Earth:Satellite tornado

From HandWiki
Short description: Tornado that orbits around a parent tornado
A tornado with an associated satellite tornado. The large tornado on the right is the 1999 Bridge Creek – Moore tornado and the small tornado to the left is a satellite tornado.

A satellite tornado is a tornado that revolves around a larger, primary tornado and interacts with the same mesocyclone. Satellite tornadoes occur apart from the primary tornado and are not considered subvortices; the primary tornado and satellite tornadoes are considered to be separate tornadoes. The cause of satellite tornadoes is not known. Such tornadoes are more often anticyclonic than are typical tornadoes and these pairs may be referred to as tornado couplets.[1] Satellite tornadoes commonly occur in association with very powerful, large, and destructive tornadoes, indicative also of the strength and severity of the parent supercell thunderstorm.[2]

Satellite tornadoes are relatively uncommon. When a satellite tornado does occur, there is often more than one orbiting satellite spawned during the life cycle of the tornado or with successive primary tornadoes spawned by the parent supercell (a process known as cyclic tornadogenesis and leading to a tornado family). On tornado outbreak days, if satellite tornadoes occur with one supercell, there is an elevated probability of their occurrence with other supercells.[citation needed]

Satellite tornadoes may merge into their companion tornado although the appearance of this occurring is often an illusion caused when an orbiting tornado revolves around the backside of a primary tornado obscuring view of the satellite.[3] During the March 1990 Central United States tornado outbreak, one member of a tornado family (rated F5) constricted and became a satellite tornado of the next tornado of the family before merging into the new primary tornado which soon also intensified to F5.[4]

Examples

Some examples of tornado couplets include the Tri-State Tornado,[5] multiple tornadoes during the 1999 Oklahoma tornado outbreak,[6] the 2007 Greensburg tornado,[7] and the 2013 El Reno tornado.[8] Satellite tornadoes are more likely to be recognized in recent decades than in the far past as eyewitness accounts as well as damage survey information are often available for later events. The advent of storm chasing, in particular, boosts the likelihood that satellite tornadoes are noticed visually and/or on mobile radar.[9] These tornadoes may remain over open country and thus cause less structural damage and consequently are less widely known. Such examples include near Beloit, Kansas on 15 May 1990 and during Project VORTEX near Allison, Texas on 8 June 1995, among other events.[3]

