Earth:Kirtland Formation
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| Kirtland Formation Stratigraphic range: Campanian (typically Kirtlandian) 75–73.5 Ma | |
|---|---|
 Kirtland Formation at its type location south of Kirtland, New Mexico | |
| Type | Geological formation |
| Sub-units | Hunter Wash, Farmington and De-na-zin Members |
| Underlies | Ojo Alamo Formation |
| Overlies | Fruitland Formation |
| Thickness | 594 m (1,949 ft) |
| Lithology | |
| Primary | Sandstone |
| Other | Shale, mudstone, conglomerate |
| Location | |
| Coordinates | [ ⚑ ] : 36°42′29″N 108°21′00″W / 36.708°N 108.350°W |
| Paleocoordinates | [ ⚑ ] 42°36′N 76°18′W / 42.6°N 76.3°W |
| Region | New Mexico |
| Country | United States |
| Extent | San Juan Basin |
| Type section | |
| Named for | Kirtland Post Office |
| Named by | C.M. Bauer |
| Year defined | 1916 |
  Kirtland Formation (the United States)  Kirtland Formation (New Mexico) | |
The Kirtland Formation (originally the Kirtland Shale) is a sedimentary geological formation.[1]
Description
The Kirtland Formation is the product of alluvial muds and overbank sand deposits from the many channels draining the coastal plain that existed on the inland seashore of North America, in the late Cretaceous period. It overlies the Fruitland Formation. It is found in the San Juan Basin in the states of New Mexico and Colorado, in the United States of America.
The base of the Kirtland Formation and its lowest sub-unit, the Hunter Wash Member, has been dated to 75.02 ± 0.13 Ma.[2] Together with the upper part of the underlying Fruitland Formation, this contains fossils representing the Hunter Wash local fauna. The border between the Hunter Wash Member and overlying Farmington Member dates to approximately 74 million years ago. The top of the Farmington Member and bottom of the overlying De-na-zin Member has been radiometrically dated to 73.83 ± 0.18 Ma ago. The top of the De-na-zin Member, which contains the Willow Wash local fauna, has been dated to 73.49 ± 0.25 Ma ago.[1]
Overlying the De-na-zin Member is a unit called the Naashoibito Member. This has often been considered to be part of the Kirtland formation, but more recently has been transferred back to the overlying Ojo Alamo Formation, which it had originally been part of.[1]
History of investigation
The formation was named by C.M. Bauer in 1916 for exposures near the Kirtland Post Office.[3]
Stratigraphy
Vertebrate paleofauna
Template:Paleobiota-key-compact
Dinosaurs
Ornithischians
Ankylosaurids
| Ankylosaurids reported from the Kirtland Formation | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Genus | Species | Member | Material | Notes | Images | |
| A. minor[4] |
|
A partial girdle, scapulocoracoids, humerus, proximal portion of the radius, cervical and/or dorsal vertebrae, complete and fragmentary thoracic osteoderms, and other unidentifiable postcranial fragments.[4] | An ankylosaurine ankylosaurid part of the Hunter Wash Member.[4] |   | ||
| Nodocephalosaurus[5] | N. kirtlandensis[5] |
|
A partial skull.[5] | An ankylosaurine ankylosaurid that has cranial ornamentation similar to Akainacephalus, an ankylosaur from the Kaiparowits Formation.[5][6] | ||
| Z. sanjuanensis | A complete skull, [two] first cervical half-rings, fragmentary second cervical half ring, and numerous fragmentary osteoderms.[7] | An ankylosaurine ankylosaurid closely related to Scolosaurus. | ||||
Ceratopsians
| Ceratopsians reported from the Kirtland Formation | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Genus | Species | Member | Material | Notes | Images | |
| Bisticeratops[8] | B. froeseorum[8] |
|
A nearly complete skull.[8] | A chasmosaurine ceratopsid, originally identified as a specimen of Pentaceratops.[8] |      | |
