notes Image
Cretophotina C. smidovae A member of Mantodea
Juramantis
  • J. jinjuensis
  • J. geongonrigam
Bubosa B. petrarosa A member of Blattidae
Neoblattella N. coockrock A member of Ectobiidae
Perlucipecta
  • P. jinjuicola
  • P. cyclopica
  • P. major
 A member of Mesoblattinidae
Praeblattella
  • P. tinctoria
  • P. decolor
Mongoloblatta M. koreaensis
Archimesoblatta A. basopicta
Spinaeblattina S. variabilitta
Jinjublatta J. cascadaerrorum
Stictolampra S. baqueuii A member of Blaberidae
Holocompsa H. scleroptera A member of Corydiidae
Ioouoonool I. taktobybolo
Asioblatta A. jeongchonensis A member of Raphidiomimidae
Cameloblatta C. immaculata
Tayphoonoblatta T. correntini
Ano A. ale A member of Liberiblattinidae
Brutalista B. masivny
Blattula B. pessimusestfinis A member of Blattulidae
Elisama
  • E. baeki
  • E. simplex
Ocellonlattula O. gyongsangensis
Vrtula V. jinjuensis
Memento M. futuri A member of Caloblattinidae
Sclerotermes[18] S. samsiki Jinju A termite known only from an isolated wing, uncertain placement
Umenocoleus[19] U. minimus A member of Umenocoleidae
Pseudoblattapterix[19] P. weoni
Petropterix[19]
  • P. koreaensis
  • P. oculata
  • P. nikdyviac
Blattapterix B. reticulata
Alienopterus A. imposter A member of Alienopteridae
Recyklovany R. koltoc
Caputoraptor C. ganggu
Indeterminate 5 indeterminate taxa

Hemiptera

Hemipterans of the Jinju Formation
Genus Species Region Member Material Notes Image
Corixidae[20] indeterminate Sacheon Not fully described
Jinjucixius J. fui[21] Jinju A member of Cixiidae
Jinjupopovina J. eosahwae[22] Jinju A member of Yuripopovinidae

Hymenoptera

Hymenopterans of the Jinju Formation
Genus Species Region Member Material Notes Image
Korehelorus K. jinjuensis[23] Jinju A parasitic wasp belonging to the family Heloridae
Hanguksyntexis H. haeretica[24] Jinju A sawfly belonging to the family Anaxyelidae
Cretosphecium C. jinjuensis[25] Jinju A wasp belonging to the family Angarosphecidae

Raphidioptera

Snakeflies of the Jinju Formation
Genus Species Region Member Material Notes Image
Mesoraphidia[26]
  • M. koreensis
  • M. phantasma
 A member of Mesoraphidiidae

Neuroptera

Lacewings of the Jinju Formation
Genus Species Region Member Material Notes Image
Tachinymphes T. koraiensis[27] A member of the family Mesochrysopidae.
Araripeneura A. asiatica[28] A member of Araripeneuridae
Araripenymphes A. koreicus[28] A member of Cratosmylidae

Coleoptera

Beetles of the Jinju Formation[29]
Genus Species Region Member Material Notes Image
Coptoclava[30] C. sp. Jinju and Gunwi Nymph remains abundant; Adult remains relatively rare A member of the extinct family Coptoclavidae. Similar to C. longipoda, but assigned to a yet undescribed species since C. longipoda is usually considered to be a species complex. frameless
Megalithomerus[31] M. magolhalmii A member of Elateridae
Koreagrypnus[31] K. jinju
Cretosaja[32] C. jinjuensis A member of Silphidae
Notocupes[33] N. premeris A member of Archostemata
Asiana[34] A. pax
Brochocoleus[34] B. sacheonensis A member of Ommatidae
B. cf. punctatus
Omma[34] O. sp.
Zygadenia[34] Z. cornigera
Laetopsia[35] L. leei A member of Hydrophiloidea
L. cf. hydraneoides
L. sp.
Cretotaenia[35] C. pallida
Psacodromeus[36] P. recta A member of Trachypachidae
Necronectulus[36] N. lazarus

Diptera

Flies of the Jinju Formation
Genus Species Region Member Material Notes Image
Buccinatormyia[37] B. gangnami A member of the family Zhangsolvidae. Named after Gangnam Style, the famous K-Pop hit song

Crustaceans

Isopoda

Isopods of the Jinju Formation
Genus Species Region Member Material Notes Image
Archaeoniscus[20] A. coreaensis Sacheon and Jinju A freshwater occurrence of the genus Archaeoniscus frameless

Ostracoda

Ostracods of the Jinju Formation[38][39]
Genus Species Region Member Material Notes Image
Scabriculocypris S. yanbianensis Jeongcheon
Cypridea
  • C. jinjuria
  • C. khandae
  • C. samesi[40]
 C. jinjuria in Gwanghyeon
Mongolocypris M. kohi[41]
Lycopterocypris L. cf. celsa Jeongcheon
Candona C. sp.
Djungarica D. sp. Jeongcheon
Rhinocypris R. sp. Previously assigned to as Ilyocypris sp.

