Earth:Snow Hill Island Formation

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Snow Hill Island Formation
Stratigraphic range: Late Campanian-Early Maastrichtian
71.2–70.8 Ma
↓
Artist's reconstruction of the paleoenvironment of the Snow Hill Island Formation.
TypeGeological formation
Unit ofMarambio Group
Sub-unitsGamma & Herbert Sound Members
UnderliesLopez de Bertodano Formation
OverliesSanta Marta Formation
Lithology
PrimarySandstone
OtherMudstone
Location
Coordinates [ ⚑ ] : 63°54′S 57°54′W / 63.9°S 57.9°W / -63.9; -57.9
Paleocoordinates [ ⚑ ] 61°48′S 68°30′W / 61.8°S 68.5°W / -61.8; -68.5
RegionJames Ross Island, James Ross Island group
CountryArgentine Antarctica, British Antarctic Territory, Chilean Antarctic Territory

Geologic map of Seymour Island, Antarctica with Snow Hill Island Formation in dark green

The Snow Hill Island Formation is an Early Maastrichtian geologic formation found on James Ross Island, James Ross Island group, Antarctica.[1] Remains of a paravian theropod Imperobator antarcticus[2] have been recovered from it, as well as the elasmarian ornithopods Trinisaura santamartaensis, "Biscoveosaurus" and Morrosaurus antarcticus, the ankylosaurian Antarctopelta oliveroi, and the shark Notidanodon sp. Alongside these described genera are also the remains of indeterminate elasmosaurids,[3] lithostrotian titanosaurs and an indeterminate pterosaur.[4]

In the Herbert Sound Member of the Snow Hill Island Formation, bivalves, ammonites, and fish were found.[5]

Paleofauna

Invertebrates

Corals

Genus Species Presence Material Notes Images
Fungiacyathus F. deltoidophorus Karlsen Cliffs Member.[6] Imprints A Scleractinian Coral
Specimen of the same genus
Scleractinia Unidentifiable Karlsen Cliffs Member.[6] Imprints

Arthropoda

Genus Species Presence Material Notes Images
Angarestia A. australensis East side of Leal Bluff Specimens[7] A Glypheidae lobster
Cristafrons C. praescientis East side of Leal Bluff Specimens[7] A Raninidae crab
Hadrocarcinus H. wrighti East side of Leal Bluff Specimens[7] A Necrocarcinidae crab
Hoploparia H. stokesi East side of Leal Bluff; Humps Island Specimens[7] A Clawed lobster

Mollusks

Genus Species Presence Material Notes Images
Cymatoceras C. spp. Santa Marta Cove Shells[8] A Nautilid
Diplomoceras D. cylindraceum Day Nunatak Shells[8] A Diplomoceratidae Ammonite
Reconstruction
D. lambi Day Nunatak; Cape Lamb Shells[8]
Eutrephoceras E. spp. Day Nunatak Shells[8] A Nautilid
Gunnarites G. antarcticus Vega Island; Day Nunatak; Santa Marta Cove Shells[4][9][8] A Kossmaticeratidae Ammonite
Jacobites J. crofti Day Nunatak Shells[8] A Kossmaticeratidae Ammonite
Maorites M. seymourianus Day Nunatak; Al's Bird Site; Vega Island Shells[8] A Kossmaticeratidae Ammonite
Oistotrigonia O. pygoscelium Day Nunatak Shells[8] A Pterotrigoniidae bivalve
Pinna P. frenexiae Day Nunatak Shells[8] A Pinnidae bivalve
Extant specimen
P. anderssoni Day Nunatak Shells[8]
Pseudophyllites P. loryi Day Nunatak Shells[8] A Tetragonitidae Ammonite
Struthiochenopus S. hurleyi Day Nunatak Shells[8] An Aporrhaidae gastropod