List of confirmed satellite tornadoes

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by expanding it with reliably sourced entries.
Date Primary F#/EF# Primary location Satellite F#/EF# Satellite location Fatalities[lower-alpha 1] Event
May 30, 1879 bgcolor="#Template:Storm colour" | F4[lower-alpha 2] SW of Randolph, Kansas to Irving, Kansas to Dawson's Mill, Nebraska[10][lower-alpha 3] bgcolor="#Template:Storm colour" | F? NW of Randolph, Kansas[10] 18 (60 injuries)
March 13, 1954 bgcolor="#Template:Storm colour" | F3 Howard, Georgia to Roberta, Georgia to Macon, Georgia[11] bgcolor="#Template:Storm colour" | F1 Turner Chapel, Georgia to Fickling, Georgia[12] 5 (75 injuries) Tornadoes of 1954#March 13
May 16, 1961 bgcolor="#Template:Storm colour" | F1 S of Mount Dora, New Mexico to NW of Clayton, New Mexico[13] bgcolor="#Template:Storm colour" | F0 Mount Dora, New Mexico[14] 0 Tornado outbreak sequence of May 14–June 1, 1962 (List)
June 13, 1976 rowspan="2" bgcolor="#Template:Storm colour" | F5 SW of Luther, Iowa to Jordan, Iowa to SW of Gilbert, Iowa[10][15][16] bgcolor="#Template:Storm colour" | F2 S to N of Jordan, Iowa[10][17] 0 (9 injuries) Tornadoes of 1976#June 13
bgcolor="#Template:Storm colour" | F3 NE of Jordan, Iowa[10][18]
March 13, 1990 bgcolor="#Template:Storm colour" | F5 Castleton, Kansas to Hesston, Kansas[19] bgcolor="#Template:Storm colour" | F5 Goessel, Kansas to NE of Hillsboro, Kansas[20] 2 March 1990 Central United States tornado outbreak
March 1, 1997 bgcolor="#Template:Storm colour" | F2 S of College Station, Arkansas[citation needed] bgcolor="#Template:Storm colour" | F2 S of College Station, Arkansas[citation needed] 0 March 1997 tornado outbreak
May 3, 1999 bgcolor="#Template:Storm colour" | F5 SSW of Amber, Oklahoma to Moore, Oklahoma to W of Midwest City, Oklahoma[21][22] bgcolor="#Template:Storm colour" | F0 N of Newcastle, Oklahoma[22] 36 (583 injuries) 1999 Bridge Creek–Moore tornado
April 20, 2004 bgcolor="#Template:Storm colour" | F2 N of Utica, Illinois to Ottawa, Illinois[23] bgcolor="#Template:Storm colour" | F0 E of Utica, Illinois[citation needed] 0 Tornado outbreak of April 20, 2004
May 4, 2007 rowspan="2" bgcolor="#Template:Storm colour" | EF5 Greensburg, Kansas[24][25] bgcolor="#Template:Storm colour" | EF1 SW of Greensburg, Kansas[26] 11 (63 injuries) Tornado outbreak of May 4–6, 2007
bgcolor="#Template:Storm colour" | EF0 SW of Greensburg, Kansas[27]
May 23, 2008 bgcolor="#Template:Storm colour" | EF2 N of Laird, Kansas[28] bgcolor="#Template:Storm colour" | EF2 SE of Arnold, Kansas[29] 0 Tornado outbreak sequence of May 22–31, 2008
May 10, 2010 bgcolor="#Template:Storm colour" | EF3 SW of Wakita, Oklahoma to E of Hunnewell, Kansas [30] bgcolor="#Template:Storm colour" | EF0 NW of Medford, Oklahoma[31] 0 (2 injuries) Tornado outbreak of May 10–13, 2010
April 9, 2011 rowspan="5" bgcolor="#Template:Storm colour" | EF3 W of Nemaha, Iowa to N of Ware, Iowa[32][33][34] bgcolor="#Template:Storm colour" | EF2 SE of Newell, Iowa[35][36] 0 Tornado outbreak of April 9–11, 2011