Spinicaudata

Clam shrimps of the Jinju Formation
Genus Species Region Member Material Notes Image
Yanjiestheria[42]
  • Y. kyongsangensis
  • Y. chekiangensis
  • Y. cf. wannanensis
  • Y. jinjuensis
  • Y. sp.

Vertebrates

Source:[43]

Actinopterygii

Fishes of the Jinju Formation[44]
Genus Species Region Member Material Notes Image
Wakinoichthys[45] W. aokii Multiple complete skeletons An osteoglossiform frameless
Jinjuichthys[46] J. cheongi Jinju Articulated skeletons A possible ichthyodectiform, though this classification remains controversial[47] frameless
Albuliformes indeterminate
Sinamia S. sp. Articulated incomplete tail An amiiform
Lepidotes L. sp. Articulated skeleton, missing the anterior part of the head Largest fish found in this formation, reaching 40 cm (1.3 ft) in total length.
Elopiformes indeterminate A small fish, reaching 3 cm (1.2 in) in total length. frameless

Archosauria

Reptiles of the Jinju Formation
Genus Species Region[48] Member Material Notes Image
Crocodyliformes indet.[49] Goryeong a right mandible
Titanosauriformes indet.[50][51] Sacheon and Goryeong teeth A tooth from Sacheon was initially suggested to be of Asian Brachiosaurid by Lim, Martin and Baek (2001), but Barrett et al. (2002) and Choi & Lee (2017) consider it to be indeterminate titanosauriform. Meanwhile, another tooth from Goryeong was suggested to be of Diplodocoidea by Yun et al. (2007), but Choi and Lee (2017) also considered it indeterminate titanosauriform.
Pterodactyloidea indet.[50][52] Goryeong teeth While the KPE 40001 suggested to be of Boreopterid origin by Choi & Lee (2017), Yun (2021) and Yun (2024) consider them to be Anhanguerian instead based on the morphological disparity from Boreopteridae and the results of two-dimensional geometric morphometric analyses.[53][54]

Mollusks

Bivalvia

Bivalves of the Jinju Formation[55]
Genus Species Region Member Material Notes Image
Plicatounio P. naktongensis
Nagdongia N. soni The genus Nagdongia is considered to be synonymous with Nakamuranaia by some.
Trigonioides T. jaehoi
Sphaerium S. coreanicum[56]

Gastropoda

Gastropods of the Jinju Formation[8]
Genus Species Region Member Material Notes Image
Brotiopsis B. kobayashi Dominant gastropod of the formation
Thiara T. sp.
Viviparus[57] V. sp.

Ichnofossils

Unnamed ichnofossils from the Jinju Formation include Ornithopod tracks and Caddisfly bioherms.[6]