Vertebrates

Fish

Genus Species Presence Material Notes Images
Albuliformes Indeterminate Santa Marta Cove Isolated vertebra, IAA-IRJ2000-24[10]
Antarctichthys A. longipectoralis Santa Marta Cove MN 7838-V, single and incomplete specimen[11] A Dercetidae fish
Apateodus cf. A. sp. Santa Marta Cove teeth[10] Alepisauriformes fish
Callorhinchus C. sp. Santa Marta Cove teeth[4][12] A Chimaera
Cf. C. sp. Cape Lamb teeth[4][12]
Centrophoroides C. sp. Santa Marta Cove Teeth[4][12] A Squalidae shark
Chimaera C. zangerli Santa Marta Cove, James Ross Island. Teeth[4] A chimaera.
Extant member of the genus
Chlamydoselachus C. thompsoni Santa Marta Cove, James Ross Island. Complete dentition.[10] A frilled shark.
Extant member of the genus
Cretalamna C. appendiculatta Santa Marta Cove Teeth.[12] An Otodontidae shark
Edaphodon E. snowhillensis Herbert Sound Member.[13] MLP 13- I-26-1, Complete dentition.[13] A large species of chimaera.
Enchodus E. sp. Santa Marta Cove IAA-IRJ2000-32, IAA-IRJ2000-33, teeth[10] Enchodontidae fish
Restoration
Ichthyodectiformes Indeterminate Vega island MLP 15-XI-7-11, body scale patch[4]
Lamniformes Indeterminate Santa Marta Cove (IAA-IRJ2000-9 to IAA-IRJ2000-10, BAS DJ.172.11, teeth[10]
Notidanodon N. dentatus Santa Marta Cove; Vega Island (MLP 95-IV-1), lateral tooth embedded in the hosting rock[4] A cow shark.
N. sp. Santa Marta Cove[14]
Paraorthacodus P. antarcticus Santa Marta Cove IAA-IRJ2000-19; BAS DJ.136.2, teeth[10] A Synechodontiform
Rhinochimaeridae Indeterminate Santa Marta Cove teeth[12]
Scapanorhynchus S. spp. Santa Marta Cove IAA-IRJ2000-11[10] A Mitsukurinidae shark
Reconstruction
Cf. S. sp. Santa Marta Cove teeth[4]
Sphenocephalidae Indeterminate False Island Point DJ. 360.8, small, incomplete, and poorly-preserved specimen that lack its skull and the anterior part of the body.[4]
Sphenodus S. sp. Santa Marta Cove IAA-IRJ2000-17 and IAA-IRJ2000-18, teeth[10] An Orthacodontid
Squatina S. cf.hassei Santa Marta Cove IAA-IRJ2000-10-IAA-IRJ2000-16[10] An Angelshark
Extant member of the genus

Pterosaurs

Genus Species Presence Material Notes Images
Pterodactyloidea gen. et sp. Indet. Camp Lamb, Vega Island. MN 7801-V, a wing metacarpal IV.[15] A pterosaur with an estimated wingspan of 4 to 5 meters.[15]