bgcolor="#Template:Storm colour" | EF4 W of Pocahontas, Iowa[37]
bgcolor="#Template:Storm colour" | EF1 NE of Varina, Iowa[38]
bgcolor="#Template:Storm colour" | EF1 NE of Varina, Iowa[39]
bgcolor="#Template:Storm colour" | EF2 WSW of Pocahontas, Iowa[40]
May 24, 2011 bgcolor="#Template:Storm colour" | EF5 ESE of Hinton to Piedmont to NE of Guthrie, Oklahoma[41] bgcolor="#Template:Storm colour" | EF0 NW of Richland, Oklahoma[42] 9 (181 injuries) 2011 El Reno–Piedmont tornado
November 7, 2011 bgcolor="#Template:Storm colour" | EF4 SSW of Tipton, Oklahoma[43] bgcolor="#Template:Storm colour" | EF0 S of Tipton, Oklahoma[43] 0 Tornadoes of 2011#November 7–8
May 28, 2013 bgcolor="#Template:Storm colour" | EF3 S of Centralia, Kansas[44] bgcolor="#Template:Storm colour" | EF1 W of Corning, Kansas[45] 0 Tornado outbreak of May 26–31, 2013
May 31, 2013 bgcolor="#Template:Storm colour" | EF3 WSW of El Reno, Oklahoma to W of Yukon, Oklahoma[46] bgcolor="#Template:Storm colour" | EF2 SE of El Reno, Oklahoma[46] 8 (151 injured) 2013 El Reno tornado
April 9, 2015 bgcolor="#Template:Storm colour" | EF4 NNE of Franklin Grove, Illinois to NNW of Kirkland, Illinois[47] bgcolor="#Template:Storm colour" | EF0 S of Belvidere, Illinois[48] 2 (11 injuries) Tornado outbreak of April 8–9, 2015
April 27, 2016 bgcolor="#Template:Storm colour" | EF0 ESE of Bedford, Iowa to S of Conway, Iowa[49] bgcolor="#Template:Storm colour" | EF0 S of Conway, Iowa[50] 0 List of United States tornadoes from April to May 2016
May 9, 2016 bgcolor="#Template:Storm colour" | EF1 ENE of Wapanucka, Oklahoma to N of Atoka, Oklahoma[51] bgcolor="#Template:Storm colour" | EFU ENE of Wapanucka, Oklahoma[52] 0 List of United States tornadoes from April to May 2016
May 9, 2016 bgcolor="#Template:Storm colour" | EFU NW of Sawyer, Oklahoma to S of Spencerville, Oklahoma[53] bgcolor="#Template:Storm colour" | EFU N of Sawyer, Oklahoma[54] 0 List of United States tornadoes from April to May 2016
June 22, 2016 bgcolor="#Template:Storm colour" | EF1 WNW of West Brooklyn, Illinois to NW of Compton, Illinois[citation needed] bgcolor="#Template:Storm colour" | EF0 NE of West Brooklyn, Illinois[citation needed] 0 List of United States tornadoes from June to August 2016
June 6, 2018 bgcolor="#Template:Storm colour" | EF3 N of Laramie, Wyoming[55] bgcolor="#Template:Storm colour" | EF2 N of Laramie, Wyoming[56] 0 Tornadoes of 2018#June 6–8
July 19, 2018 bgcolor="#Template:Storm colour" | EF3 Eastern Pella, Iowa[57][58] bgcolor="#Template:Storm colour" | EF0 NE of Pella, Iowa[59] 0 (13 injuries) from June to July 2018
November 25, 2018 bgcolor="#Template:Storm colour" | F2 Gulf of Taranto to Patù, Italy to Corsano, Italy to eastern Tricase, Italy[60] bgcolor="#Template:Storm colour" | FU Gulf of Taranto[60] 0 Tornadoes of 2018#November 25 (Italy)