Ichnofossils of the Jinju Formation
Ichnogenus Ichnospecies Region Member Material Notes Image
Gyeongsangsauropus[58] G. isp. Jinju Sauropod tracks
Grallator[59] G. isp. Jinju Theropod track; similar to the ichnospecies G. yangi
Corpulentapus[59] C. isp. Jinju Theropod track
Asianopodus[59] A. isp. Jinju Theropod track
Minisauripus M. isp.[5] Jinju One of the smallest known theropod tracks. Currently the oldest record of this ichnogenus from South Korea. frameless
Dromaeosauriformipes[60] D. rarus Jinju The smallest known non-avian dinosaur didactyl tracks possibly made by a small microraptorine, with indication of important flight behaviors such as flap-running, take-off, and landing.[61] frameless
Dromaeosauripus[62] D. jinjuensis Namhae[48] Didactyl tracks made by a 40 cm (1.3 ft) tall dromaeosaur.
Ignotornis I. seoungjoseoi[63] Sacheon Bird Track
Jindongornipes J. isp.[63] Sacheon Bird Track
Koreasaltipes[64] K. jinjuensis Jinju[48] Traces left by a hopping mammal
Neosauroides N. innovatus[65] Jinju The largest reported lizard trackway in South Korea. frameless
cf. Chelichnus[66] Sacheon[48] Turtle trackway; first identified as Chelonipus isp.[67]
Ranipes[66] indeterminate Jinju Oldest known frog trackway. Made by a species that hopped in short distances.
Crocodylopodus[68] C. isp. Sacheon and Jinju First report of this ichnogenus from Asia.
Batrachopus B. grandis[69] Sacheon Archosaur track made by either a bipedal crocodylomorph or therizinosaur;[70] the pterosaur trackway ichnospecies Haenamichnus gainensis from the Haman Formation is now assigned to this species as B. cf. grandis.[69] Paleontologist James I. Kirkland expresses doubts on the ichnogenus assignment.[71]
Pteraichnus Pterosaur trackway. P. seopoensis is currently a naked name, since it was only described in a master's thesis.
Lockeia L. gigantus[57] Resting trace, made by bivalve tracemakers
Diplichnites D. isp.[8] Arthropod tracks
Coclichnus C. isp.[8] Trace by Annelida tracemakers
Radialimbricatus[74] R. bitoensis Potential tracemakers include arthropods, cnidarians or annelids
Protovirgularia[75] P. dichotoma First nonmarine occurrence of this ichnotaxon; possibly made by larvae of dragonfly[76]
Fictovichnus[77] indeterminate Probable insect cocoon or pupation chamber; the earliest record of an insect pupation structure probably associated with a burrow
Chondrites C. isp.[78]
Palaeophycus P. tubularis[78]
Helminthopsis H. hieroglyphica[78]
Skolithos S. magnus[78]
Taenidium T. barretti[78]
Torrowangea T. rosei[78]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Tateiwa, Iwao (1929). "Geologic Atlas of Korea, No. 10, Gyeongju, Yeongcheon, Daegu, Waegwan Sheets". Geological Survey of Chosen (Korea). 
  2. ↑ Jinju Formation in the Paleobiology Database
  3. ↑ Weishampel, David B.; Barrett, Paul M.; Coria, Rodolfo A.; Le Loueff, Jean; Xu, Xing; Zhao, Xijin; Sahni, Ashok; Gomani, Emily M.P. et al. (2004). "Dinosaur distribution". in Weishampel, David B.; Dodson, Peter; Osmólska, Halszka. The Dinosauria (Second ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 517–607. ISBN 978-0-520-24209-8. https://archive.org/details/dinosauriandedit00weis. 
  4. ↑ Chae, Yong-Un; Lim, Jong Deock; Kim, Cheong-Bin; Kim, Kyung Soo; Ha, Sujin; Lim, Hyoun Soo (2020). "Detrital zircon U-Pb ages of the uppermost Jinju Formation in the Natural Monument No. 534 'Tracksite of Pterosaurs, Birds, and Dinosaurs in Hotandong, Jinju', Korea". Journal of the Korean Earth Science Society 41 (4): 367−380. doi:10.5467/JKESS.2020.41.4.367. http://www.koreascience.or.kr/article/JAKO202025863869436.pdf. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Kim, Kyung Soo; Lockley, Martin G.; Lim, Jong Deock; Xing, Lida (2019). "Exquisitely-preserved, high-definition skin traces in diminutive theropod tracks from the Cretaceous of Korea". Scientific Reports 9 (1): 2039. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-38633-4. PMID 30765802. Bibcode: 2019NatSR...9.2039K. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Paik, I.S. (2005). "The oldest record of microbial-caddisfly bioherms from the Early Cretaceous Jinju Formation, Korea: occurrence and palaeoenvironmental implications". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 218 (3−4): 301−315. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2004.12.020. Bibcode: 2005PPP...218..301P. http://palaeoentomolog.ru/Lib/paik.pdf. 
