Earth:Mount Taranaki

From HandWiki
Short description: Volcano in North Island of New Zealand

Mount Taranaki
View of Mount Taranaki from Stratford, showing Fanthams Peak on the southern flank
Highest point
Elevation2,518 m (8,261 ft)
Prominence2,308 m (7,572 ft) [1]
ListingUltra
New Zealand #65
Coordinates [ ⚑ ] : 39°17′47″S 174°03′53″E / 39.29639°S 174.06472°E / -39.29639; 174.06472 
Geography
Mount Taranaki is located in New Zealand
Mount Taranaki
Mount Taranaki
North Island, New Zealand
Topo mapNZMS 169 Egmont National Park
Geology
Age of rock135 ka
Mountain typeStratovolcano
Last eruption1854
Climbing
First ascentErnst Dieffenbach & James Heberley, 1839[2][3]
Easiest routeMount Taranaki Summit Track (trail)[4]
<mapframe frameless="1" align="center" text="Taranaki andesite (red shading) in centre of map. The surrounding debris and lahar fields are not shown although they include the green forested area on the map that surround Mount Taranaki and the Pouākai Range and have reached the sea in all directions on the Taranaki peninsula except where blocked by the Pouākai Range. To its north are the older andesitic volcanoes of Pouākai and Kaitake.{{Wikipedia:Map data/Northern North Island Volcanics/key}}" width="295" height="295" latitude="-39.31" longitude="174.045" icon="no" zoom="9">{{Wikipedia:Map data/Northern North Island Volcanics}}</mapframe>

Mount Taranaki (Māori: Taranaki Maunga), officially Taranaki Maunga and also known as Mount Egmont, is a dormant stratovolcano in the Taranaki region on the west coast of New Zealand's North Island.[5][6][7] At 2,518 metres (8,261 ft), it is the second highest mountain in the North Island, after Mount Ruapehu. It has a secondary cone, Fanthams Peak (Māori: Panitahi), 1,966 metres (6,450 ft), on its south side.[8]

Name

The name Taranaki is from the Māori language. The mountain was named after Rua Taranaki, the first ancestor of the iwi (tribe) called Taranaki, one of several iwi in the region.[9] The Māori word tara means mountain peak, and naki may come from ngaki, meaning "clear of vegetation."[10] It was also named Pukehaupapa ("ice mountain") and Pukeonaki ("hill of Naki") by iwi who lived in the region in "ancient times".[10][11][12]

Captain Cook named it Mount Egmont on 11 January 1770 after John Perceval, 2nd Earl of Egmont,[13] a former First Lord of the Admiralty who had supported the concept of an oceanic search for Terra Australis Incognita. Cook described it as "of a prodigious height and its top cover'd with everlasting snow," surrounded by a "flat country ... which afforded a very good aspect, being clothed with wood and verdure".[14]

When the French explorer Marc-Joseph Marion du Fresne saw the mountain on 25 March 1772 he named it Pic Mascarin. He was unaware of Cook's earlier visit.[15]

It appeared as Mount Egmont on maps until 29 May 1986, when the name officially became "Mount Taranaki or Mount Egmont"[16] following a decision by the Minister of Lands, Koro Wētere.[17][18] The Egmont name no longer applies to the national park that surrounds the peak, but some geologists still refer to the peak as the Egmont Volcano.[19] As part of the Treaty of Waitangi settlement with Ngā Iwi o Taranaki, a group of tribes in the region,[lower-alpha 1] the mountain was officially renamed Taranaki Maunga.[20][21] The settlement was initialled on 31 March 2023,[20] and ratified by the iwi of Taranaki.[22] The official name changed to Taranaki Maunga on 1 April 2025.[23]

Some iwi in the region had referred to the mountain as Taranaki Mounga rather than Taranaki Maunga, per the local Māori dialect.[24]

Geology

Mount Taranaki is situated in the sedimentary Taranaki Basin and is part of the Taranaki Volcanic Lineament which has had a 3 cm/year (1.2 in/year) north to south migration over the last 1.75 million years.[25]: 458–9  A Wadati–Benioff zone exists at about 200 km (120 mi) depth and the volcano's magma has the geochemical features of an arc volcano.[26]: 2  Under the volcano itself there is high heat flow with only about 10 km (6.2 mi) crustal thickness although this rapidly normalises for continental crust to 35 km (22 mi) east of the volcano and 25 km (16 mi) to the west.[26]: 2–3 