| Navajoceratops[9] | N. sullivani[9] |
|
A parietal, squamosal fragments, fused jugal\epijugal and other unidentified cranial fragments.[9] | A chasmosaurine ceratopsid that has been hypothesized to form an anagenetic series with several other chasmosaur species, including Terminocavus.[9] | ||
| P. fenestratus[10] | A near-complete skull.[9] | Holotype considered undiagnostic. May be the same as Navajoceratops or Terminocavus.[9] | ||||
|
P. sternbergi[10] |
| |||||
| Terminocavus[9] | T. sealeyi[9] |
|
A parietal, partial squamosal, jugal, epijugal, partial quadratojugal, partial sacrum and vertebral fragments.[9] | A chasmosaurine ceratopsid that has been hypothesized to form an anagenetic series with several other chasmosaur species, including Navajoceratops.[9] | ||
| Titanoceratops[11] | T. ouranos[11] | A partial skull, syncervical vertebrae, cervical vertebrae, dorsal vertebrae, sacral vertebrae, caudal vertebrae, ribs, humeri, radius, femora, tibiae, fibula, ilia, ischia, and ossified tendons.[11] | Possibly represents a junior synonym of Pentaceratops, holotype may possibly have come from the Fruitland Formation.[11] | |||
Pachycephalosaurids
| Pachycephalosaurids reported from the Kirtland Formation | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Genus | Species | Member | Material | Notes | Images | |
| Sphaerotholus[12] | S. goodwini[12] |
|
A partial skull lacking the facial and palatal elements.[12] | A pachycephalosaurine pachycephalosaurid.[12] |   | |
| Stegoceras[13] | S. novomexicanum[13] |
|
An incomplete parietal.[13] | A basal pachycephalosaurid also known from the upper Fruitland Formation.[13] | ||
Ornithopods
| Ornithopods reported from the Kirtland Formation | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Genus | Species | Member | Material | Notes | Images | |
| A. wimani[14] |
|
A partial skull and mandible, three cervical vertebrae[14] | A kritosaurin hadrosaurid from the Hubter Wash Member. Several isolated bones and a partial skeleton from the same strata may also belong to this taxon[14] |     | ||
| A. horneri[15] |
|
An incomplete skull consisting of premaxillae, nasals, maxilla, lacrimal, jugal, prefrontal, postorbital, squamosal, frontal, parietal, and fragment of dentary with teeth.[15] | A kritosaurin hadrosaurid from the Farmington Member.[15] | |||
| Kritosaurus[15] | K. navajovius[15] |
|
[Two] incomplete skulls, an atlas, axis and cervical vertebrae.[15] | A kritosaurin hadrosaurid also known from the Cerro del Pueblo Formation of Mexico.[15] | ||
| Naashoibitosaurus[15] | N.ostromi[15] |
|
A skull lacking the premaxillae and mandible, a partial humerus, cervical vertebrae and dorsal vertebrae.[15] | A kritosaurin hadrosaurid, distinct from Kritosaurus.[15] | ||
| Parasaurolophus[16] | P. tubicen[16] |
|
[Two] incomplete and fragmentary skulls.[16] | A lambeosaurine hadrosaurid known from partial cranial remains.[16] | ||
| P. cyrtocristatus[16] |
|
Partial skull and nearly complete skeleton, partial juvenile skull.[16] | May instead be from the upper Fruitland Formation.[17] | |||
Saurischians
| Saurischians of the Kirtland Formation | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Genus | Species | Member | Material | Notes | Images |
|
A. sanjuanensis[18] |
Specimens actually from the Naashoibito member of the Ojo Alamo Formation[19] |
    | |||
|
A. mirandus[20] |
|
Remains are now referred to Bistahieversor, although these remains may possibly have come from the Fruitland Formation.[21] | |||
| Bistahieversor[22] | B. sealeyi[22] |
|
An articulated skull and undescribed postcranial skeleton of an adult individual, and an incomplete skull and postcranial skeleton of a juvenile individual.[22] | A eutyrannosaur tyrannosauroid also known from the Fruitland Formation.[22] | |