  7. ↑ Kim, Jong-Heon (2009). "New occurrence of Cupressinocladus sp. from the Lower Cretaceous Jinju Formation, Shindong Group, Korea". Journal of the Korean Earth Science Society 30 (5): 605−610. doi:10.5467/JKESS.2009.30.5.605. https://koreascience.kr/article/JAKO200919061729311.pdf. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 Paik, In Sung; Kim, Hyun Joo; Kim, Seongyeong; Lee, Jeong Eun; So, Yoon Hwan; Lee, Hoil (2019-10-31). "Fossil-bearing deposits in the Jinju Formation at Jinju: Occurrences, paleoenvironments and stratigraphic implications" (in en). Journal of the Geological Society of Korea 55 (5): 513–530. doi:10.14770/jgsk.2019.55.5.513. ISSN 0435-4036. http://www.jgsk.or.kr/xml/21650/21650.pdf. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Kim, Jong-Heon; Nam, Kye-Soo; Lee, Seong-Bok; Jeon, Yeong-Seok (2016). "Fossil Plants from the Early Cretaceous Hasandong Formation of Chilgok Area, Korea". Journal of the Korean Earth Science Society 37 (5): 295−308. doi:10.5467/JKESS.2016.37.5.295. https://koreascience.kr/article/JAKO201630765906942.pdf. 
  10. ↑ Lee, Jaemin (2025). "Deep time evolution of tubers in Equisetum and the broader sphenophytes". International Journal of Plant Sciences. doi:10.1086/735612. 
  11. ↑ Park, Tae-Yoon S.; Nam, Kye-Soo; Selden, Paul A. (2019-08-03). "A diverse new spider (Araneae) fauna from the Jinju Formation, Cretaceous (Albian) of Korea" (in en). Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 17 (15): 1271–1297. doi:10.1080/14772019.2018.1525441. ISSN 1477-2019. Bibcode: 2019JSPal..17.1271P. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14772019.2018.1525441. 
  12. ↑ Ueda, Kyoichiro; Kim, Taewan; Aoki, Tateyu (2005). "A new record of Early Cretaceous fossil dragonfly from Korea". Bulletin of the Kitakyushu Museum of Natural History and Human History, Series A (Natural History) 3: 145–152. doi:10.34522/kmnh.3.0_145. 
  13. ↑ Nam, Kye-Soo; Kim, Jong-Heon (2016). "Reconstruction and Paleoecological implications of Dragonfly Hemeroscopus baissicus Pritykina 1977 (Hemeroscopidae) from the Lower Cretaceous Jinju Formation in the Jinju area, Korea.". Journal of the Geological Society of Korea 52 (2): 102–112. doi:10.14770/jgsk.2016.52.2.105. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/304562246. 
  14. ↑ Nel, André; Nam, Gi-Soo; Jouault, Corentin (2025-01-06). "A new Early Cretaceous 'megapodagrionid' genus (Zygoptera: Coenagriomorpha) from the Jinju Formation of the Republic of Korea". Palaeoworld. doi:10.1016/j.palwor.2025.200908. ISSN 1871-174X. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1871174X25000010. 
  15. ↑ Engel, Michael A.; Lim, Jong-Deock; Baek, Kwang-Seok; Martin, Larry D. (2002). "An Earwig from the Lower Cretaceous of Korea (Dermaptera: Forficulina)". Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 75 (2): 86–90. 
  16. ↑ Kim, Do-Yoon; Lee, Mirinae; Nam, Gi-Soo; Park, Tae-Yoon S. (2021). "The first orthopteran fossils from the Lower Cretaceous (Albian) Jinju Formation of Korea: Ethological implications for elcanids". Cretaceous Research 125. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2021.104843. Bibcode: 2021CrRes.12504843K. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0195667121000902. 
  17. ↑ Vršanský, Peter; Lee, Soo Bin; Sohn, Jae-Cheon; Vršanská, Lucia; Jang, Jun-Hyeok; Nam, Gi Soo (May 15, 2025). "Jinju cockroaches". Amba projekty 15 (1): 1-151. https://geo.sav.sk/files/vrsansky/VrsanskyEtAl_2025.pdf. 
  18. ↑ Jouault, Corentin; Nam, Gi-Soo (2022-07-07). "A new primitive termite from the lower cretaceous (Albian) Jinju Formation of Korea" (in en). Historical Biology 35 (9): 1522–1527. doi:10.1080/08912963.2022.2098490. ISSN 0891-2963. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/08912963.2022.2098490. 
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 Lee, Soo Bin; Nam, Gi Soo; Nel, André; Park, Jong Kyun (February 2025). "A new Albian genus and species and two other new species of Umenocoleidae (Dictyoptera) from South Korea". Cretaceous Research 166. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2024.106013. 
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Park, Tae-Yoon; Wilson, George D. F.; Lee, Dong-Chan; Choi, Duck K. (2012). "Occurrence of the Isopod Archaeoniscus coreaensis New Species from the Lower Cretaceous Jinju Formation, Korea". Journal of Paleontology 86 (4): 626–640. doi:10.1666/11-131R.1. Bibcode: 2012JPal...86..626P. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259453671. 
  21. ↑ Boderau, Mathieu; Nam, Gi-Soo; Jouault, Corentin; Nel, André (2025-09-01). "The first cixiid planthopper (Fulgoromorpha: Cixiidae) from Lower Cretaceous Jinju Formation (Republic of Korea)". Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology. doi:10.1016/j.aspen.2025.102472. ISSN 1226-8615. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1226861525001037. 