Older volcanoes in the area

Mount Taranaki is one of four closely associated Quaternary volcanoes in Taranaki province that have erupted from andesite magmas that have not extensively assimilated enriched crust unlike the cone volcanos of the North Island Volcanic Plateau.[27] It sits on the remains of three older volcanic complexes that lie to the northwest. The Indo-Australian Plate is slowly moving relative to the magma source that feeds these volcanoes. This trend is reflected in Fanthams Peak, the newer secondary cone on the southeast side of Taranaki, which is named after Fanny Fantham, who in 1887 was the first European woman to climb it.[28]

The oldest volcanic remnants consist of a series of lava plugs: Paritutu Rock (156 metres), which forms part of New Plymouth's harbour, and the Sugar Loaf Islands close offshore. These have been dated at 1.75 million years.[25]: 459 

On the coast, 15 kilometres southwest of New Plymouth is the Kaitake Range (682 metres), last active over 500,000 years ago.[25]: 459 

Nearest to Taranaki is the Pouākai Range. Pouākai may have originated around the same time as Kaitake but remained active until about 210,000 years ago.[25]: 459  Much of Pouākai's large ring plain was obliterated by the Taranaki volcano, the hills near Eltham being the only remnant to the south.[29]

Volcanic activity

Taranaki is geologically young, having commenced activity approximately 200,000 years ago.[25]: 459  The most recent volcanic activity was the production of a lava dome in the crater and its collapse down the side of the mountain in the 1850s or 1860s.[29] Between 1755 and 1800, an eruption sent a pyroclastic flow down the mountain's northeast flanks,[30] and a moderate ash eruption occurred about 1755, of the size of Ruapehu's activity in 1995/1996. The last major eruption occurred around 1655. Recent research has shown that over the last 9,000 years minor eruptions have occurred roughly every 90 years on average, with major eruptions every 500 years.[27] Some of these eruptions may have occurred with very brief warning, of only days or less.[26]: 1, 14–18  The mountain in the last 5,000 years has had 16 tephra producing events.[31] However in the Holocene there have been at least 138 eruptions,[25]: 467  and for about 4000 years between 23.1 and 27.3 ka BP that bracket two flank collapses had 28 tephra producing events, some with VEI greater than 4.[31] At least 228 tephra-producing eruptions have occurred over the last 30,000 years.[25]: 467 

Eruption and debris avalanches summary

As the volcano's major event record is so variable in time, with some major debris avalanches with edifice collapse, being associated with an increase in frequency and size of eruptions,[25][31] it seems reasonable for the summary to include the full debris avalanche record. There are gaps in the ascertainable eruptive record around the start of the Holocene and little detailed study past 28,000 years ago.[31]