Dinosaurs

Genus Species Presence Material Notes Images
Antarcticavis A. capelambensis[16] Cape Lambe Member, Vega Island. A partial skeleton (SDSM 78147) consists of two thoracic vertebrae, the sternum keel, the right coracoid and shoulder blade, the sternal part of the left coracoid, the right upper arm, parts of the left upper arm, the proximal right ulna, the proximal left ulna and radius (articulated), the proximal right carpometacarpus, the proximal left carpometacarpus, the distal left carpometacarpus, the synsacrum, the right and left thighs, the proximal right tibiotarsus, the right and left distal tibiotarsus, and the proximal right tarsometatarsus. An avialan of uncertain phylogenetic placement.
Antarctopelta A. oliveroi Santa Marta Cove[17] A partial skeleton (MLP 86-X-28-1) consists of three isolated teeth, part of the lower jaw with another tooth in situ, some other skull fragments, vertebrae of the neck, back, hips and tail, some shoulder and hip bones (scapula, ilium) a thigh bone (femur), foot and hand bones (five metapodials and two phalanges), and numerous pieces of armor.[17][14] A parankylosaur
Life restoration of Antarctopelta oliveroi
"Biscoveosaurus" Indeterminate Cape Lamb Member.[18][19] NHMUK PV R 36760, dentaries, teeth, a braincase, parts of the maxillae, forelimb elements, assorted vertebrae, and the pectoral girdle. An ornithopod.
Elasmaria Indeterminate Santa Marta Cove Two isolated ungual phalanges (MLP 07-III-2-1 and MLP 07-III-2-2)[4]
Indeterminate Fortress Hill limb, foot[20]
Indeterminate Vega Island BMNH BAS R.2450[9]
Gaviiformes Indeterminate Vega Island MLP 98-I-10-47: incomplete tarsometatarsus; MLP 98-I-10-50: incomplete right tarsometatarsus; MLP 98-I-10-51: proximal end of left femur[21]
Imperobator I. antarcticus Cape Lamb Member, Naze Peninsula.[22] A single specimen that contains skull fragments possibly from the premaxilla, maxilla, and dentary as well as a caudal vertebra, teeth, and pedal elements, UCMP 276000.[20][23] A potential Unenlagiinae paravian
Imperobator as an Unenlagiid
Lithostrotia Indeterminate Loma Verde, near Santa Marta Cove 11-II-20-1, incomplete middle caudal vertebra[24]
Morrosaurus M. antarcticus Cape Lamb Member.[25] Fragmentary right hind limb.[25] An elasmarian ornithopod.
Life restoration of Morrosaurus antarcticus
Neornithes Indeterminate Vega Island MLP 98-I-10-25, left tarsometatarsus[4]
Ornithurae Indeterminate Cape Lamb AMNH FARB 30920, thoracic vertebra[26]
Theropoda Indeterminate Cape Lamb MLP 15-I-7-2, isolated pedal phalax (digit III?)[4]
Trinisaura T. santamartaensis Santa Marta Cove, in the lower levels of the formation.[27] MLP08-III-1-1, disarticulated and partial skeleton that includes one incomplete dorsal vertebra, three sacral centra, seven caudal vertebrae; two incomplete dorsal rib shafts, one proximal haemal arch, incomplete right scapulocoracoid, incomplete right humerus, two metacarpals, both ilia, right pubis, right ischium, right femur, right distal tibia, incomplete metatarsal III, first phalanx of pedal digit III, two phalanges of pedal digit IV, and indeterminate fragments. An elasmarian ornithopod.
Life restoration of Trinisaura

Plesiosaurs

Genus Species Presence Material Notes Images
Aristonectinae Indeterminate Santa Marta Cove SGO.PV.6579, fragmentary postcranial skeleton preserving eight fragmentary caudal centra, two articular propodial heads (likely femora), an epipodial (likely a fibula), ventral portion of the right ilium, partial left pubis, and several rib portions[28]
Vegasaurus
Elasmosauridae Indeterminate Monolithic Lake; Santa Marta Cove "MLP 11-II-20-4, one cervical vertebra preserving a partial rib; MLP 86-X-28-3, two cervical vertebrae; MLP 86-X-28-(2–6), 10 posterior cervical vertebrae articulated with three pectoral vertebrae, part of two dorsal vertebrae, ribs, and indeterminate fragments."[29]
Indeterminate Santa Marta Cove SGO.PV.6508, one isolated cervical vertebral centrum[28]
Indeterminate W Santa Marta Cove MN 7820-V, four vertebral centra and fragments of another six centra[30]
Indeterminate Cape Lamb MLP 98-I-10-20, an incomplete postcranial skeleton (juvenile)[31]
Indeterminate Vega Island SDSM 78156 (a nearly complete, articulated torso, partial paddles, and neck and tail sections)[32]
Plesiosauria Indeterminate The Naze DJ.355.140, half of large water-worn vertebra, either anterior trunk or distal cervical vertebra[33]
Plesiosauroidea Indeterminate The Naze; Cape Lamb MLP 78-XI-1-2; MLP 78-XI-1-1, vertebrae and fragments[34]
Vegasaurus V. molyi Cape Lamb member, Vega Island. MLP 93-I-5-1, postcranial skeleton preserving a complete cervical region with 54 cervical vertebrae, three pectoral vertebrae, 17 dorsal vertebrae, three sacral vertebrae, anterior and medial caudal vertebrae, pectoral and pelvic girdles, forelimbs and hind limbs, ribs, and gastroliths.[35] A plesiosaur.
Weddellonectia Indeterminate Cape Lamb MLP 15-I-7-6, partial skull comprising caudal half of pterygoids, basisphenoid, basioccipital, squamosal, exoccipitalopisthotic; cervical, dorsal, sacral and caudal centra; cervical and dorsal ribs, partially preserved coracoid, two partially preserved propodials.[36]
Indeterminate Cape Lamb AMNH FARB 30877 is a largely articulated partial skeleton[37]