| Caenagnathidae[23] | Indeterminate[23] |
|
A nearly complete right tibia[23] | Indeterminate caenagnathid remains.[23] | |
|
Indeterminate[20] |
|
Remains are now referred to Bistahieversor, although these remains may possibly have come from the Fruitland Formation.[21] | |||
| Dromaeosauridae[24] | Indeterminate[24] | Numerous isolated teeth.[24] | Indeterminate dromaeosaurid remains.[24] | ||
| Ornithomimidae[24] | Indeterminate[24] |
|
A distal end of a phalanx, and [two] partial manual unguals.[24] | Indeterminate ornithomimid remains.[24] | |
| Saurornitholestes[25] | S. sullivani[25] |
|
A nearly complete frontal.[25] | A saurornitholestine dromaeosaurid, sister taxa to Saurornitholestes langstoni.[25] | |
| "Saurornitholestes" | "S." robustus[26] |
|
A nearly complete frontal.[26] | Originally assigned to Saurornitholestes, actually a troodontid.[27] | |
| cf. Struthiomimus[24] | cf. S. altus[24] | A centrum of a dorsal vertebra, distal portion of a metatarsal, and proximal phalanx.[24] | Indeterminate remains that may belong to Struthiomimus altus.[24] | ||
| Tyrannosauridae[24] | Indeterminate[24] | A partial skeleton, dentary, metatarsal, and numerous teeth.[24] | Indeterminate tyrannosaurid material.[24] | ||
Pterosaurs
| Pterosaurs of the Kirtland Formation | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Genus | Species | Location | Member | Abundance | Notes | Images |
|
Navajodactylus[28] |
N. boerei[28] |
|
Partial phalanx and ulna fragment[28] |
A possible azhdarchid pterosaur known from fragmentary remains.[28] |
||
Crurotarsans
| Crurotarsans of the Kirtland Formation[29] | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Genus | Species | Location | Member | Abundance | Notes | Images |
|
B. montana |
|
Member of the Willow Wash local fauna. |
200px | |||
|
D. kirtlandicus |
|
Member of the Willow Wash local fauna. |
||||
|
Indeterminate[30] |
|
Member of the Willow Wash local fauna. |
||||
Turtles
| Turtles of the Kirtland Formation[29] | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Genus | Species | Location | Member | Abundance | Notes | Images |
|
B. nobilis |
|
Member of the Willow Wash local fauna. |
||||
|
D. nodosa |
|
Member of the Willow Wash local fauna. |
||||
|
N. baueri |
|
Member of the Willow Wash local fauna. |
||||
|
Plastomenus |
P. robustus |
|
Member of the Willow Wash local fauna. |
|||
|
Thescelus |
T. hemispherica |
|
Member of the Willow Wash local fauna. |
|||
Bony fish
| Bony fishes of the Kirtland Formation[29] | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Genus | Species | Location | Member | Abundance | Notes | |
|
M. chauliodous |
|
Member of the Willow Wash local fauna. | ||||
Cartilaginous fish
| Cartilaginous fish of the Kirtland Formation[29] | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Genus | Species | Location | Member | Abundance | Notes | |
|
M. bipartitus |
|
Member of the Willow Wash local fauna. | ||||
Template:Paleobiota-key-compact
See also
- List of stratigraphic units with dinosaur body fossils
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Sullivan & Lucas 2006.
- ↑ Fowler 2017.
- ↑ Bauer 1916.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 Burns & Sullivan 2011.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 Sullivan, R. (1999). "Nodocephalosaurus kirtlandensis, gen et sp nov., a new ankylosaurid dinosaur (Ornithischia; Ankylosauria) from the Upper Cretaceous Kirtland Formation (Upper Campanian), San Juan Basin, New Mexico". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 19 (1): 126–139. doi:10.1080/02724634.1999.10011128. Bibcode: 1999JVPal..19..126S.