  22. ↑ Sohn, J.-C.; Nam, G. S. (2024). "New fossil genus and species of Yuripopovinidae (Insecta: Heteroptera, Coreoidea) from the Lower Cretaceous Jinju Formation, South Korea, with insights into the evolution of exaggerated antennae in the family". Cretaceous Research 158: 105847. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2024.105847. Bibcode: 2024CrRes.15805847S. 
  23. ↑ Rosse-Guillevic, Simon; Rasnitsyn, Alexandr P.; Nam, Gi-Soo; Jouault, Corentin (April 2023). "The first Heloridae (Hymenoptera: Proctotrupoidea) from the Albian of the Republic of Korea: inferences about the relict diversity of the family" (in en). Cretaceous Research 151. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2023.105564. Bibcode: 2023CrRes.15105564R. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0195667123000927. 
  24. ↑ Rosse-Guillevic, Simon; Kopylov, Dmitry S.; Rasnitsyn, Alexander P.; Nam, Gi-Soo; Kwon, Seung-Hyuk; Jouault, Corentin (August 2023). "Blurring the limits of anaxyelid subfamilies: a new genus and species (Hymenoptera: Anaxyelidae) from the Albian of the Republic of Korea" (in en). Palaeoentomology 6 (4): 424–434. doi:10.11646/palaeoentomology.6.4.13. Bibcode: 2023Plegy...6.4.13R. https://www.mapress.com/pe/article/view/palaeoentomology.6.4.13. 
  25. ↑ Jouault, Corentin; Kwon, Seung-Hyuk; Nam, Gi-Soo (2025). "A new species of Cretosphecium (Hymenoptera: Angarosphecidae) from the lower Albian Jinju Formation of South Korea". Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology 49 (1): 62–68. doi:10.1080/03115518.2024.2425623. ISSN 0311-5518. 
  26. ↑ Engel, Michael S; Lim J.-D.; Baek, K.-S. (2006-04-25). "Fossil snakeflies from the Early Cretaceous of southern Korea (Raphidioptera: Mesoraphidiidae)" (in en). Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Monatshefte 2006 (4): 249–256. doi:10.1127/njgpm/2006/2006/249. ISSN 0028-3630. http://www.schweizerbart.de/papers/njgpm/detail/2006/91564/Fossil_snakeflies_from_the_Early_Cretaceous_of_sou?af=crossref. 
  27. ↑ Khramov, A.V.; Nam, G.S. (2020). "The First Record of Lacewings (Insecta: Neuroptera: Mesochrysopidae) from the Lower Cretaceous of South Korea". Paleontological Journal 54 (6): 613–616. doi:10.1134/S003103012005007X. Bibcode: 2020PalJ...54..613K. 
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 Khramov, Alexander V.; Nam, Gi-Soo (October 2024). "Discovery of supposedly "Gondwanan" myrmeleontoids (Neuroptera) in the Lower Cretaceous of South Korea". Cretaceous Research 166. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2024.106024. 
  29. ↑ Lee, S.B.; Li, Y.-D.; Cai, C.; Engel, M.S.; Nam, G.S.; Park, J.K.; Nel, A.; Jenkins Shaw, J. et al. (2024). "Cretaceous beetles of the Jinju Formation (Coleoptera): An overview of the Jinju Formation, its coleopteran diversity, and past and future research". Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology 27 (2). doi:10.1016/j.aspen.2024.102236. Bibcode: 2024JAsPE..2702236L. 
  30. ↑ Nam, K.S.; Park, T.Y.; Kim, Y.H. (2013-12-31). "Preliminary research on the aquatic coleopteran, Coptoclava from the Early Cretaceous Jinju Formation". Journal of the Geological Society of Korea 49 (6): 617–624. doi:10.14770/jgsk.2013.49.6.617. http://jgsk.or.kr/_common/do.php?a=full&bidx=130&aidx=1467. 
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 Sohn, Jae-Cheon; Nam, Gi Soo; Choi, Sei-Woong; Ren, Dong (2019-12-11). Robillard, Tony. ed. "New fossils of Elateridae (Insecta, Coleoptera) from Early Cretaceous Jinju Formation (South Korea) with their implications to evolutionary diversity of extinct Protagrypninae" (in en). PLOS ONE 14 (12). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0225502. ISSN 1932-6203. PMID 31826006. Bibcode: 2019PLoSO..1425502S. 
  32. ↑ Sohn, Jae-Cheon; Nam, Gi Soo (2021). "New fossil genus and species of carrion beetle (Coleoptera, Silphidae) from the Lower Cretaceous Jinju Formation, South Korea" (in en). Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology 24 (3): 584–587. doi:10.1016/j.aspen.2021.05.003. Bibcode: 2021JAsPE..24..584S. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1226861521000650. 
  33. ↑ Lee, Soo Bin; Nam, Gi Soo; Li, Yan-Da (2022). "A new species of Notocupes (Coleoptera: Archostemata) from the Lower Cretaceous (Albian) Jinju Formation in South Korea". Cretaceous Research 140. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2022.105357. Bibcode: 2022CrRes.14005357L. 
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 34.2 34.3 Lee, S.B.; Nam, G.S.; Park, J.K.; Lee, B.H.; Li, Y.-D. (2023). "Cretaceous beetles of the Jinju Formation (Coleoptera): Archostemata". Palaeoentomology 6 (5): 496–506. doi:10.11646/PALAEOENTOMOLOGY.6.5.8. Bibcode: 2023Plegy...6..5.8L. 