Summary of eruptions and debris avalanches
Date[32] Years before 1950 (BP) VEI[32] Debris avalanche volume
(km3)[25]: Fig. 5 [lower-alpha 2] 		Tephra volume
(km3) 		Comment
1854 1854 96 - - - Ship's observation[32][33]
1790 1790 ± 10[25]: 461  160 - - - Formation of current summit summit half-sectioned lava dome[25]: 461 
1755 1755 195 - - - Tahurangi ash, date tephrochronology[32]
1700 1700 ± 50 250 - - -
1655 1655 295 4 - - Burrell lapilli, date from tephrochronology,[32] which is part of Maero formations 19 units[34][lower-alpha 3]
1590 1590 ± 40 360 - - -
1570 1570 ± 40 380 - - -
1560 1560 ± 40 390 - - -
1550 1550 ± 40 400 - - -
1500 1500 ± 30 450 - - - Newall ash[32] which is part of Maero formations 19 units[34][lower-alpha 3]
1480 1480 ± 50 470 - - -
1400 1400 ± 50 550 - - -
1340 1340 ± 40 610 - - -
1300 1300 ± 50 650 - - -
10701070 ± 40 880 - - -
970 970 ± 30 971 - - -
820 820 ± 30 1130 - - -
550 550 1400 - - - Kaupokonui tephra, date from tephrochronology[32]
520 520 ± 150 1430 - - -
390 390 ± 40 1560 - - -
150 150 1800 3 - - Date from tephrochronology[32]
100 100 ± 40 1850 - - -
-40 40 ± 75 BCE 1990 - - - Maketawa tephra which has 8 layers distributed over about 400 years[32][34]
-150 150 ± 30 BCE 2100 - - -
-420 420 ± 30 BCE 2370 - - -
-590590 ± 500 BCE 2540 - - -
-1130 1130 ± 200 3080 - - - Fanthams Peak (Panitahi), Manganui tephra which is a total of 7 layers distributed over about 2000 years[32][34]
-1190 1190 ± 40 3140 - - -
-1250 1250 BCE 3200 - - - Date from tephrochronology[32]
-1560 1560 ± 40 BCE 3510 - - -
-1700 1700 ± 100 BCE 2200 5 - - Inglewood tephra,[32] two layers the Lower and Upper Inglewood[34]
-2150 2150 BCE 4100 - - - Korito tephra, date from tephrochronology, has 2 layers[32][34]
-2400 2400 ± 40 BCE 4350 - - -
-2450 2450 ± 300 BCE 4400 - - -
-2700 2700 BCE 4650 - - - Tariki tephra, date from tephrochronology, has 6 layers[32][34]
-2850 2850 ± 300 BCE 4800 - - -
-3250 3250 5200 - - - Waipuku tephra, date from tephrochronology, has single layer[32][34]
-5120 5120 ± 50 BCE 7070 - - -
-5550 5550 BCE 7500 - 2.4 - Opua debris avalanche deposit
-6050 6050 BCE 8000 - - - Date from tephrochronology[32]
-7000 7000 ± 100 BCE 8950 - - - Kaponga-f tephra, one of 10 layers[32][34]
-7270 7270 ± 50 BCE 9220 - - -
-7330 7330 BCE 9280 - - - Kaponga-e tephra, date from tephrochronology, one of 10 layers[32][34]
-7650 7650 BCE 9600 - - - Kaponga-b tephra, date from tephrochronology, one of 10 layers[32][34]
-12050 12050 BCE 14000 - 1.0 - Motumate debris avalanche deposit
-21150 Between 25350 and 21150 BCE 23100 3-4.5[31] - 3.0[31] Paetahi and Poto tephras comprise 28 tephra layers that encompass the Ngaere and Pungarehu debris avalanche events.[31] Dating is helped by presence of a tephra layer from the Oruanui eruption of Taupo Volcano[25]
-22850 22850 BCE 24800 - 7.5[31] - Pungarehu debris avalanche deposit[31]
-25350 25350 BCE 27300 - 5.85[31] - Ngaere debris avalanche deposit[31]
-32050 32050 BCE 34000 - 2.0 - Te Namu debris avalanche deposit - dated between 34–37 ka BP by wood[25]
-35050 35050 BCE 37000 - 0.2 - Ihaia debris avalanche deposit dated by wood[25]
-38050 38050 BCE 40000 - 5.0 - Rama debris avalanche deposit dated by peat above[25]
-43050 43050 BCE 45000 - 0.2 - Kaupokonui debris avalanche deposit
-48050 48050 BCE 50000 - 2.5 - Otakeho debris avalanche deposit
-58050 58050 BCE 60000 - 2.5 - Tokaora debris avalanche deposit
-68050 68050 BCE 70000 - 7.5 - Waihi debris avalanche deposit
-73050 73050 BCE 75000 - 5.5 - Waingongoro debris avalanche deposit
-88050 88050 BCE 90000 - 7.5 - Oeo debris avalanche deposit
-103050 103050 BCE 105000 - 3.6 - Okawa debris avalanche deposit, age from pollen records[25]
-128050 128050 BCE 130000 - 4.5 - Motunui debris avalanche deposit
-198050 198050 BCE 200000 - 3.6 - Mangati debris avalanche deposit
From New Plymouth