Mosasaurs

Genus Species Presence Material Notes Images
Liodon L. sp. Cape Lamb Teeth[4] A Mosasaur
Taniwhasaurus
Cf. L. sp. Cape Lamb Teeth[4]
Mosasaurus M. cf. M. lemonnieri Cape Lamb Teeth[4] A Mosasaur
Plioplatecarpus cf. P. sp. Cape Lamb MLP 93-I-3-5, small tooth[31]
Taniwhasaurus[38] T. antarcticus Santa Marta Cove; Al's Bird Site IAA 2000-JR-FSM-1, containing a skull measuring 72 cm (28 in) long, teeth, some vertebrae, and rib fragments. A tylosaur.
cf. T. antarcticus Al's Bird Site MLP 93-I-3-7, a tooth crown[39]
Tylosaurinae Indeterminate Vega Island Juvenile skull[40]

Plants

Template:Paleobiota-key-compact

Local Environments were similar to Modern forested areas rich in Nothofagus

During the Campanian–Maastrichtian, the Antarctic Peninsula supported temperate, humid forests dominated by podocarps, araucarian conifers, and a diversifying group of angiosperms. Key angiosperm families included Nothofagaceae, Monimiaceae, Cunoniaceae, Proteaceae, Myrtaceae, Lauraceae, Atherospermataceae, Winteraceae, and extinct Sassafras-like forms.[41][42] Another important group is Asteraceae, with Dasyphyllum-like pollen, the oldest fossils ever found for the family.[43] At The Naze area, Podocarpaceae-Nothofagus rainforests thriving in lowland areas under cool-temperate, frost-free, and high-rainfall conditions, with understories rich in other angiosperms and ferns.[44] Smaller components, likely endemic, included lycophytes, bryophytes, Proteaceae, Liliaceae, Palmae or Microthyriaceae, and various herbaceous or shrubby dicotyledons.[44] Forests were structurally similar to modern Valdivian temperate forests. These plants were primarily found in riparian floodplains, with bryophyte-lycophyte rich swamps and Chlorophyta-rich lake margins, while influence of marine waters can be seen by Dinoflagellates. The climate was highly humid and seasonal, as evidenced by distinct growth rings in Agathoxylon fossil wood from Lachman Crags and The Naze, indicating a temperate but variable environment.[44] The flora reflects a transition from gymnosperm-dominated to mixed angiosperm-conifer ecosystems under polar greenhouse conditions.[41][44]

Pteridophytes, Lycophytes, and Bryophytes

Taxa Species Locality Material Notes Images
Baculatisporites[42][44] B. comaumensis Santa Marta Cove; The Naze Spore Osmundaceae
Biretisporites[44] B. potoniaei The Naze Spore Fern affinity
Calamospora[44] sp. The Naze Spore Equisetales
Camarozonosporites[44] C. ohioensis The Naze Spore Fern affinity
Ceratosporites[44] C. equalis The Naze Spore Fern affinity
Cyatheacidites[42][44] C. annulatus Santa Marta Cove; The Naze Spore Dicksoniaceae (Lophosoria)
Lophosoria
Cyatheacidites[44] C. archangelskii The Naze Spore Cyatheaceae
Cyathidites[42][44] C. australis The Naze Spore Cyatheaceae
Cyathea
C. minor Santa Marta Cove; The Naze Spore Cyatheaceae (Cyathea)
Deltoidospora[42] sp. Santa Marta Cove Spore Fern affinity
Densoisporites[44] D. velatus The Naze Spore Lycophyte affinity
Dictyotosporites[44] D. speciosus The Naze Spore Fern affinity
Echinosporis[42] sp. Santa Marta Cove Spore Fern affinity
Gleicheniidites[44] G. circinidites Santa Marta Cove Spore Gleicheniaceae (aff. Gleichenia)
Gleichenia
G. senonicus The Naze Spore Gleicheniaceae (aff. Gleichenia)
Herkosporites[44] sp. The Naze Spore Fern affinity
Ischyosporites[44] I. volkheimeri The Naze Spore Fern affinity
cf. Klukisporites[44] K. scaberis The Naze Spore Lygodiaceae
Laevigatosporites[44] L. ovatus Santa Marta Cove; The Naze Spore Polypodiaceae
Leiotriletes[42] sp. Santa Marta Cove Spore Fern affinity
Lycopodiumsporites[44] L. eminulus The Naze Spore Lycopodiaceae (Lycopodium)
Millerocaulis[45] M. santamartaensis Santa Marta Cove Fossil stem (hand specimens, slides) Osmundaceae
Peromonolites[44] P. bowenii The Naze Spore Fern affinity
Perotrilites[44] P. majus The Naze Spore Fern affinity
Polypodiisporites[44] P. favus The Naze Spore Polypodiaceae
sp. The Naze Spore Polypodiaceae
Retitriletes[42] R. austroclavatidites Santa Marta Cove; The Naze Spore Lycopodiaceae (Lycopodium)
Lycopodium
Stereisporites[42][44] S. antiquasporites Santa Marta Cove; The Naze Spore Sphagnaceae (Moss)
Stereisporites[44] S. regium The Naze Spore Moss affinity
Todisporites[44] T. major The Naze Spore Fern affinity
T. minor The Naze Spore Fern affinity
Trilites[42][44] T. parvallatus The Naze; Santa Marta Cove Spore Dicksoniaceae (Dicksonia)
Dicksonia
T. tuberculiformis Santa Marta Cove Spore
Triporoletes[44] T. radiatus The Naze Spore Fern affinity
Tuberculatosporites[44] T. parvus The Naze Spore Fern affinity
Verrucosisporites[42] sp. 2 Santa Marta Cove Spore Fern affinity