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 Lee, Soo-Bin; Cai, Chen-Yang; Engel, Michael S.; Nam, Gi-Soo; Park, Jong-Kyun (29 June 2024). "Cretaceous beetles of the Jinju Formation (Coleoptera: Hydrophiloidea)". Palaeoentomology 7 (3): 443–452. doi:10.11646/PALAEOENTOMOLOGY.7.3.14. Bibcode: 2024Plegy...7..443L. 
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 Lee, Soo Bin; Nam, Gi Soo; Park, Jong Kyun (31 December 2024). "Cretaceous beetles from Jinju Formation: Trachypachidae (Coleoptera: Adephaga)". Zootaxa 5562 (1): 94–106. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.5562.1.12. ISSN 1175-5334. https://mapress.com/zt/article/view/zootaxa.5562.1.12. 
  37. ↑ Khramov, Alexander V.; Nam, Gi-Soo; Vasilenko, Dmitry V. (2020-01-02). "First long-proboscid flies (Diptera: Zhangsolvidae) from the Lower Cretaceous of South Korea" (in en). Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology 44 (1): 160–168. doi:10.1080/03115518.2019.1664634. ISSN 0311-5518. Bibcode: 2020Alch...44..160K. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03115518.2019.1664634. 
  38. ↑ Choi, Byung-Do; Jia, Baoyan; Huh, Min; Jung, Jongyun; Wang, Yaqiong (2021-11-01). "Taxonomy, biostratigraphic and paleoecological aspects of non-marine ostracod fauna from the Jinju Formation (Albian) of the Gyeongsang Basin, South Korea". Cretaceous Research 127: 104944. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2021.104944. ISSN 0195-6671. Bibcode: 2021CrRes.12704944C. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0195667121001920. 
  39. ↑ Choi, Byung-Do; Wang, Yaqiong (2025). "Cretaceous non-marine ostracod faunas of South Korea: Synthesis of taxonomy, biostratigraphy and paleoecology". Cretaceous Research 168: 106070. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2024.106070. Bibcode: 2025CrRes.16806070C. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S019566712400243X. 
  40. ↑ Choi, Byung-Do; Wang, Ya-Qiong; Huh, Min (2018-09-01). "Cypridea species (Crustacea, Ostracoda) from the Lower Cretaceous Jinju Formation of the Gyeongsang Basin, South Korea". Palaeoworld 27 (3): 382–391. doi:10.1016/j.palwor.2018.03.005. ISSN 1871-174X. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1871174X17301373. 
  41. ↑ Choi, Byung-Do; Huh, Min (2016-01-01). "Mongolocypris kohi sp. nov.: A new Early Cretaceous non-marine ostracod species from the Jinju Formation, South Korea". Cretaceous Research 57: 239–247. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2015.09.008. ISSN 0195-6671. Bibcode: 2016CrRes..57..239C. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0195667115300665. 
  42. ↑ Park, Sun-Ok; Chang, Ki-Hong (1998). "Some Cretaceous conchostracans of Kyongsang basin". Journal of the Paleontological Society of Korea 14 (2): 179–199. 
  43. ↑ Choi, Seung; Lee, Yuong-Nam (2017). "A review of vertebrate body fossils from the Korean Peninsula and perspectives" (in en). Geosciences Journal 21 (6): 867–889. doi:10.1007/s12303-017-0040-6. ISSN 1226-4806. Bibcode: 2017GescJ..21..867C. http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s12303-017-0040-6. 
  44. ↑ Yabumoto, Y.; Yang, S.Y.; Kim, T.W. (2006). "Early Cretaceous freshwater fishes from Japan and Korea". Journal of the Paleontological Society of Korea 22 (1): 119–132. https://cactus.utahtech.edu/jharris/Yabumotoetal_fish.pdf. 
  45. ↑ Yabumoto, Yoshitaka; Yang, Seong-Young (2000). "The first record of the Early Cretaceous freshwater fish, Wakinoichthys aokii, from Korea". Bulletin of the Kitakyushu Museum of Natural History 19: 105–110. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/256835493. 
  46. ↑ Kim, Haang-Mook; Chang, Mee-Mann; Wu, Feixiang; Kim, Yang-Hee (2014). "A new ichthyodectiform (Pisces, Teleostei) from the Lower Cretaceous of South Korea and its paleobiogeographic implication" (in en). Cretaceous Research 47: 117–130. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2013.11.007. Bibcode: 2014CrRes..47..117K. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0195667113001778. 
  47. ↑ Alvarado-Ortega, Jesús (2024-12-29). "Amakusaichthys benammii sp. nov., a Campanian long-nose ichthyodectiform fish from the Tzimol Quarry, Chiapas, southeastern Mexico" (in English). Palaeontologia Electronica 27 (3): 1–37. doi:10.26879/1444. ISSN 1094-8074. https://palaeo-electronica.org/content/2024/5295-a-long-nose-ichthyodectiform. 
  48. ↑ 48.0 48.1 48.2 48.3 Kim, Jeong Yul; Huh, Min (2018). Dinosaurs, Birds, and Pterosaurs of Korea: A Paradise of Mesozoic Vertebrates. Springer Nature. ISBN 978-981-10-6998-7. https://www.geokniga.org/bookfiles/geokniga-dinosaurs.pdf. 
  49. ↑ Yun, Cheol-Soo; Lim, Jong-Deock; Yang, Seong-Young (May 10, 2004). "The first crocodyliform (Archosauria: Crocodylomorpha) from the Early Cretaceous of Korea". Current Science 86 (9): 1200–1201. https://doc.rero.ch/record/14743/files/PAL_E1870.pdf. 