Hazards

Remains from a lahar at Taranaki

Taranaki is unusual in that it has experienced at least five of its major eruptions by the method of cone collapse. Few volcanoes have undergone more than one cone collapse. The vast volume of material involved in these collapses is reflected in the extensive ring plain[27] surrounding the volcano. There is also evidence of lahars being a common result of eruption. The major collapse cycles have a potential maximum size of collapse of 7.9 km3 (1.9 cu mi) every 30,000 to 35,000 years.[25]: 473  Such collapse debris fields have been found up to 5–6 km (3.1–3.7 mi) beyond the coast.[25]: 465  Another major edifice collapse is expected to occur within 16,200 years.[25]: 473 

Much of the region is at risk from lahars, which have reached the eastern coast.[25]: 466  A volcanic event is not necessary for a lahar: even earthquakes combined with heavy rain or snow could dislodge vast quantities of unstable layers resting on steep slopes. Many farmers live in the paths of such possible destructive events. Although volcanic eruptions are notoriously chaotic in their frequency, some scientists warn that a large eruption is "overdue". Research from Massey University indicates that significant seismic activity from the local faults is likely again in the next 50 years and such might be permissive to an eruption. What ever in the next 50 years, the probability of at least one eruption is between 33% and 42%.[25]: 473  Prevailing winds would probably blow ash east, covering much of the North Island, and disrupting air routes, power transmission lines and local water supplies.[35]

Climate

Script error: No such module "weather box".

Script error: No such module "weather box".

Māori mythology

Taranaki at daybreak 2008

According to Māori mythology,[38] Taranaki once resided in the middle of the North Island, with all the other New Zealand volcanoes. The beautiful Pihanga was coveted by all the mountains, and a great battle broke out between them.[lower-alpha 4] Tongariro eventually won the day,[40] inflicted great wounds on the side of Taranaki, and causing him to flee. Taranaki headed westwards, following Te Toka a Rahotu (the Rock of Rahotu) and forming the deep gorges of the Whanganui River,[41] paused for a while, creating the depression that formed the Ngaere swamp, then heading north. Further progress was blocked by the Pouākai Ranges, and as the sun came up Taranaki became petrified in his current location. When Taranaki conceals himself with rainclouds, he is said to be crying for his lost love, and during spectacular sunsets, he is said to be displaying himself to her.[39] In turn, Tongariro's eruptions are said to be a warning to Taranaki not to return.

History

Mount Taranaki viewed from Inglewood, 1896
NASA satellite photo of Taranaki. The forested area matches the national park boundary fairly closely.

The mountain was tapu in Māori culture and at the time of European settlement not climbed by them.[3]

In 1839 the mountain was climbed by James Heberley, a whaler who reached the summit first, and the Swiss-trained doctor and naturalist Ernst Dieffenbach.[3] During his initial ascent, he identified the fast-flowing streams as being well suited to water driven mills.[42][not specific enough to verify] Dieffenbach was employed by the New Zealand Company to advise on the potential of land he explored in the North Island in 1839–40.[3]


The mountain was returned to the people of Taranaki in 1978 by means of the Mount Egmont Vesting Act 1978, which vested it to the Taranaki Maori Trust Board. By means of the same Act, it was immediately passed back to the Government as a gift to the nation.[43] The Waitangi Tribunal, in its 1996 report, Kaupapa Tuatahi,[44] observed: "We are unaware of the evidence that the hapū agreed to this arrangement. Many who made submissions to us were adamant that most knew nothing of it." It cited a submission that suggested the political climate of 1975 was such that the board felt it was necessary to perform a gesture of goodwill designed to create a more favourable environment within which a monetary settlement could be negotiated. Because of its resemblance to Mount Fuji, Taranaki provided the backdrop for the 2003 film The Last Samurai.[11]

In 2017, a record of understanding was signed between Taranaki iwi and the New Zealand government that would see the mountain become a legal personality.[45] It is the third geographic feature in the country to be granted a legal personality, after Te Urewera and Whanganui River.[46]

On 2 December 2019, an agreement between the Crown and Ngā Iwi o Taranaki was announced that the mountain was to only be referred to as Taranaki Maunga.[47] On 30 January 2025, the New Zealand Parliament passed legislation recognising it as a legal person under the name Taranaki Maunga, with Mount Egmont ceasing to be an official name. In addition, the Crown apologised to eight Māori iwi for confiscating Mount Taranaki and 1.2 million acres of Māori lands in the Taranaki region.[7][48]