- ↑ Jelle P. Wiersma; Randall B. Irmis (2018). "A new southern Laramidian ankylosaurid, Akainacephalus johnsoni gen. et sp. nov., from the upper Campanian Kaiparowits Formation of southern Utah, USA". PeerJ 6. doi:10.7717/peerj.5016. PMID 30065856.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 Arbour et al. 2014.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 "A new chasmosaurine ceratopsid from the Upper Cretaceous (Campanian) Farmington Member of the Kirtland Formation, New Mexico". New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin 90: 127–153. 2022. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/362680358.
- ↑ 9.00 9.01 9.02 9.03 9.04 9.05 9.06 9.07 9.08 9.09 9.10 9.11 Fowler, D.W.; Freedman Fowler, E.A. (2020). "Transitional evolutionary forms in chasmosaurine ceratopsid dinosaurs: evidence from the Campanian of New Mexico". PeerJ 8. doi:10.7717/peerj.9251. PMID 32547873.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Weishampel, Dodson & Osmólska 2004, p. 580, 3.3 New Mexico, United States; 10. Lower Kirtland Formation.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 Longrich, N.R. (2011). "Titanoceratops ouranos, a giant horned dinosaur from the Late Campanian of New Mexico". Cretaceous Research 32 (3): 264–276. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2010.12.007. Bibcode: 2011CrRes..32..264L.
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 Williamson Thomas E.; Carr Thomas D. (2002). "A new genus of highly derived pachycephalosaurian from western North America". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 22 (4): 779–801. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2002)022[0779:angodp2.0.co;2].
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 Steven E. Jasinski; Robert M. Sullivan (2011). "Re-evaluation of pachycephalosaurids from the Fruitland-Kirtland transition (Kirtlandian, late Campanian), San Juan Basin, New Mexico, with a description of a new species of Stegoceras and a reassessment of Texascephale langstoni". Fossil Record 3. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science, Bulletin 53: 202–215. http://www.robertmsullivanphd.com/uploads/164._Jasinski_and_Sullivan__Stegoceras__COLOR.pdf.
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 Dalman, Sebastian G.; Jasinski, Steven E.; Malinzak, D. Edward; Lucas, Spencer G.; Kundrát, Martin; Fiorillo, Anthony R. (September 2025). "A new saurolophine hadrosaurid (Ornithischia: Hadrosauridae) from the Upper Cretaceous (Campanian) Hunter Wash Member, Kirtland Formation, San Juan Basin, New Mexico". New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin Fossil Record 11: 73–114. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/396005330_A_new_saurolophine_hadrosaurid_Ornithischia_Hadrosauridae_from_the_Upper_Cretaceous_Campanian_Hunter_Wash_Member_Kirtland_Formation_San_Juan_Basin_New_Mexico.
- ↑ 15.00 15.01 15.02 15.03 15.04 15.05 15.06 15.07 15.08 15.09 15.10 15.11 15.12 15.13 15.14 Prieto-Márquez, A. (2013). "Skeletal morphology of Kritosaurus navajovius (Dinosauria:Hadrosauridae) from the Late Cretaceous of the North American south-west, with an evaluation of the phylogenetic systematics and biogeography of Kritosaurini". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 12 (2): 133–175. doi:10.1080/14772019.2013.770417.
- ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 16.5 16.6 16.7 Sullivan & Williamson 1999.
- ↑ Gates, Terry A.; Evans, David C.; Sertich, Joseph J. W. (2021-01-25). "Description and rediagnosis of the crested hadrosaurid (Ornithopoda) dinosaur Parasaurolophus cyrtocristatus on the basis of new cranial remains" (in en). PeerJ 9. doi:10.7717/peerj.10669. ISSN 2167-8359. PMID 33552721.
- ↑ 18.0 18.1 Weishampel, Dodson & Osmólska 2004, pp. 580–581, 3.3 New Mexico, United States; 10. Lower Kirtland Formation and 11. Upper Kirtland Formation.