  50. ↑ 50.0 50.1 Yun, Cheol-Soo; Baek, Kwang-Seok; Jeong, Young-Hyeon (2007). "Cretaceous reptilian teeth from the Gyeongsang Basin". Journal of the Paleontological Society of Korea 23 (1): 27–47. 
  51. ↑ Lim, J.-D.; Martin, L.D.; Baek, K.-S. (2001-02-01). "The first discovery of a brachiosaurid from the Asian continent" (in en). Naturwissenschaften 88 (2): 82–84. doi:10.1007/s001140000201. ISSN 1432-1904. PMID 11320893. Bibcode: 2001NW.....88...82L. 
  52. ↑ Yun, Cheol-Soo; Yang, Seong-Young (2001). "First discovery of big pterosaur teeth in Korea". Journal of the Paleontological Society of Korea 17 (2): 69–76. 
  53. ↑ Yun, Chan-Gyu (2021). "Boreopterid pterosaur fossils from South Korea reconsidered". New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin 82: 567–568. 
  54. ↑ Yun, Chan-Gyu (2024). "Geometric morphometric approach to establish phylogenetic affinities of enigmatic pterosaur specimens from the Lower Cretaceous of South Korea". Acta Palaeontologica Romaniae 20 (1): 77–86. doi:10.35463/j.apr.2024.01.06. 
  55. ↑ Yun, Cheol-Soo; Yang, Seung-Yeong (2004). "Three bivalve fossils from the Dongmyeong Formation of Gisan, Goryeong in Korea". Journal of the Paleontological Society of Korea 20 (2): 173–181. https://www.dbpia.co.kr/Journal/voisDetail?voisId=VOIS00066738. 
  56. ↑ Kozai, Takeshi; Ishida, Keisuke; Hirsch, Francis; Park, Sun-Ok; Chang, Ki-Hong (February 2005). "Early Cretaceous non-marine mollusc faunas of Japan and Korea". Cretaceous Research 26 (1): 97–112. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2004.11.003. Bibcode: 2005CrRes..26...97K. 
  57. ↑ 57.0 57.1 Kim, Kyung Soo; Kim, Jeong Yul (2008). "Lockeia gigantus ichnosp. nov. in the Lacustrine Deposits of the Early Cretaceous Jinju Formation, Southern Coast of Korea". Journal of the Korean Earth Science Society 29 (1): 13–28. doi:10.5467/JKESS.2008.29.1.013. ISSN 1225-6692. http://koreascience.or.kr/article/JAKO200812651515718.pdf. 
  58. ↑ Xing, Lida; Díaz-Martínez, Ignacio; Lallensack, Jens N.; Kim, Kyung Soo; Buckley, Lisa G.; Romilio, Anthony; Piñuela, Laura; Wang, Donghao et al. (2025). "Cretaceous vertebrate tracks". Vertebrate Ichnology: 479–747. doi:10.1016/B978-0-443-13837-9.00002-0. ISBN 978-0-443-13837-9. 
  59. ↑ 59.0 59.1 59.2 Kim, Kyung Soo; Lim, Jong Deock; Lockley, Martin G.; Xing, Lida; Ha, Su Jin; Kim, Cheong Bin; Paik, In Sung; Ahn, Jae Hong et al. (2018). "First reports of a distinctive theropod track assemblage from the Jinju Formation (Lower Cretaceous) of Korea provides strong correlations with China" (in en). Cretaceous Research 81: 26–35. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2017.08.005. Bibcode: 2018CrRes..81...26K. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0195667117300149. 
  60. ↑ Kim, Kyung Soo; Lim, Jong Deock; Lockley, Martin G.; Xing, Lida; Kim, Dong Hee; Piñuela, Laura; Romilio, Anthony; Yoo, Jae Sang et al. (2018-11-15). "Smallest known raptor tracks suggest microraptorine activity in lakeshore setting" (in en). Scientific Reports 8 (1): 16908. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-35289-4. ISSN 2045-2322. PMID 30442900. Bibcode: 2018NatSR...816908K. 
  61. ↑ Dececchi, T. A.; Kim, K. S.; Lockley, M. G.; Larsson, H. C. E.; Holtz, T. R.; Farlow, J. P.; Pittman, M. (2024). "Theropod trackways as indirect evidence of pre-avian aerial behavior". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 121 (44): e2413810121. doi:10.1073/pnas.2413810121. PMID 39432786. 
  62. ↑ Kim, Jeong Yul; Lockley, Martin G.; Woo, Jeong Ok; Kim, Sam Hyang (2012). "Unusual didactyl traces from the Jinju Formation (Early Cretaceous, South Korea) indicate a new ichnospecies of Dromaeosauripus". Ichnos: An International Journal for Plant and Animal Traces 19 (1–2): 75–83. doi:10.1080/10420940.2012.664054. Bibcode: 2012Ichno..19...75K. 
  63. ↑ 63.0 63.1 Kang, Seung Hyeop; Buckley, Lisa G.; McCrea, Richard T.; Kim, Kyung-Soo; Lockley, Martin G.; Lim, Jong Deock; Lim, Hyun Soo; Kim, Cheong-Bin (2021). "First report of bird tracks (Ignotornis seoungjoseoi ichnosp. nov.) from the Jinju Formation (Lower Cretaceous), Sacheon City, Korea". Cretaceous Research 127 (11). doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2021.104899. Bibcode: 2021CrRes.12704899K. 
  64. ↑ Kim, Kyung Soo; Lim, Jong Deock; Lockley, Martin G.; Xing, Lida; Choi, Yeongi (2017). "Korean trackway of a hopping, mammaliform trackmaker is first from the Cretaceous of Asia" (in en). Cretaceous Research 74: 188–191. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2017.02.005. Bibcode: 2017CrRes..74..188K. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0195667116303895. 