Gymnosperms (Conifers)

Taxa Species Locality Material Notes Images
Agathoxylon[46][47][48] A. pseudoparenchymatosum Seymour Island; Caleta Santa Marta Wood Araucariaceae
A. arayai Caleta Santa Marta; Byers Peninsula Wood Araucariaceae
Araucaria[49] A. antarctica Cape Lamb Cone and wood Araucariaceae
Extant representatives of the genus
Araucariacites[44][48] A. australis Seymour Island; The Naze Pollen Araucariaceae
Cycadopites[48][50] spp. Seymour Island Pollen Cycadales
Dacrycarpites[44][48] D. australiensis Seymour Island; The Naze Pollen Podocarpaceae (Dacrycarpus)
Dacrycarpus
Dacrydiumites[48][50] spp. Seymour Island Pollen Podocarpaceae (Dacrydium)
Dilwynites[44] D. granulatus The Naze Pollen Araucariaceae
Equisetosporites[44] sp. The Naze Pollen Ephedrales
Lygistepollenites[48][50] L. balmei Seymour Island Pollen Podocarpaceae (Dacrydium)
Dacrydium
Lygistepollenites[48][50] L. florinii Seymour Island Pollen Podocarpaceae (Dacrydium)
Microcachryidites[42][44][48] M. antarcticus Santa Marta Cove; Seymour Island; The Naze Pollen Podocarpaceae (Microcachrys)
Microcachrys
Microcachryxylon[47] M. gothani Cerro Naze Wood Podocarpaceae
Phyllocladidites[42][44][48] P. mawsonii Santa Marta Cove; Seymour Island; The Naze Pollen Podocarpaceae (Lagarostrobos)
Lagarostrobos
spp. Seymour Island Pollen Podocarpaceae (Phyllocladus)
Phyllocladoxylon[46][48] P. antarcticum Seymour Island; Brandy Bay Wood Podocarpaceae
Podocarpidites[42][44][48] P. elegans Santa Marta Cove Pollen Podocarpaceae (Podocarpus)
Podocarpus
P. major The Naze Pollen Podocarpaceae
P. marwickii The Naze Pollen Podocarpaceae
P. microreticuloidata Santa Marta Cove Pollen Podocarpaceae (Podocarpus)
P. otagoensis The Naze Pollen Podocarpaceae
P. rugulatus The Naze Pollen Podocarpaceae
P. verrucosus The Naze Pollen Podocarpaceae
spp. Seymour Island; The Naze Pollen Podocarpaceae
Podocarpoxylon[47] P. sp. 1 Caleta Santa Marta Wood Podocarpaceae
P. sp. 2 Caleta Santa Marta Wood Podocarpaceae
P. sp. 3 Caleta Santa Marta Wood Podocarpaceae
Podosporites[48][50] spp. Seymour Island Pollen Podocarpaceae (Microcachrys/Microstrobos)
Pherosphaera
Trichotomosulcites[44][48][50] T. subgranulatus Seymour Island; The Naze Pollen Araucariaceae

