Earth:Piora Oscillation

Short description: Abrupt cold and wet period in the Holocene Epoch

The Piora Oscillation was an abrupt cold and wet period in the climate history of the Holocene Epoch; it is roughly dated to c. 3900-3000 BC. Some researchers associate the Piora Oscillation with the end of the Atlantic climate regime, and the start of the Sub-Boreal, in the Blytt–Sernander sequence of Holocene climates.

The spatial extent of the change is unclear; it does not show up as a major, or even identifiable, event in hemispheric temperature reconstructions.

First detection

The phenomenon is named after the Val Piora or Piora Valley in Switzerland, where it was first detected; some of the most dramatic evidence of the Piora Oscillation comes from the region of the Alps. Glaciers advanced in the Alps, apparently for the first time since the Holocene climatic optimum; the Alpine tree line dropped by 100 meters. In the Middle East, the surface of the Dead Sea rose nearly 100 meters (300 feet), then receded to a more usual level. It also triggered the collapse of the Uruk period, through decreased temperatures and increased rainfall, which were believed to contribute to Babylonian and Hebrew flood myths.

Link to horse domestication

The Piora Oscillation has also been linked to the domestication of the horse. In Central Asia, a colder climate favored the use of horses: "The horse, since it was so adept at foraging with snow on the ground, tended to replace cattle and sheep." The Piora period seems associated with a period of colder drier air over the Western and Eastern Mediterranean, and may have depressed rainfalls as far afield as the Middle East. It is also associated with a sudden onset of drier weather in the central Sahara.

Causes

The cause or causes of the Piora Oscillation are debated. A Greenland ice core, GISP2, shows a sulfate spike and methane trough c. 3250 BCE, suggesting an unusual occurrence — either a volcanic eruption or a meteor or an asteroid impact event. Other authorities associate the Piora Oscillation with other comparable events, like the 8.2 kiloyear event, that recur in climate history, as part of a larger 1500-year climate cycle.

It may also be caused by changes in solar activity and orbital parameters.

See also

• Bond event
• 4.2-kiloyear event
• Bølling–Allerød warming
• African humid period
• Older Peron

References

• Baronia, Carlo; Orombelli, Giuseppe (1996). "The Alpine "Iceman" and Holocene Climatic Change". Quaternary Research 46 (1): 78–83. doi:10.1006/qres.1996.0046. Bibcode: 1996QuRes..46...78B. 
• Burroughs, William J. (2003). Climate: Into the 21st Century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-79202-9. https://archive.org/details/climate00will. 
• Caseldine, C.; Thompson, G.; Langdon, C.; Hendon, D. (2005). "Evidence for an extreme climatic event on Achill Island, Co. Mayo, Ireland around 5200–5100 cal. yr BP". Journal of Quaternary Science 20 (2): 169–178. doi:10.1002/jqs.901. Bibcode: 2005JQS....20..169C. 
• Hou, Mei; Wu, Wen Xiang (5 December 2020). "A review of 6000-5000 cal BP climatic anomalies in China". Quaternary International 571: 58–72. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2020.12.004. ISSN 1040-6182. 
• Lamb, Hubert H. (1995). Climate, History, and the Modern World. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-12735-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=0Nucx3udvnoC. 
• Magny, Michel; Haas, Jean Nicolas (2004). "A major widespread climatic change around 5300 cal. yr BP at the time of the Alpine Iceman". Journal of Quaternary Science 19 (5): 423–430. doi:10.1002/jqs.850. Bibcode: 2004JQS....19..423M. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/227538423. 
• Matossian, Mary A. K. (1997). Shaping World History: Breakthroughs in Ecology, Technology, Science, and Politics. New York: M. E. Sharpe. ISBN 0-7656-0061-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=84KTDAAAQBAJ. 
• Wick, Lucia; Tinner, Willy (1997). "Vegetation Changes and Timberline Fluctuations in the Central Alps as Indicators of Holocene Climatic Oscillations". Arctic and Alpine Research 29 (4): 445–458. doi:10.2307/1551992.