- ↑ Jasinski & Sullivan 2011.
- ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 20.3 20.4 Carr & Williamson 2010, p. 1, Systematic Paleontology.
- ↑ 21.0 21.1 Carr & Williamson 2010, p. 1, Systematic Paleontology; Referred Specimens.
- ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 22.3 22.4 22.5 Carr & Williamson 2010, p. 1, Systematic Paleontology; Holotype.
- ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 23.3 23.4 Funston, G. F.; Williamson, T. E.; Brusatte, S. L. (2024). "A caenagnathid tibia (Theropoda: Oviraptorosauria) from the upper Campanian Kirtland Formation of New Mexico". Cretaceous Research 158 (in press): 105856. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2024.105856. Bibcode: 2024CrRes.15805856F.
- ↑ 24.00 24.01 24.02 24.03 24.04 24.05 24.06 24.07 24.08 24.09 24.10 24.11 24.12 24.13 24.14 24.15 24.16 Lucas, Spencer G.; Mateer, Niall J.; Hunt, Adrian P.; O'Neill, F. Michael (1987). "Dinosaurs, the age of the Fruitland and Kirtland Formations, and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary in the San Juan Basin, New Mexico". The Cretaceous-Tertiary Boundary in the San Juan and Raton Basins, New Mexico and Colorado. pp. 35–50. doi:10.1130/SPE209-p35. ISBN 978-0-8137-2209-2. https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/342/chapter/3796215/Dinosaurs-the-age-of-the-Fruitland-and-Kirtland.
- ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 25.3 25.4 Jasinski 2016.
- ↑ 26.0 26.1 26.2 Sullivan 2006, p. 253, Abstract.
- ↑ Evans et al. 2014.
- ↑ 28.0 28.1 28.2 28.3 28.4 Sullivan & Fowler 2011.
- ↑ 29.0 29.1 29.2 29.3 Sullivan & Lucas 2006, p. 11, Table 1.
- ↑ 30.0 30.1 Listed as "cf. Leidyosuchus sp."
Bibliography
- Arbour, Victoria M.; Burns, Michael E.; Sullivan, Robert M.; Lucas, Spencer G.; Cantrell, Amanda K.; Fry, Joshua; Suazo, Thomas L. (24 September 2014). "A New Ankylosaurid Dinosaur from the Upper Cretaceous (Kirtlandian) of New Mexico with Implications for Ankylosaurid Diversity in the Upper Cretaceous of Western North America". PLOS ONE 9 (9). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0108804. PMID 25250819. Bibcode: 2014PLoSO...9j8804A.
- Bauer, C. M. (1916). "Stratigraphy of a part of the Chaco River Valley". U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 98-P. doi:10.3133/pp98P.
- Burns, Michael E. (2008). "Taxonomic utility of ankylosaur (Dinosauria, Ornithischia) osteoderms: Glyptodontopelta mimus Ford, 2000: a test case". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 28 (4): 1102–1109. doi:10.1671/0272-4634-28.4.1102. Bibcode: 2008JVPal..28.1102B.
- Burns, Michael E.; Sullivan, Robert M. (2011). "A new ankylosaurid from the Upper Cretaceous Kirtland Formation, San Juan Basin, with comments on the diversity of ankylosaurids in New Mexico". Fossil Record 3. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science, Bulletin 53: 169–178. http://www.robertmsullivanphd.com/uploads/162._Burns_and_Sullivan__Ahshislepelta__COLOR.pdf.
- Carr, T.D.; Williamson, T.E. (2010). "Bistahieversor sealeyi, gen. et sp. nov., a new tyrannosauroid from New Mexico and the origin of deep snouts in Tyrannosauroidea". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 30 (1): 1–16. doi:10.1080/02724630903413032. Bibcode: 2010JVPal..30....1C.