Angiosperms

Taxa Species Locality Material Notes Images
Amosopollis[44][48][50] cruciformis Seymour Island; The Naze Pollen Dicotyledonae
Anacolosidites[48][50] sp. Seymour Island Pollen Olacaceae
Battenipollis[44] sectilis The Naze Pollen Proteaceae
Clavatipollenites[48][50] sp. Seymour Island Pollen Chloranthaceae (cf. Ascarina)
Ascarina
Cranwellia[48][50] striata Seymour Island Pollen Loranthaceae
Cranwellipollis[48][50] palisadus Seymour Island Pollen Proteaceae
sp. Seymour Island Pollen Proteaceae
Ericipites[44] scabratus The Naze Pollen Ericaceae
Eucryphiaceoxylon[51] E. eucryphioides Day Nunatak Wood Cunoniaceae
Forcipites[48][50] sabulosus Seymour Island Pollen Dicotyledonae
sp. cf. F. longus Seymour Island Pollen Dicotyledonae
Gambierina[48][50] rudata Seymour Island Pollen Dicotyledonae
Haloragacidites[48][50] harrisii Seymour Island Pollen Casuarinaceae
Hedycaryoxylon[52] tambourissoides Eastern side of Lachman Crags Wood Monimiaceae (cf. Tambourissa)
Tambourissa
Illicioxylon[53] tenuiradiatum Lachman Crags Wood Illiciaceae
Ilexpollenites[48][50] sp. Seymour Island Pollen Aquifoliaceae
Lewalanipollis[48][50] senectus Seymour Island Pollen Proteaceae (cf. Persoonioideae, Proteoideae)
Liliacidites[44] cf. kaitangataensis Seymour Island Pollen Liliaceae
spp. The Naze Pollen Liliaceae
Longapertites[44] sp. The Naze Pollen Arecaceae
Longexylon[51] L. oliveroi Day Nunatak Wood Lauraceae
Monosulcites[44] palisadus The Naze Pollen Monocotyledonae
spp. The Naze Pollen Monocotyledonae
Myricipites[44] harrisii The Naze Pollen Myricaceae
Myrtaceidites[48][50] spp. Seymour Island Pollen Myrtaceae
Nothofagidites[48][44][50] americanus The Naze Pollen Nothofagaceae (cf. Nothofagus)
Extant Nothofagus specimen
cf. lachlaniae Seymour Island Pollen Nothofagaceae (cf. Nothofagus)
cf. nanus Seymour Island Pollen Nothofagaceae (cf. Nothofagus)
dorotensis Seymour Island; The Naze Pollen Nothofagaceae (cf. Nothofagus)
saraensis The Naze Pollen Nothofagaceae (cf. Nothofagus)
senectus Seymour Island Pollen Nothofagaceae (cf. Nothofagus)
sp. 3 Seymour Island Pollen Nothofagaceae (cf. Nothofagus)
spp. Seymour Island Pollen Nothofagaceae (cf. Nothofagus)
Nothofagoxylon[46] N. scalariforme Seymour Island Wood Nothofagaceae (Nothofagus)
Nothofagus[54] N. "sp. 1" Vega Island Fossil leaves Nothofagaceae
Peninsulapollis[44][48][50] askiniae The Naze Pollen Proteaceae
gillii Seymour Island; The Naze Pollen Proteaceae (cf. Beauprea)
sp. Seymour Island Pollen Proteaceae (cf. Beauprea)
truswelliae Seymour Island Pollen Proteaceae (cf. Beauprea?)
Periporopollenites[48][50] polyoratus The Naze Pollen Proteaceae
Polycolpites[48][50] langstonii Seymour Island Pollen Pedaliaceae (cf. Josephinia)
Propylipolis[48][50] pseudomoides Seymour Island Pollen Proteaceae (cf. Carnarvonia?)
Carnarvonia
reticuloscabratus Seymour Island Pollen Proteaceae (cf. Grevilleoideae)
sp. 1 Seymour Island Pollen Proteaceae
Propylipolis[48][50] sp. aff. P. amolosexinus Seymour Island Pollen Proteaceae
Proteacidites[44] parvus The Naze Pollen Proteaceae (cf. Bellendena montana)
Bellendena
scaboratus The Naze Pollen Proteaceae (cf. Bellendena montana)
sp. 2 Seymour Island Pollen Proteaceae
spp. Seymour Island Pollen Proteaceae
tenuiexinus The Naze Pollen Proteaceae
Psilatricolporites[48][50] sp. C Seymour Island Pollen Dicotyledonae
Quadraplanus[48][50] brossus Seymour Island Pollen Dicotyledonae
Rousea[48][50] georgensis Seymour Island Pollen Dicotyledonae
Simpsonipollis[48][50] sp. Seymour Island Pollen Dicotyledonae
Spinitricolpites[48][50] sp. Seymour Island Pollen Dicotyledonae
Stellidiopollis[48][50] annulatus Seymour Island Pollen Dicotyledonae
sp. Seymour Island Pollen Dicotyledonae
Striatricolporites[48][50] sp. D Seymour Island Pollen Dicotyledonae
Tetracolporites[48][50] verrucosus Seymour Island Pollen Dicotyledonae
Tricolpites[44] confessus The Naze Pollen Gunneraceae
Gunnera
reticulatus Seymour Island Pollen Gunneraceae (cf. Gunnera)
sp. L Seymour Island Pollen Gunneraceae
pachyexinus Seymour Island Pollen Gunneraceae
sp. M Seymour Island Pollen Gunneraceae
spp. Seymour Island Pollen Gunneraceae
Triorites[44] orbiculatus The Naze Pollen Dicotyledonae
Triporopollenites[48][50] sectilis Seymour Island Pollen Proteaceae
spp. Seymour Island Pollen Proteaceae
Tubulifloridites[43] lilliei Seymour Island Pollen Asteraceae (cf. Dasyphyllum)
Dasyphyllum
Winteroxylon[55] jamesrossi Eastern side of Lachman Crags Wood Winteraceae