  65. ↑ Kim, Kyung Soo; Lim, Jong Deock; Lockley, Martin G.; Kim, Dong Hee; Pinuela, Laura; Yoo, Jae Sang (2019). "Largest Cretaceous lizard track assemblage, new morphotypes and longest trackways comprise diverse components of an exceptional Korean Konservat-Lagerstätten ichnofauna" (in en). Scientific Reports 9 (1): 13278. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-49442-0. PMID 31527673. Bibcode: 2019NatSR...913278K. 
  66. ↑ 66.0 66.1 Kim, Kyung Soo; Lockley, Martin G.; Lim, Jong Deock; Kim, Dong Hee (2019). "The oldest known anuran (frog) trackways from the Jinju Formation, Lower Cretaceous, Korea" (in en). Cretaceous Research 96: 142–148. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2018.12.008. Bibcode: 2019CrRes..96..142K. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0195667118304166. 
  67. ↑ Kim, J.-Y.; Lockley, M. (2016). "First report of turtle tracks from the Lower Cretaceous of Korea". Cretaceous Research 64: 1–6. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2016.03.014. Bibcode: 2016CrRes..64....1K. 
  68. ↑ Lockley, Martin G.; Lim, Jong Deock; Park, Hong Deock; Romilio, Anthony; Yoo, Jae Sang; Choi, Ji Won; Kim, Kyung Soo; Choi, Yeongi et al. (2020-07-01). "First reports of Crocodylopodus from East Asia: implications for the paleoecology of the Lower Cretaceous". Cretaceous Research 111. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2020.104441. ISSN 0195-6671. Bibcode: 2020CrRes.11104441L. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0195667119303477. 
  69. ↑ 69.0 69.1 Kim, Kyung Soo; Lockley, Martin G.; Lim, Jong Deock; Bae, Seul Mi; Romilio, Anthony (2020-06-11). "Trackway evidence for large bipedal crocodylomorphs from the Cretaceous of Korea" (in en). Scientific Reports 10 (1): 8680. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-66008-7. ISSN 2045-2322. PMID 32528068. Bibcode: 2020NatSR..10.8680K. 
  70. ↑ Sennikov, Andrey Gerasimovich (December 2021). "The Plantigrade Segnosaurians: Sloth Dinosaurs or Bear Dinosaurs?". Paleontological Journal 55 (10): 1158–1185. doi:10.1134/S0031030121100087. Bibcode: 2021PalJ...55.1158S. 
  71. ↑ Kirkland, James I. [@Paleojim] (Jun 24, 2022). "I am shocked at the degree of lumping needed to assign this ichnotaxon to Batrachopus... Over splitting is certainly a problem with tracks, but this goes a bit too far in the other direction. Otherwise a very interesting and important paper. Bipedal crocs.". https://twitter.com/Paleojim/status/1540083436659933185. 
  72. ↑ Ha, Sujin; Kim, Kyung Soo; Lim, Hyoun Soo; Lockley, Martin G.; Yoo, Jae Sang; Lim, Jong Deock (2022-03-01). "Diminutive pterosaur tracks and trackways (Pteraichnus gracilis ichnosp. nov.) from the Lower Cretaceous Jinju Formation, Gyeongsang Basin, Korea". Cretaceous Research 131. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2021.105080. ISSN 0195-6671. Bibcode: 2022CrRes.13105080H. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0195667121003281. 
  73. ↑ Ha, Sujin; Chae, Yong-Un; Lim, Jong Deock; Kim, Cheong-Bin; Lim, Hyoun Soo; Kim, Kyung Soo (2018-10-30). "Cretaceous Pterosaur Tracks in Daegok-ri, Ulju-gun, Ulsan: Spatio-temporal Distribution of Pterosaur in the Korean Peninsula". Journal of the Korean Earth Science Society 39 (5): 458–472. doi:10.5467/JKESS.2018.39.5.458. ISSN 1225-6692. http://jkess.org/journal/article.php?code=64342. 
  74. ↑ Lee, Dong-Chan (2017). "Radialimbricatus, a new ichnogenus from the lacustrine sandstone facies of the Lower Cretaceous Jinju Formation, South Korea" (in en). Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology 41 (3): 350–364. doi:10.1080/03115518.2017.1283053. Bibcode: 2017Alch...41..350L. 
  75. ↑ Kim, J.Y.; Kim, K.S.; Pickerill, R.P. (2000). "Trace Fossil Protovirgularia McCoy, 1850 from the Nonmarine Cretaceous Jinju formation of the Sacheon area, Korea". Journal of the Korean Earth Science Society 21 (6): 695–702. https://koreascience.kr/article/JAKO200020417564605.pdf. 
  76. ↑ Metz, R. (2003). "Nonmarine Cretaceous Protovirgularia: Possible Dragonfly Larva Tracemaker". Ichnos 9 (1–2): 75–76. doi:10.1080/10420940190034094. Bibcode: 2003Ichno...9...75M. 
  77. ↑ Lee, Dong-Chan (2018). "Probable insect cocoon or pupation chamber in a channel-fill sandstone bed of the Lower Cretaceous Jinju Formation, South Korea". Lethaia 51 (3): 433–443. doi:10.1111/let.12257. Bibcode: 2018Letha..51..433L. 
  78. ↑ 78.0 78.1 78.2 78.3 78.4 78.5 Kim, J.Y.; Pickerill, R. (2002). "Cretaceous Nonmarine Trace Fossils from the Hasandong and Jinju Formations of the Namhae Area, Kyongsangnamdo, Southeast Korea". Ichnos 9 (1–2): 41–60. doi:10.1080/10420940190034076. 

Bibliography



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