National park

In 1881, a circular area with a radius of six miles (9.6 km) from the summit was protected as a forest reserve. Areas encompassing the older volcanic remnants of Pouākai and Kaitake were later added to the reserve and in 1900 all this land was designated as Egmont National Park, the second national park in New Zealand. There are parts of the national park where old-growth forests are found.[49] With intensively-farmed dairy pasture right up to the park boundary, the change in vegetation is sharply delineated as a circular shape in satellite images.[50]

Recreation

Taranaki from the Pouākai Circuit tramping track

The Stratford Mountain Club operates the Manganui skifield on the eastern slope. Equipment access to the skifield is by flying fox across the Manganui Gorge.

The Taranaki Alpine Club maintains Tahurangi Lodge on the north slope of the mountain, next to the television tower. The lodge is frequently used as the base for public climbs to the summit held in the summer months. The various climbing and tramping clubs organise these public events and provide informal guides.

Syme Hut is located near Fanthams Peak. It is maintained by the Department of Conservation and is available to trampers on a first come first served basis.

Weather on the mountain can change rapidly, which has caught inexperienced trampers and climbers unawares. As of 27 June 2017, 84 people have died on the mountain since records began in 1891, many having been caught by a sudden change in the weather. In terms of fatalities this mountain is the second most dangerous mountain in New Zealand after Aoraki / Mount Cook.[51][52]

Sites of interest on Mount Taranaki
  • Wilkies Pools
    Wilkies Pools
  • Dawson Falls
    Dawson Falls
  • View of Mount Ruapehu from close to the summit of Mount Taranaki
    View of Mount Ruapehu from close to the summit of Mount Taranaki

Access

Aerial view of Mount Taranaki 2015

There are three roads on the mountain's eastern slopes that lead part-way up the mountain with many more around the foot of the mountain that access walking tracks. The highest access road reaches the East Egmont plateau, with a viewing platform and parking facilities for the skifield. It lies at the transition between subalpine scrub and alpine herbfields.

There are park visitor centres at North Egmont and at the waterfall Te Rere o Kapuni on the southeast side.

The eastern side from Stratford leads to the Stratford Mountain House, and the ski field.

There is poor road access on the western side beyond the bush line. However, a road winds for 10 km through native bush over the saddle between Pouākai and Kaitake. Near the top of this road is the renowned Pukeiti Trust rhododendron garden.[53]

Transmitter

The Mount Taranaki transmitter is the main television and FM radio transmitter for the Taranaki region. It is located on the north-eastern slope of the mountain adjacent to Tahurangi Lodge. The first transmitter at the site was commissioned by the New Zealand Broadcasting Corporation (NZBC) in 1966 to relay Wellington's WNTV1 channel (now part of TVNZ 1).[54]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Ngā iwi o Taranaki refers literally to 'the tribes of Taranaki', and is a collective of the eight tribes, Ngaa Rauru Kiitahi, Ngāruahine, Ngāti Maru, Ngāti Mutunga, Ngāti Ruanui, Ngāti Tama, Taranaki Iwi and Te Āti Awa
  2. ↑ The large western Maitahi debris avalanche of about 240 ka is assigned to Pouakai rather than Taranaki volcano. This event does not appear to have been due to internal edifice failure but rather slipage on Pliocene marine mudstones.[25]
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 The Maero Formation includes 19 units erupted over about 800 years by the present summit vent.[34]
  4. ↑ Some versions of the myth have Mount Ruapehu as the maid, instead of Pihanga.[39]