April 30, 2019 bgcolor="#Template:Storm colour" | EF2 NW of Talala, Oklahoma[61] bgcolor="#Template:Storm colour" | EFU W of Talala, Oklahoma[62] 0 List of United States tornadoes in April 2019
September 10, 2019 bgcolor="#Template:Storm colour" | EF2 N of Fort Laramie, Wyoming to NE of Lingle, Wyoming[63] bgcolor="#Template:Storm colour" | EFU N of Fort Laramie, Wyoming to NE of Lingle, Wyoming[63] 0 List of United States tornadoes from September to October 2019
March 13, 2021 bgcolor="#Template:Storm colour" | EF2 SW of Happy, Texas to ESE of Canyon, Texas[64] bgcolor="#Template:Storm colour" | EF1 N of Happy, Texas[65] 0 March 2021 North American blizzard
April 27, 2021 bgcolor="#Template:Storm colour" | EFU N of Haswell, Colorado[66] bgcolor="#Template:Storm colour" | EFU NNE of Haswell, Colorado[67] 0 List of United States tornadoes from April to June 2021
May 19, 2021 bgcolor="#Template:Storm colour" | EF0 NW of Medford, Minnesota[68] bgcolor="#Template:Storm colour" | EF0 NW of Medford, Minnesota[69] 0 List of United States tornadoes from April to June 2021
July 13, 2021 bgcolor="#Template:Storm colour" | EF2 NE of Beachburg, Ontario to L'Île-du-Grand-Calumet, Quebec[70] bgcolor="#Template:Storm colour" | EF1 Sullivan Island, Ontario to Butternut Island, Ontario[70] 0
September 29, 2021 bgcolor="#Template:Storm colour" | F1 Kiel, Germany (Meimersdorf District)[71] bgcolor="#Template:Storm colour" | FU Kieler Förde, Germany[72] 0 (7 injured) Tornadoes of 2021#September 29 (Germany)
October 12, 2021 bgcolor="#Template:Storm colour" | EF1 Clinton, Oklahoma to SSE of Custer City, Oklahoma[73] bgcolor="#Template:Storm colour" | EFU NE of Clinton, Oklahoma[74] 0
December 11, 2021 bgcolor="#Template:Storm colour" | EF3 SW of Bowling Green, Kentucky to S of Plum Springs, Kentucky to NNW of Rocky Hill, Kentucky[75] bgcolor="#Template:Storm colour" | EF2 Southeastern Bowling Green, Kentucky to SE of Plum Springs, Kentucky[76] 16 (63 injuries) Tornado outbreak of December 10–11, 2021
March 5, 2022 bgcolor="#Template:Storm colour" | EF3 E of Derby, Iowa to E of Chariton, Iowa[77] bgcolor="#Template:Storm colour" | EF0 S of Chariton, Iowa[78] 1 (1 injured) Tornado outbreak of March 5–7, 2022
April 5, 2022 bgcolor="#Template:Storm colour" | EF2 NNE of Bladon Springs, Alabama to W of McEntyre, Alabama[79] bgcolor="#Template:Storm colour" | EF1 NNE Coffeeville, Alabama[79] 0 Tornado outbreak of April 4–7, 2022
May 4, 2022 bgcolor="#Template:Storm colour" | EF2 W of Maud, Oklahoma to E of Little, Oklahoma[80][81] bgcolor="#Template:Storm colour" | EF0 NE of Seminole, Oklahoma to ESE of Little, Oklahoma[80] 0 Tornadoes of 2022#May 4–6 (Central and Eastern United States)
December 14, 2022 bgcolor="#Template:Storm colour" | EF2 New Iberia, Louisiana[82] bgcolor="#Template:Storm colour" | EFU SSW New Iberia, Louisiana[82] 0 (16 injuries) Tornado outbreak of December 12–15, 2022
June 28, 2023 bgcolor="#Template:Storm colour" | EF0 SW of Kimball[83] bgcolor="#Template:Storm colour" | EFU SW of Kimball[83] 0

