Earth:Portland Formation
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| Portland Formation Stratigraphic range: Hettangian-Sinemurian ~199–195 Ma | |
|---|---|
| Type | Geological formation |
| Unit of | Agawam Group, Newark Supergroup |
| Sub-units | Turners Falls Sandstone & Mount Toby Formation |
| Overlies | East Berlin Formation |
| Lithology | |
| Primary | Sandstone |
| Other | Mudstone, siltstone, limestone |
| Location | |
| Coordinates | [ ⚑ ] : 42°18′N 72°30′W / 42.3°N 72.5°W |
| Paleocoordinates | [ ⚑ ] 24°00′N 18°36′W / 24.0°N 18.6°W |
| Region | Connecticut, Massachusetts |
| Country | United States |
| Extent | Deerfield & Hartford Basins |
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The Portland Formation is a geological formation in Connecticut and Massachusetts in the northeastern United States.[1] It dates back to the Early Jurassic period.[2] The formation consists mainly of sandstone laid down by a series of lakes (in the older half of the formation) and the floodplain of a river (in the younger half). The sedimentary rock layers representing the entire Portland Formation are over 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) thick and were formed over about 4 million years of time, from the Hettangian age (lower half) to the late Hettangian and Sinemurian ages (upper half).[3]
In 2016, the paleontologist Robert E. Weems and colleagues suggested the Portland Formation should be elevated to a geological group within the Newark Supergroup (as the Portland Group), and thereby replacing the former name "Agawam Group". They also reinstated the Longmeadow Sandstone as a formation (within the uppermost Portland Group); it had earlier been considered identical to the Portland Formation.[4]
Vertebrate paleofauna
Dinosaur coprolites are known from the formation.[2] This formation and the underlying East Berlin Formation are well-known for its numerous well-preserved dinosaur tracks, made by trackmakers including ornithischians, theropods, and sauropodomorphs, which are preserved at sites such as Dinosaur Footprints Reservation.[2][5] Other tracks are also known representing animals such as pseudosuchians, turtles, and temnospondyls.[6]
Color key
|
Notes Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; |
| Dinosaurs | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Genus | Species | Location | Stratigraphic position | Material | Notes | Images |
| Anomoepus [7] | A. sp. |
|
Hundreds of ornithischian footprints and trackways. | Tracks made by small Ornithischians. |  | |
| Eubrontes[8] | E. sp. |
|
Many theropod footprints and trackways. | Tracks made by medium to large sized theropods likely similar to Dilophosaurus. | _-_close-up.JPG) | |
| Grallator[8] | G. sp. |
|
Many theropod footprints and trackways. | Tracks made by small to medium sized theropods likely similar to Coelophysis. |  | |
| Otozoum [9] | O. sp |
|
Many sauropodomorph trackways. | Tracks made by medium sized Sauropodomorphs. Likely made by animals such as Anchisaurus. |  | |
| Anchisaurus[2] | A. polyzelus[2] | Several specimens. | A relatively small basal Sauropodomorph. Many Otozoum tracks in the formation that may belong to Anchisaurus could have been made by potentially even larger specimens of the genus.[10] |  | ||
| Podokesaurus[2] | P. holyokensis | Massachusetts | Partial postcranial skeleton.[11] | A coelophysoid theropod. The only specimen was destroyed in a fire. |  | |
| Neotheropoda indet.[12] | indeterminate | Massachusetts | Partial humerus. | Estimated to have been 9 meters long, and possibly a semiaquatic piscivore. | ||
| Theropoda indet.[13] | indeterminate | Connecticut | Two specimens and tracks attributed to "Anchisauripus" | The animal was noted as being similar to Coelophysis as well as being slightly larger than some of the largest specimens attributed to Coelophysis. | ||
| Non-dinosaur archosaurs | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Genus | Species | Location | Stratigraphic position | Material | Notes | Images |
| S. longipes | Hine's Quarry, Longmeadow | Partial postcranial skeleton. | Originally Stegomus. A small armored "protosuchian" crocodyliform. | _(18125938496).jpg) | ||
| Pterosauria indet,[14] | indeterminate | South Hadley, Massachusetts | Partial wrist bone and tooth. | Non-pterodactyloid pterosaur estimated to have a wingspan of 40 cm. | ||
| Fish | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Genus | Species | Location | Stratigraphic position | Material | Notes | Images |
| Acentrophorus[15] | A. chicopensis | Material initially referred to the genus Acentrophorus. Most researchers consider the species distinct from Acentrophorus. | ||||
| Redfieldius[16] | R. gracilis | The last surviving redfieldiiform fish. | 
| |||
| Semionotus[16] | S. sp. | A semionotid fish. | 
| |||
Invertebrate paleofauna
| Insects | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Genus | Species | Location | Stratigraphic position | Material | Notes | Images |
| Holcoptera | H. schlotheimi[17] | A coptoclavid beetle known with distinct color pattern. | 
| |||
| H. giebeli[18][17] | 
| |||||
| Orthoptera[18] | indeterminate | |||||
| Blattaria[18] | indeterminate | |||||
| Polyphaga[18] | indeterminate | An indeterminate polyphagan larvae. Similar to Mormolucoides but larger. | ||||
See also
- List of dinosaur-bearing rock formations
- Newark Supergroup
- Paleontology in Connecticut
- Paleontology in Massachusetts
References
- ↑ Portland Formation - USGS
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 Weishampel et al., 2004, pp.530–532
- ↑ Olsen, P.E. (2002). "Stratigraphy and Age of the Early Jurassic Portland Formation of Connecticut and Massachusetts: A Contribution to the Time Scale of the Early Jurassic". https://gsa.confex.com/gsa/2002NE/finalprogram/abstract_31961.htm.