- Evans, David C.; Larson, Derek W.; Cullen, Thomas M.; Sullivan, Robert M.; Sues, Hans-Dieter (2014). ""Saurornitholestes" robustus is a troodontid (Dinosauria: Theropoda)". Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 51 (7): 730–734. doi:10.1139/cjes-2014-0073. Bibcode: 2014CaJES..51..730E.
- Fowler, Denver Warwick (22 November 2017). "Revised geochronology, correlation, and dinosaur stratigraphic ranges of the Santonian-Maastrichtian (Late Cretaceous) formations of the Western Interior of North America". PLOS ONE 12 (11). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0188426. PMID 29166406. Bibcode: 2017PLoSO..1288426F.
- Jasinski, Steven (2016). "A new dromaeosaurid (Theropoda: Dromaeosauridae) from the Late Cretaceous of New Mexico (B&W)". New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin 67: 79–88. https://www.academia.edu/12172255.
- Jasinski, Steven E.; Sullivan, Robert M. (2011). "Re-evaluation of pachycephalosaurids from the Fruitland-Kirtland transition (Kirtlandian, late Campanian), San Juan Basin, New Mexico, with a description of a new species of Stegoceras and a reassessment of Texascephale langstoni". Fossil Record 3. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science, Bulletin 53: 202–215. http://www.robertmsullivanphd.com/uploads/164._Jasinski_and_Sullivan__Stegoceras__COLOR.pdf.
- Jasinski, S. E.; Sullivan, R. M.; Lucas, S. G. (2011). "Taxonomic composition of the Alamo Wash local fauna from the Upper Cretaceous Ojo Alamo Formation (Naashoibito Member) San Juan Basin, New Mexico". New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin 53: 216–271. https://books.google.com/books?id=fugoCgAAQBAJ&q=Taxonomic+composition+of+the+Alamo+Wash+local+fauna+from+the+Upper+Cretaceous+Ojo+Alamo+Formation+%28Naashoibito+Member%29+San+Juan+Basin%2C+New+Mexico&pg=PA216. Retrieved 11 September 2020.
- Sullivan, R.M. (2006). "Saurornitholestes robustus, n. sp. (Theropoda:Dromaeosauridae) from the Upper Cretaceous Kirtland Formation (De-Na-Zin member_), San Juan Basin, New Mexico". NMMNH Bulletin 35: 253–256. http://www.nmnaturalhistory.org/science/bulletins/35/sci_bulletin35_31.pdf. * Sullivan, Robert M.; Fowler, Denver W. (2011). "Navajodactylus boerei, n. gen., n. sp., (Pterosauria, ?Azhdarchidae) from the Upper Cretaceous Kirtland Formation (upper Campanian) of New Mexico". Fossil Record 3. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science, Bulletin 53: 393–404. http://www.robertmsullivanphd.com/uploads/167._Sullivan_and_Fowler__Navajodactylus__COLOR.pdf.
- Sullivan, R.M.; Lucas, S.G. (2006). "The Kirtlandian land-vertebrate "age" – faunal composition, temporal position and biostratigraphic correlation in the nonmarine Upper Cretaceous of western North America". New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin 35: 7–29. https://books.google.com/books?id=rCDYCQAAQBAJ&q=The+Kirtlandian+land-vertebrate+%22age%22+%E2%80%93+faunal+composition%2C+temporal+position+and+biostratigraphic+correlation+in+the+nonmarine+Upper+Cretaceous+of+western+North+America&pg=PA7. Retrieved 14 September 2021.
- Sullivan, R.M.; Lucas, S.G. (2015). "Cretaceous Vertebrates of New Mexico". New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin 68: 97–129.
- Sullivan, R.S.; Williamson, T.E. (1999). "A new skull of Parasaurolophus (Dinosauria: Hadrosauridae) from the Kirtland Formation of New Mexico and a revision of the genus". New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin 15: 1–52. http://econtent.unm.edu/utils/getfile/collection/bulletins/id/626/filename/627.pdf.
- The Dinosauria (2nd ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. 2004. ISBN 0-520-24209-2.
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