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ This includes any fatalities from the parent and satellite tornadoes
  2. ↑ This tornado's rating is an unofficial rating.
  3. ↑ This track was probably a tornado family.

References

  1. ↑ Marshall, Tim (1995). Storm Talk. David Hoadley (illust.). Texas. 
  2. ↑ Edwards, Roger (2006-04-04). "Satellite tornado". The Online Tornado FAQ. Storm Prediction Center. http://www.spc.ncep.noaa.gov/faq/tornado/#satellite_tornado1. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Edwards, Roger (2001). "Satellite Tornado". StormEyes. http://www.stormeyes.org/tornado/faq/stlt_tor.html. 
  4. ↑ Davies, Jonathan M.; C. A. Doswell; D. W. Burgess; J. F. Weaver (1994). "Some Noteworthy Aspects of the Hesston, Kansas, Tornado Family of 13 March 1990". Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. 75 (6): 1007–17. doi:10.1175/1520-0477(1994)075<1007:SNAOTH>2.0.CO;2. Bibcode: 1994BAMS...75.1007D. 
  5. ↑ Johns, Robert H.; D. W. Burgess; C. A. Doswell III; M. S. Gilmore; J. A. Hart; S. F. Piltz (2013). "The 1925 Tri-State Tornado Damage Path and Associated Storm System". e-Journal of Severe Storms Meteorology 8 (2): 1–33. doi:10.55599/ejssm.v8i2.47. http://www.ejssm.org/ojs/index.php/ejssm/issue/view/44. 
  6. ↑ Edwards, Roger (2002). "Central Oklahoma Tornado Intercept: 3 May 1999". StormEyes. http://www.stormeyes.org/tornado/3may99/. 
  7. ↑ Lemon, Leslie R.; M. Umschied (2008-10-27). "The Greensburg, KS Tornadic Storm: A Storm of Extremes". Savannah, GA: American Meteorological Society. https://ams.confex.com/ams/24SLS/techprogram/paper_141811.htm. 
  8. ↑ Wurman, Joshua; K. Kosiba; P. Robinson; T. Marshall (2014). "The Role of Multiple-Vortex Tornado Structure in Causing Storm Researcher Fatalities". Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 95 (1): 31–45. doi:10.1175/BAMS-D-13-00221.1. Bibcode: 2014BAMS...95...31W. 
  9. ↑ Wurman, Joshua; K. Kosiba (2013). "Finescale Radar Observations of Tornado and Mesocyclone Structures". Weather Forecast. 28 (5): 1157–74. doi:10.1175/WAF-D-12-00127.1. Bibcode: 2013WtFor..28.1157W. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 Grazulis, Thomas P. (1993). Significant tornadoes, 1680-1991: A Chronology and Analysis of Events. St. Johnsbury, Vermont: Environmental Films. ISBN 1-879362-03-1. 
  11. ↑ "Georgia Event Report: F3 Tornado". National Weather Service. https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=10001463. "Georgia Event Report: F3 Tornado". National Weather Service. https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=10001467. "Georgia Event Report: F3 Tornado". National Weather Service. https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=10001469. 
  12. ↑ "Georgia Event Report: F1 Tornado". National Weather Service. https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=10001464. 
  13. ↑ New Mexico Event Report: F1 Tornado (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=10078394. Retrieved 10 September 2020. 
  14. ↑ New Mexico Event Report: F0 Tornado (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=10078393. Retrieved 10 September 2020. 
  15. ↑ Iowa Event Report: F5 Tornado (Report). National Weather Service. https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=10014924. Retrieved 7 April 2022. 
  16. ↑ Iowa Event Report: F5 Tornado (Report). National Weather Service. https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=10014927. Retrieved 7 April 2022. 
  17. ↑ Iowa Event Report: F2 Tornado (Report). National Weather Service. https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=10014926. Retrieved 7 April 2022. 
  18. ↑ Iowa Event Report: F3 Tornado (Report). National Weather Service. https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=10014928. Retrieved 7 April 2022. 
  19. ↑ "Kansas Event Report: F5 Tornado". National Weather Service. https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=10037677. "Kansas Event Report: F5 Tornado". National Weather Service. https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=10037680. "Kansas Event Report: F5 Tornado". National Weather Service. https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=10037684. 
  20. ↑ "Kansas Event Report: F5 Tornado". National Weather Service. https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=10037682. "Kansas Event Report: F5 Tornado". National Weather Service. https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=10037685. "Kansas Event Report: F5 Tornado". National Weather Service. https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=10037687. 
  21. ↑ "The 1999 Oklahoma Tornado Outbreak: 10-Year Retrospective". Risk Management Solutions. 2009. http://www.rms.com/Publications/1999_Oklahoma_Tornado_Outbreak.pdf. 
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 "The Great Plains Tornado Outbreak of May 3–4, 1999 Storm A Information". National Weather Service Office in Norman, Oklahoma. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. May 22, 2013. http://www.srh.noaa.gov/oun/?n=events-19990503-storma. 
  23. ↑ "Storm Events Database". National Weather Service. https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5390600. 
  24. ↑ NWS Dodge City. "Greensburg Tornado Rated EF-5 (updated May 22)". http://www.crh.noaa.gov/crnews/display_story.php?wfo=ddc&storyid=7828&source=0. 
  25. ↑ National Climatic Data Center. "NCDC Storm Reports". National Weather Service. http://www4.ncdc.noaa.gov/cgi-win/wwcgi.dll?wwevent~storms. 
  26. ↑ "Storm Events Database - Event Details | National Centers for Environmental Information". http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=35992. 