References

  1. ↑ "Peaklist.org: Oceania". http://peaklist.org/WWlists/ultras/OceaniaP1500m.html. 
  2. ↑ "Pouākai Crossing: History and culture". Department of Conservation. https://www.doc.govt.nz/pouakai-crossing. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Langton, Graham (1996). A History of Mountain Climbing in New Zealand to 1953 (PDF) (Thesis). Christchurch, New Zealand: University of Canterbury. pp. 1–337. Retrieved 3 August 2024.: 56–57 
  4. ↑ "Mount Taranaki Summit Track (NZ DOC)". http://www.doc.govt.nz/parks-and-recreation/tracks-and-walks/taranaki/taranaki/mount-taranaki-summit-track/. 
  5. ↑ "Volcano Fact Sheet: Mount Taranaki / Egmont Volcano". GNS Science. 2010. http://gns.cri.nz/content/download/6149/33766/file/QuickFacts%20%20MtTaranaki.pdf. 
  6. ↑ 'Likely to erupt in the future', Neal & Alloway 1991, as quoted in New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Andrews, Emma; Paewai, Pokere (30 January 2025). "Taranaki Maunga becomes a legal person as treaty settlement passes into law". RNZ. https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/national/540431/taranaki-maunga-becomes-a-legal-person-as-treaty-settlement-passes-into-law. 
  8. ↑ "Dawson Falls and East Egmont Walks". Department of Conservation. 2015. https://www.doc.govt.nz/globalassets/documents/parks-and-recreation/tracks-and-walks/taranaki/dawson-falls-east-egmont-brochure-and-map.pdf. 
  9. ↑ Hōhaia, Te Miringa (1 March 2017). "Taranaki tribe – Tribal origins". Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. https://teara.govt.nz/en/taranaki-tribe/page-1. Retrieved 15 May 2023. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Reed, A. W. (2016). "Taranaki" (in en). Māori Place Names: Their Meanings and Origins. Revised by Peter Dowling. (4th ed.). Oratia Media. ISBN 978-0-947506-52-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=3G0vEAAAQBAJ&dq=Reed+taranaki+ngaki&pg=PT82. Retrieved 19 May 2023. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Lambert, Ron (13 July 2012). "Taranaki Region – The mountain". Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand. http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/taranaki-region/page-3. Retrieved 3 April 2016. 
  12. ↑ Coster, Deena (1 April 2016). "History reveals Taranaki's peak was once known by a different name". Taranaki Daily News. http://www.stuff.co.nz/taranaki-daily-news/news/78445421/history-reveals-taranakis-peak-was-once-known-by-a-different-name. 
  13. ↑ McNab, Robert (1914). "Chapter IV. – Cook completes his survey, 1769 and 1770". From Tasman To Marsden: A History of Northern New Zealand from 1642 to 1818. Dunedin: J. Wilkie & Co.. p. 48. https://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-McNTasm-t1-body-d4.html. 
  14. ↑ Beaglehole, J.C., ed (1968). The Journals of Captain James Cook on His Voyages of Discovery, vol. I: The Voyage of the Endeavour 1768–1771. Cambridge University Press. pp. 232–233. OCLC 223185477. 
  15. ↑ Whitmore, Robbie. "The discovery of New Zealand – Marc-Joseph Marion du Fresne". http://history-nz.org/discovery4.html. 
  16. ↑ "NZGB Gazetteer". https://gazetteer.linz.govt.nz/place/3830. 
  17. ↑ "Notice of Decision of Minister of Lands Re Assigning of Place Name". New Zealand Gazette 84: 2341–2342. 29 May 1986. http://www.nzlii.org/nz/other/nz_gazette/1986/84.pdf. Retrieved 7 August 2021. 
  18. ↑ "Honokawa and Whanokao Place Name Proposal Report". Land Information New Zealand. 2009. http://www.linz.govt.nz/placenames/consultation-decisions/a-to-z/honokawa/report/index.aspx. 
  19. ↑ "Egmont (Taranaki)". Oregon State University. 7 October 2010. https://volcano.oregonstate.edu/egmont-taranaki. 
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Martin, Robin (31 March 2023). "'No more Egmont' – Taranaki Maunga officially welcomed at treaty settlement". https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/te-manu-korihi/487103/no-more-egmont-taranaki-maunga-officially-welcomed-at-treaty-settlement. 
