Earth:Pebas Formation
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| Pebas Formation Stratigraphic range: Early Aquitanian-Tortonian (Colhuehuapian-Huayquerian) ~21–8 Ma | |
|---|---|
| Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination The Pebas Mega-Wetland (or Lake Pebas), on the western side of this map, corresponds to the Pebas Formation | |
| Underlies | Marañón Formation |
| Overlies | Chambira Formation |
| Area | 1,000,000 km2 (390,000 sq mi) |
| Thickness | ~350–1,074 m (1,148–3,524 ft) |
| Lithology | |
| Primary | Siltstone, mudstone |
| Other | Coal/lignite |
| Location | |
| Coordinates | [ ⚑ ] : 7°24′S 75°00′W / 7.4°S 75.0°W |
| Paleocoordinates | [ ⚑ ] 8°24′S 70°36′W / 8.4°S 70.6°W |
| Region | Amazon Basin |
| Country | Brazil Colombia Ecuador Peru |
| Type section | |
| Named for | Pebas District |
The Pebas Formation is a lithostratigraphic unit of Miocene age, found in western Amazonia. The formation extends over 1,000,000 square kilometres (390,000 sq mi), including parts of Brazil, Peru, Ecuador and Colombia.[1] It is interpreted as representing the deposits of a lake ("Lake Pebas") or series of lakes, formed within the foreland basin of the Andes mountain belt. It is known for its abundant fossil ostracods and molluscs and an unusually diverse group of crocodylians.[2]
Fossil content
Fish
| Taxa | Species | Locality | Stratigraphic position | Material | Notes | Images |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anostomidae | Indeterminate | |||||
| Hydrolycus[3] | cf. H. sp. | |||||
| Leporinus[3] | L. sp. | |||||
| Pristis[3] | P. sp. | |||||
| Potamotrygon[3] | P. sp. |
Insects
| Taxa | Species | Locality | Stratigraphic position | Material | Notes | Images |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Macroteleia | M. yaguarum | A parasitoid wasp. | .jpg) | |||
| Sycorax | S. peruensis | Relatives of moth flies and sand flies. |
Mammals
| Taxa | Species | Locality | Stratigraphic position | Material | Notes | Images |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dinomyidae | indeterminate | A hystricognath rodent. | ||||
| Octodontoidea | Indeterminate. | A hystricognath rodent. | ||||
| Neoepiblema[5] | N. sp. | A hystricognath rodent. | ||||
| Pebanista | P. yacuruna | Rio Napo. | A nearly complete skull. | A platanistid river dolphin. |  | |
| Pseudoprepotherium | P. sp. | Rio Napo | A ground sloth. | |||
| Potamarchus | P. sp | A hystricognath rodent. | ||||
| Parapropalaehoplophorus | P. sp | a glyptodont |
Reptiles
| Taxa | Species | Locality | Stratigraphic position | Material | Notes | Images |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Caiman | C. wannlangstoni | Locality IQ26 and IQ114 | A well-preserved partial skull. | An extinct caiman |  | |
| Gavialoidea | Indeterminate. | |||||
| Gnatusuchus | G. pebasensis | Locality IQ114, IQ116, and IQ125 | Upper | A nearly complete skull. | A clam eating caiman. |  |
| Gryposuchus | G. pachakamue | Locality IQ101 | A gavialid crocodilian. |
 | ||
| Kuttanacaiman | K. iquitosensis | Locality IQ26 and IQ116 | Middle | nearly complete skull and mandibles. | A small caiman. |  |
| Chelus | C. colombianus | Pieces of shell bones and scutes | A slightly larger species of mata mata, reaching an estimated shell length of up to a meter. | |||
| Mourasuchus | M. atopus | Locality IQ114 | ||||
| Paleosuchus | P. sp. | |||||
| Podocnemis | P. sp. | |||||
| Purussaurus | P. neivensis | Locality IQ26 and IQ114 | Skull and teeth. | A giant caiman. |  |
Correlations
Laventan
| Formation | Honda | Honda | Aisol | Cura-Mallín | Pisco | Ipururo | Pebas | Capadare | Urumaco | Inés | Paraná | Map |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Basin | VSM | Honda | San Rafael | Caldera | Pisco | Ucayali | Amazon | Falcón | Venezuela | Paraná |      Pebas Formation (South America) | |
| Country |  Colombia |
 Bolivia |
 Argentina |
 Chile |
 Peru |
 Venezuela |
Argentina
| |||||
| Boreostemma | 14px | 14px | 14px | |||||||||
| Hapalops | 14px | 14px | 14px | |||||||||
| Miocochilius | 14px | 14px | 14px | |||||||||
| Theosodon | 14px | 14px | 14px | |||||||||
| Xenastrapotherium | 14px | 14px | 14px | |||||||||
| Mylodontidae | 14px | 14px | 14px | 14px | ||||||||
| Sparassodonta | 14px | 14px | ||||||||||
| Primates | 14px | |||||||||||
| Rodents | 10px | 10px | 10px | 10px | 10px | 10px | 10px | |||||
| Birds | 10px | 10px | 10px | |||||||||
| Terror birds | 10px | |||||||||||
| Reptiles | 10px | 10px | 10px | 10px | 10px | 10px | 10px | |||||
| megalodon | 10px | 10px | 10px | |||||||||