  27. ↑ "Storm Events Database - Event Details | National Centers for Environmental Information". https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=132165. 
  28. ↑ "Storm Events Database - Event Details | National Centers for Environmental Information". https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=109893. 
  29. ↑ "Storm Events Database - Event Details | National Centers for Environmental Information". https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=109894. 
  30. ↑ "Oklahoma Event Report: EF3 Tornado". National Weather Service. https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=231830. "Oklahoma Event Report: EF3 Tornado". National Weather Service. https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=231833. "Kansas Event Report: EF1 Tornado". National Weather Service. https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=220263. 
  31. ↑ "Oklahoma Event Report: EF0 Tornado". National Weather Service. https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=231836. 
  32. ↑ Iowa Event Report: EF2 Tornado (Report). National Weather Service. https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=283446. Retrieved 8 April 2022. 
  33. ↑ Iowa Event Report: EF2 Tornado (Report). National Weather Service. https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=302245. Retrieved 8 April 2022. 
  34. ↑ Iowa Event Report: EF3 Tornado (Report). National Weather Service. https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=283449. Retrieved 8 April 2022. 
  35. ↑ Iowa Event Report: EF3 Tornado (Report). National Weather Service. https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=283456. Retrieved 8 April 2022. 
  36. ↑ Iowa Event Report: EF3 Tornado (Report). National Weather Service. https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=302261ttps://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=283449. Retrieved 8 April 2022. [yes|permanent dead link|dead link}}]
  37. ↑ Iowa Event Report: EF4 Tornado (Report). National Weather Service. https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=283450. Retrieved 8 April 2022. 
  38. ↑ Iowa Event Report: EF1 Tornado (Report). National Weather Service. https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=286538. Retrieved 8 April 2022. 
  39. ↑ Iowa Event Report: EF1 Tornado (Report). National Weather Service. https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=286544. Retrieved 8 April 2022. 
  40. ↑ Iowa Event Report: EF2 Tornado (Report). National Weather Service. https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=286555. Retrieved 8 April 2022. 
  41. ↑ "Oklahoma Event Report: EF5 Tornado". National Centers for Environmental Information. 2011. https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=315837. "Oklahoma Event Report: EF3 Tornado". National Centers for Environmental Information. 2011. https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=315839. "Oklahoma Event Report: EF3 Tornado". National Centers for Environmental Information. 2011. https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=315848. 
  42. ↑ "Oklahoma Event Report: EF0 Tornado". National Centers for Environmental Information. 2011. https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=315853. 
  43. ↑ 43.0 43.1 "The Severe Weather Event of November 7-8, 2011". National Weather Service. https://www.weather.gov/oun/events-20111107. 
  44. ↑ Kansas Event Report: EF3 Tornado (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. 2013. https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=443113. Retrieved February 20, 2017. 
  45. ↑ Kansas Event Report: EF1 Tornado (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. 2013. https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=443117. Retrieved February 20, 2017. 
  46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 "Central Oklahoma Tornadoes and Flash Flooding – May 31, 2013". National Weather Service Office in Norman, Oklahoma. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. May 31, 2013. http://www.srh.noaa.gov/oun/?n=events-20130531. Retrieved June 7, 2013. 
  47. ↑ Illinois Event Report: EF4 Tornado (Report). National Climatic Data Center. 2015. https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=574337. Retrieved December 31, 2015. 
  48. ↑ Illinois Event Report: EF0 Tornado (Report). National Climatic Data Center. 2015. https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=574333. Retrieved December 31, 2015. 
  49. ↑ Iowa Event Report: EF0 Tornado (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. 2016. https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=622332. Retrieved December 7, 2016. 
  50. ↑ Iowa Event Report: EF0 Tornado (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. 2016. https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=622333. Retrieved December 7, 2016. 
  51. ↑ Oklahoma Event Report: EF1 Tornado (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. 2016. https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=633092. Retrieved December 10, 2016. 
  52. ↑ Oklahoma Event Report: EFU Tornado (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. 2016. https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=633097. Retrieved December 10, 2016. 
  53. ↑ Oklahoma Event Report: EFU Tornado (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. 2016. https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=638194. Retrieved December 10, 2016. 