  21. ↑ Coster, Deena (2 December 2019). "Egmont out, Taranaki Maunga in: agreement reached on mountain name change" (in en). Stuff. https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/117865581/egmont-out-taranaki-maunga-in-agreement-reached-on-mountain-name-change. 
  22. ↑ Ashworth, Craig (25 August 2023). "Taranaki Maunga deal gets popular tick". https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/ldr/496592/taranaki-maunga-deal-gets-popular-tick. 
  23. ↑ "Notice of a Discontinued Crown Protected Area Name, New Crown Protected Area Name and Altered and Confirmed Geographic Names for the Taranaki Maunga Collective Redress Act 2025". 2 April 2025. https://gazette.govt.nz/notice/id/2025-ln1347. 
  24. ↑ "Taranaki Mounga FAQs". https://taranakimounga.nz/vision-objectives-timeframes/faqs/. 
  25. ↑ 25.00 25.01 25.02 25.03 25.04 25.05 25.06 25.07 25.08 25.09 25.10 25.11 25.12 25.13 25.14 25.15 25.16 25.17 25.18 25.19 25.20 25.21 Cronin, Shane J.; Zernack, Anke V.; Ukstins, Ingrid A.; Turner, Michael B.; Torres-Orozco, Rafael; Stewart, Robert B.; Smith, Ian E. M.; Procter, Jonathan N. et al. (2021). "The geological history and hazards of a long-lived stratovolcano, Mt. Taranaki, New Zealand". New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics 64 (2–3): 456–478. doi:10.1080/00288306.2021.1895231. Bibcode: 2021NZJGG..64..456C. http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/529998/1/The%20geological%20history%20and%20hazards%20of%20a%20long%20lived%20stratovolcano%20Mt%20Taranaki%20New%20Zealand.pdf. 
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 26.2 Shane, Phil; Costa, Fidel; Cronin, Shane; Stirling, Claudine; Reid, Malcolm (2023). "Priming and eruption of andesite magmas at Taranaki volcano recorded in plagioclase phenocrysts". Bulletin of Volcanology 85 (47): 47. doi:10.1007/s00445-023-01661-0. Bibcode: 2023BVol...85...47S. 
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 27.2 Price, R. C.; Stewart, R. B.; Woodhead, J. D.; Smith, I. E. M. (1999). "Petrogenesis of High-K Arc Magmas: Evidence from Egmont Volcano, North Island, New Zealand". Journal of Petrology 40 (1): 167–197. doi:10.1093/petroj/40.1.167. https://academic.oup.com/petrology/article/40/1/167/1572845. Retrieved 11 June 2022. 
  28. ↑ Hoskin, Sorrel (12 April 2005). "Fanny Fantham: Fantham's Peak, Fanny's Tale". Puke Ariki. https://terangiaoaonunui.pukeariki.com/story-collections/taranaki-stories/fanny-fantham-fantham-s-peak-fanny-s-tale/. 
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 Winder, Virginia. "Volcanic Taranaki". Puke Ariki. https://terangiaoaonunui.pukeariki.com/story-collections/taranaki-stories/volcanic-taranaki/. 
  30. ↑ Leighton Keith (11 October 2011). "Mt Taranaki volcano history revised". Taranaki Daily News. http://www.stuff.co.nz/taranaki-daily-news/news/5763785/Mt-Taranaki-volcano-history-revised. 
  31. ↑ 31.00 31.01 31.02 31.03 31.04 31.05 31.06 31.07 31.08 31.09 31.10 Mills, S.; Procter, J.; Zernack, A.; Mead, S. (2025). "Stratigraphy and lithosedimentological properties of subplinian eruptions from Mt. Taranaki, New Zealand, encompassed by the Ngaere and Pungarehu edifice collapses". New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics: 1–25. doi:10.1080/00288306.2025.2454554. 
  32. ↑ 32.00 32.01 32.02 32.03 32.04 32.05 32.06 32.07 32.08 32.09 32.10 32.11 32.12 32.13 32.14 32.15 32.16 32.17 32.18 "Taranaki". Smithsonian Institution. https://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=241030. 
  33. ↑ "About Taranaki Maunga". Wellington: Geonet. https://www.geonet.org.nz/about/volcano/taranakiegmont. 
  34. ↑ 34.00 34.01 34.02 34.03 34.04 34.05 34.06 34.07 34.08 34.09 34.10 34.11 Olver, T.H. (2019). Magmatic Evolution and Storage at Mt. Taranaki, New Zealand (PDF) (Thesis). Bristol: University of Bristol. pp. 1–399. Retrieved 13 April 2025.: 56 