| Flora | 10px | |||||||||||
| Insects | 10px | |||||||||||
| Environments | Fluvial | Fluvio-deltaic | Fluvio-lacustrine | Fluvio-deltaic | Fluvial | 8px Laventan volcanoclastics 8px Laventan fauna 8px Laventan flora
| ||||||
| Volcanic | Yes | |||||||||||
Huayquerian
| Formation | Cerro Azul | Ituzaingó | Paraná | Camacho | Raigón | Andalhuala | Chiquimil | Las Flores | Maimará | Palo | Pebas | Muyu | Rosa | Saldungaray | Salicas | Urumaco | Map |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Basin | Colorado | Paraná | Hualfín | Tontal | Andes | Salta | Amazon | Huasi | Altiplano | BA | Velasco | Falcón |   Pebas Formation (South America) | ||||
| Country | Argentina |
 Uruguay |
Argentina |
 Brazil Peru |
Bolivia |
Argentina |
Venezuela
| ||||||||||
| Cardiatherium | 14px | 14px | 14px | 14px | |||||||||||||
| Lagostomus | 14px | 14px | 14px | 14px | 14px | 14px | |||||||||||
| Macroeuphractus | 14px | 14px | 14px | ||||||||||||||
| Proeuphractus | 14px | 14px | 14px | 14px | |||||||||||||
| Pronothrotherium | 14px | 14px | |||||||||||||||
| Pseudotypotherium | 14px | 14px | 14px | ||||||||||||||
| Thylacosmilus | 14px | 14px | 14px | ||||||||||||||
| Xotodon | 14px | 14px | 14px | 14px | |||||||||||||
| Macraucheniidae | 14px | 14px | 14px | 14px | 14px | 14px | |||||||||||
| Primates | 10px | ||||||||||||||||
| Rodents | 10px | 10px | 10px | 10px | 10px | 10px | 10px | 10px | 10px | 10px | 10px | ||||||
| Reptiles | 10px | 10px | 10px | 10px | 10px | 10px | |||||||||||
| Birds | 10px | 10px | 10px | 10px | |||||||||||||
| Terror birds | 10px | 10px | 10px | ||||||||||||||
| Flora | 10px | 10px | |||||||||||||||
| Environments | Aeolian-fluvial | Fluvio-deltaic | Fluvial | Fluvio-lacustrine | Fluvial | Fluvio-lacustrine | Fluvio-deltaic | 8px Huayquerian volcanoclastics 8px Huayquerian fauna 8px Huayquerian flora
| |||||||||
| Volcanic | Yes | ||||||||||||||||
References
- ↑ Wesselingh et al., 2006
- ↑ Sala Gismondi et al., 2006
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 CTA-45 at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Amazonian amber at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Rasia, Luciano L.; Candela, Adriana M. (2018-05-19). "Reappraisal of the giant caviomorph rodent Phoberomys burmeisteri (Ameghino, 1886) from the late Miocene of northeastern Argentina, and the phylogeny and diversity of Neoepiblemidae". Historical Biology. 30 (4): 486–495. doi:10.1080/08912963.2017.1294168. ISSN 0891-2963. S2CID 90381892.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 IQ114 at Fossilworks.org
Bibliography
- Montoya A., Diana M.; Alonso O., Diego; Pinilla O., Alejandro; Arenas M, José E. (2011), Geología de las Planchas 567, 568, 568bis, 569 and 569bis - 1:200,000, Servicio Geológico Colombiano, pp. 1–187, http://recordcenter.sgc.gov.co/B13/23008010024475/Documento/pdf/2105244751101000.pdf, retrieved 2018-06-01
- Salas Gismondi, R.; Flynn, J.J.; Baby, P.; Tejada Lara, J.V.; Wesselingh, F.P.; Antoine, P-O. (2015), "A Miocene hyperdiverse crocodylian community reveals peculiar trophic dynamics in proto-Amazonian mega-wetlands", Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 282 (1804), doi:10.1098/rspb.2014.2490, PMID 25716785
- Wesselingh, F.P.; Hoorn, M.C.; Guerrero, J.; Räsänen, M.E.; Romero Pittmann, L.; Salo, J. (2006), "The stratigraphy and regional structure of Miocene deposits in western Amazonia (Peru, Colombia and Brazil), with implications for late Neogene landscape evolution", Scripta Geologica 133: 291–322, http://www.repository.naturalis.nl/document/41347, retrieved 2017-08-15
Further reading
- Antoine, P.; Abello, J.A.; Adnet, S.; Altamirano Sierra, A.J.; Baby, P.; Billet, G.; Boivin, M.; Calderón, Y. et al. (2016), "A 60-million-year Cenozoic history of western Amazonian ecosystems in Contamana, eastern Peru", Gondwana Research 31: 30–59, doi:10.1016/j.gr.2015.11.001, Bibcode: 2016GondR..31...30A, https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/27645/2016%20Jaramillo%20Gondwana%20Res.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y, retrieved 2020-03-19
- Marcos C.Bissaro-Júnior, Leonardo Kerber, James L.Crowley, Ana M.Ribeiro, Renato P.Ghilardi, Edson Guilherme, Francisco R.Negri, Jonas P.Souza Filho, Annie S.Hsiou: "Detrital zircon U–Pb geochronology constrains the age of Brazilian Neogene deposits from Western Amazonia." Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology Volume 516, 15 February 2019, Pages 64–70 doi: 10.1016/j.palaeo.2018.11.032
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