- ↑ Weems, R. E.; Tanner, L. H.; Lucas, S. G. (2016). "Synthesis and revision of the lithostratigraphic groups and formations in the Upper Permian?–Lower Jurassic Newark Supergroup of eastern North America". Stratigraphy 13 (2): 111–153. doi:10.29041/strat.13.2.03. Bibcode: 2016Strat..13..111W. https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70188433.
- ↑ Getty, Patrick (2004). "Ornithischian ichnites from Dinosaur Footprint Reservation (Early Jurassic Portland Formation), Holyoke, MA". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 23 (Supp 3): 63A. doi:10.1080/02724634.2003.10010538.
- ↑ "PBDB". https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicCollectionSearch?collection_no=53023&is_real_user=.
- ↑ Olsen, Rainforth (2003). "The Early Jurassic Ornithischian Dinosaurian Ichnogenus Anomoepus". https://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/~polsen/nbcp/olsen_rainforth_cu_proofs_03.pdf.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Olsen, Paul E.; Smith, Joshua B.; McDonald, Nicholas G. (15 September 1998). "Type material of the type species of the classic theropod footprint genera Eubrontes, Anchisauripus , and Grallator (Early Jurassic, Hartford and Deerfield basins, Connecticut and Massachusetts, U.S.A.)". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 18 (3): 586–601. doi:10.1080/02724634.1998.10011086.
- ↑ Olsen, Whiteside (2005). "Jurassic cyclostratigraphy and paleontology of the Hartford basin". https://www.researchgate.net/publication/40661940_Jurassic_cyclostratigraphy_and_paleontology_of_the_Hartford_basin.
- ↑ Yates, Adam M. (2010). "A revision of the problematic sauropodomorph dinosaurs from Manchester, Connecticut and the status of Anchisaurus Marsh". Palaeontology 53 (4): 739–752. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2010.00952.x. Bibcode: 2010Palgy..53..739Y. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1475-4983.2010.00952.x.
- ↑ "Table 3.1," in Weishampel et al., 2004, p.48
- ↑ McMenamin, M. (2021). Large neotheropod from the Lower Jurassic of Massachusetts. AcademiaLetters, Article 3591. doi:10.20935/AL3591.1©2021 by the author — Open Access — Distributed under CC BY 4.0
- ↑ "A New Specimen of Sand Pseudomorph Dinosaur Bones with Tetrapod Tracks from the Early Jurassic, Hartford Basin, USA | Request PDF". https://www.researchgate.net/publication/372010039.
- ↑ "Early Jurassic pterosaur from Massachusetts". https://www.researchgate.net/publication/355340350.
- ↑ "The first Upper Permian amphibian from the Dolomites". https://www.researchgate.net/publication/351559379.
- ↑ 16.0 16.1 "PBDB". https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicCollectionSearch?collection_no=224080&is_real_user=.
- ↑ 17.0 17.1 Thomson, Ulysses; Ross, Andrew J.; Davidson, Philip (August 2017). "Mesozoic Holcoptera (Coleoptera: Coptoclavidae) from England and the United States". Proceedings of the Geologists' Association 128 (4): 659–674. doi:10.1016/j.pgeola.2017.05.009.
- ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 18.3 Huber, Phillip; McDonald, Nicholas G.; Olsen, Paul E. (2003). The Great Rift Valleys of Pangea in Eastern North America, Volume 2: Sedimentology, Stratigraphy, and Paleontology. Columbia University Press. pp. 206-223. https://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/~polsen/nbcp/huber_et_al_03.pdf.
Bibliography
- Weishampel, David B., ed (2004). The Dinosauria, 2nd edition. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-24209-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=vtZFDb_iw40C. Retrieved 2019-02-21.
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