  54. ↑ Oklahoma Event Report: EFU Tornado (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. 2016. https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=638246. Retrieved December 10, 2016. 
  55. ↑ Wyoming Event Report: EF3 Tornado (Report). National Centers for Environmental Mesonet. 2018. https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=785903. Retrieved March 2, 2019. 
  56. ↑ Wyoming Event Report: EF2 Tornado (Report). National Centers for Environmental Mesonet. 2018. https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=785904. Retrieved March 2, 2019. 
  57. ↑ Iowa Event Report: EF3 Tornado (Report). National Weather Service. https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=766071. Retrieved 8 April 2022. 
  58. ↑ Iowa Event Report: EF2 Tornado (Report). National Weather Service. https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=766072. Retrieved 8 April 2022. 
  59. ↑ Iowa Event Report: EF0 Tornado (Report). National Weather Service. https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=766074. Retrieved 8 April 2022. 
  60. ↑ 60.0 60.1 "Grosso tornado si abbatte a nord di Crotone: devastato centro commerciale, auto scaraventate via". Inmeteo.net. 2018-11-25. https://www.inmeteo.net/blog/2018/11/25/grosso-tornado-si-abbatte-a-nord-di-crotone-devastato-centro-commerciale-auto-scaraventate-via. 
  61. ↑ Oklahoma Event Report: EF2 Tornado (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. 2019. https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=822193. Retrieved December 21, 2019. 
  62. ↑ Oklahoma Event Report: EFU Tornado (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. 2019. https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=822195. Retrieved December 21, 2019. 
  63. ↑ 63.0 63.1 Wyoming Event Report: EF2 Tornado (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. 2019. https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=854108. Retrieved January 18, 2020. 
  64. ↑ NWS Damage Survey for 3/13/21 Tornado Event Update #3 (Report). Iowa Environmental Mesonet. March 18, 2021. https://mesonet.agron.iastate.edu/wx/afos/p.php?pil=PNSAMA&e=202103190225. Retrieved March 18, 2021. 
  65. ↑ Storm Events Database March 13, 2021 (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=951821. Retrieved June 16, 2021. 
  66. ↑ Storm Events Database April 27, 2021 (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=956809. Retrieved August 12, 2021. 
  67. ↑ Storm Events Database April 27, 2021 (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=956811. Retrieved August 12, 2021. 
  68. ↑ Storm Events Database May 19, 2021 (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=951199. Retrieved August 28, 2021. 
  69. ↑ Storm Events Database May 19, 2021 (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=950475. Retrieved August 28, 2021. 
  70. ↑ 70.0 70.1 "New ON tornadoes on May 25, Jun 11 and Jul 13" (in en). https://www.uwo.ca/projects/ntp//blog/2021/new_on_tornadoes_on_may_25_jun_11_and_jul_13_.html. 
  71. ↑ "Several injured after tornado hits German city of Kiel". September 30, 2021. https://www.euronews.com/2021/09/30/several-injured-after-tornado-hits-german-city-of-kiel. 
  72. ↑ "European Severe Weather Database". https://eswd.eu/cgi-bin/eswd.cgi?lang=en_0&lastquery=18111680794&force_dynamic_map=true%3B. 
  73. ↑ Storm Events Database October 12, 2021 (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=987096. Retrieved January 24, 2022. 
  74. ↑ Storm Events Database October 12, 2021 (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=989414. Retrieved January 24, 2022. 
  75. ↑ Kentucky Event Report: EF3 Tornado (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. 2021. https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=997207. Retrieved March 20, 2022. 
  76. ↑ Kentucky Event Report: EF2 Tornado (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. 2021. https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=996903. Retrieved March 20, 2022. 
  77. ↑ NWS Des Moines [@NWSDesMoines]. "Chariton/Red Haw State Park Tornado Peak Intensity: EF-3 (138 MPH) Path Length: 16.5 Miles 1 Injury, 1 Fatality". https://twitter.com/NWSDesMoines/status/1500604091134713856.  Missing or empty |date= (help)
  78. ↑ "ArcGIS Web Application". https://apps.dat.noaa.gov/StormDamage/DamageViewer/. 
  79. ↑ 79.0 79.1 NWS Damage Survey for 04/05/22 Clarke County Tornado Event (Report). Iowa Environmental Mesonet. April 7, 2022. https://mesonet.agron.iastate.edu/wx/afos/p.php?pil=PNSMOB&e=202204072358. Retrieved April 7, 2022. 
  80. ↑ 80.0 80.1 "NWS Damage Survey for May 2 and May 4 Tornado Events". Iowa Environmental Mesonet. May 6, 2022. https://mesonet.agron.iastate.edu/wx/afos/p.php?pil=PNSOUN&e=202205061905. Retrieved May 6, 2022. 
  81. ↑ "We assessed damage from the tornado that moved from SW of Cromwell to NW of Okemah yesterday, and found EF-1 damage associated with it. It was very large as it approached/crossed I-40. We will continue our damage surveys for the area today. More details late this evening." (in en). National Weather Service Forecast Office in Tulsa, Oklahoma. https://twitter.com/NWStulsa/status/1522598444426305538. 
  82. ↑ 82.0 82.1 "...NWS Damage Survey for 12/14/22 Tornado Event...Update". National Weather Service. https://mesonet.agron.iastate.edu/wx/afos/p.php?pil=PNSLCH&e=202212282035. 
  83. ↑ 83.0 83.1 "NWS Damage Survey for 06/28/2023 Kimball County Tornado Event". National Weather Service. 29 June 2023. https://mesonet.agron.iastate.edu/wx/afos/p.php?pil=PNSCYS&e=202306291902. 

External links



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