  35. ↑ "Living With Volcanoes", TEPHRA (Civil Defence) 21: pp. 41–43, September 2004, http://www.civildefence.govt.nz/assets/Uploads/publications/tephra-september-2004.pdf, retrieved 3 April 2016 
  36. ↑ "CliFlo – National Climate Database : North Egmont". NIWA. http://cliflo.niwa.co.nz. 
  37. ↑ "CliFlo – National Climate Database : Stratford Mtn House". NIWA. http://cliflo.niwa.co.nz. 
  38. ↑ Wikaira, Martin (22 September 2012). "Ngāti Tūwharetoa – Mountains and lakes". Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/ngati-tuwharetoa/5. Retrieved 7 May 2010. 
  39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 "Maori Legend of Mounts Ruapehu and Taranaki (Egmont)". An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand. Government of New Zealand. http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/1966/ruapehu-mount/page-3. Retrieved 2014-01-11. 
  40. ↑ "Taranaki Region of New Zealand". http://www.kingcountry.co.nz/taranaki.html. 
  41. ↑ "Taranaki – Gliding Peak". http://www.macalpineguides.com/mttaranaki.html. 
  42. ↑ Ascent of Egmont. pp. 260–264. Ernest. Dieffenbach. Random House. 2008.
  43. ↑ "Mount Egmont Vesting Act 1978". New Zealand Legislation. Parliamentary Counsel Office. http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1978/0038/latest/DLM21219.html. 
  44. ↑ "Waitangi Tribunal: Kaupapa Tuatahi report, 1996, chapter 11". http://www.waitangi-tribunal.govt.nz/reports/northislandwest/. 
  45. ↑ Smith, Blanton (21 December 2017). "Mt Taranaki to become legal personality under agreement between iwi and government". Taranaki Daily News. https://www.stuff.co.nz/taranaki-daily-news/news/100085814/mt-taranaki-to-become-legal-personality-under-agreement-between-iwi-and-government. 
  46. ↑ Armstrong, Kathryn (2025-01-30). "New Zealand's Mount Taranaki gets same legal rights as a person" (in en-GB). https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/czep8gg5lx4o. "In 2014, the Urewera native forest became the first to gain such status, followed by the Whanganui River in 2017." 
  47. ↑ "Taranaki Maunga to be recognised solely for its Māori name". Radio New Zealand. 3 December 2019. https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/te-manu-korihi/404717/taranaki-maunga-to-be-recognised-solely-for-its-maori-name. 
  48. ↑ Graham-Mclay, Charlotte (30 January 2025). "A New Zealand mountain is granted personhood, recognizing it as sacred for Māori". AP News. https://apnews.com/article/mountain-zealand-personhood-maori-taranak-590fca0f3d648cc0bf86d970782e954c. 
  49. ↑ C. Michael Hogan. 2009. Crown Fern: Blechnum discolor, Globaltwitcher.com, ed. N. Stromberg
  50. ↑ Taonga, New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu. "Satellite image of Egmont National Park" (in en). https://teara.govt.nz/en/photograph/25927/satellite-image-of-egmont-national-park. 
  51. ↑ McMurray, Kirsty; Burroughs, David; Watson, Mike (29 June 2017). "Safety call after latest Mt Taranaki death". Daily News. https://www.stuff.co.nz/taranaki-daily-news/news/94203073/missing-tramper-found-dead-on-mt-taranaki. 
  52. ↑ Watson, Mike (4 July 2017). "Adventurous climber uses snapped ski pole to anchor 300-metre fall on Mt Taranaki". stuff.co.nz. http://www.stuff.co.nz/travel/travel-troubles/94358489/adventurous-climber-uses-snapped-ski-pole-to-anchor-300metre-fall-on-mt-taranaki. 
  53. ↑ Goldsmith, Susette (2014). Turning over old ground. Investigating garden heritage in Aotearoa New Zealand. Masters thesis (PDF) (Thesis). Victoria University of Wellington. Retrieved 3 August 2024.: 75 
  54. ↑ "Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)". 351. New Zealand Parliament. 28 June 1967. p. 1394. 

Template:Egmont National Park



Retrieved from "https://handwiki.org/wiki/index.php?title=Earth:Mount_Taranaki&oldid=3994921"