See also

References

  1. ↑ di Pasquo, M.; Martin, J.E. (2013). "Palynoassemblages Associated with a Theropod Dinosaur from the Snow Hill Island Formation (lower Maastrichtian) at the Naze, James Ross Island, Antarctica". Cretaceous Research 45: 135–154. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2013.07.008. Bibcode: 2013CrRes..45..135D. 
  2. ↑ Ely & Case, 2019
  3. ↑ O'Gorman, 2012, p.2
  4. ↑ 4.00 4.01 4.02 4.03 4.04 4.05 4.06 4.07 4.08 4.09 4.10 4.11 4.12 4.13 4.14 4.15 Reguero, Marcelo A.; Gasparini, Zulma; Olivero, Eduardo B.; Coria, Rodolfo A.; FernáNdez, Marta S.; O´Gorman, José P.; Gouiric-Cavalli, Soledad; Hospitaleche, Carolina Acosta et al. (2022). "Late Campanian-Early Maastrichtian Vertebrates From The James Ross Basin, West Antarctica: Updated Synthesis, Biostratigraphy, And Paleobiogeography". Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências 94 (suppl 1). doi:10.1590/0001-3765202220211142. ISSN 1678-2690. PMID 35674550. http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0001-37652022000201202&tlng=en. 
  5. ↑ O'Gorman, 2012, p.3
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Videira-Santos, Roberto; Tobin, Thomas S.; Scheffler, Sandro Marcelo (2022-08-14). "New occurrences of caryophylliid and fungiacyathid scleractinian corals from the Santa Marta and Snow Hill Island formations (Upper Cretaceous, Antarctica)" (in en). Cretaceous Research 140. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2022.105338. ISSN 0195-6671. Bibcode: 2022CrRes.14005338V. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0195667122002026. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 Feldmann, Rodney M.; Tshudy, Dale M.; Thomson, Michael R. A. (1993). "Late Cretaceous and Paleocene Decapod Crustaceans from James Ross Basin, Antarctic Peninsula" (in en). Journal of Paleontology 67 (S28): 1–41. doi:10.1017/S0022336000062077. ISSN 0022-3360. Bibcode: 1993JPal...67S...1F. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-paleontology/article/abs/late-cretaceous-and-paleocene-decapod-crustaceans-from-james-ross-basin-antarctic-peninsula/2B0AE25A038F7CD96313911BD9F460EE. 
  8. ↑ 8.00 8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06 8.07 8.08 8.09 8.10 8.11 Tobin, Thomas S.; Flannery, David; Sousa, Francis J. (2018-04-01). "Stratigraphy, sedimentology and paleontology of Upper Cretaceous deposits of Day Nunatak, Snow Hill Island, Antarctica". Cretaceous Research 84: 407–419. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2017.12.006. ISSN 0195-6671. Bibcode: 2018CrRes..84..407T. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0195667117304111. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Hooker, J.J.; Milner, A.C.; Sequeira, S.E.K. (1991). "An ornithopod dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous of West Antarctica". Antarctic Science 3 (3): 331–332. doi:10.1017/s0954102091000391. ISSN 0954-1020. Bibcode: 1991AntSc...3..331H. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 10.7 10.8 Kriwet, J.; Lirio, J. M.; Nuñez, H. J.; Puceat, E.; Lécuyer, C. (2006-01-01), Francis, J. E.; Pirrie, D.; Crame, J. A., eds., "Late Cretaceous Antarctic fish diversity", Cretaceous–Tertiary High-Latitude Palaeoenvironments: James Ross Basin, Antarctica (Geological Society of London) 258: p. 0, ISBN 978-1-86239-197-0, https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsl/books/edited-volume/1630/chapter-abstract/107425926/Late-Cretaceous-Antarctic-fish-diversity?redirectedFrom=fulltext, retrieved 2025-05-13 
  11. ↑ Gallo, Valéria; de Figueiredo, Francisco J.; Brum, Arthur Souza; Soares, Marina Bento; Sayão, Juliana Manso; Pinheiro, André Eduardo Piacentini; Figueiredo, Rodrigo Giesta; Lopes, Ricardo Tadeu et al. (2025-08-11). "First dercetid fish from the Upper Cretaceous of Antarctica" (in en). Scientific Reports 15 (1): 26650. doi:10.1038/s41598-025-03570-y. ISSN 2045-2322. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-03570-y. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 Otero, Rodrigo A.; Gutstein, Carolina Simon; Vargas, Alexander; Rubilar-Rogers, David; Yury-Yañez, Roberto; Bastías, Joaquin; Ramírez, Cristián (2014). "New Chondrichthyans from the Upper Cretaceous (Campanian–Maastrichtian) of Seymour and James Ross Islands, Antarctica" (in en). Journal of Paleontology 88 (3): 411–420. doi:10.1666/13-041. ISSN 0022-3360. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-paleontology/article/abs/new-chondrichthyans-from-the-upper-cretaceous-campanianmaastrichtian-of-seymour-and-james-ross-islands-antarctica/EEF4DCDBBE9EF35015CCC2103CE96160. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Gouiric-Cavalli, Soledad; Cabrera, Daniel A.; Cione, Alberto L.; O'Gorman, José P.; Coria, Rodolfo A.; Fernández, Marta (2015-09-03). "The first record of the chimaeroid genus Edaphodon (Chondrichthyes, Holocephali) from Antarctica (Snow Hill Island Formation, Late Cretaceous, James Ross Island)". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 35 (5). doi:10.1080/02724634.2015.981128. ISSN 0272-4634. Bibcode: 2015JVPal..35E1128G. 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Salgado, Leonardo; Gasparini, Zulma (2006). "Reappraisal of an ankylosaurian dinosaur from the Upper Cretaceous of James Ross Island (Antarctica)" (in en). Geodiversitas 28 (1): 119–135. https://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/en/periodiques/geodiversitas/28/1/reevaluation-d-un-dinosaure-ankylosaurien-du-cretace-superieur-de-l-ile-de-james-ross-antarctique. 
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 KELLNER, ALEXANDER W.A.; RODRIGUES, TAISSA; COSTA, FABIANA R.; WEINSCHÜTZ, LUIZ C.; FIGUEIREDO, RODRIGO G.; SOUZA, GEOVANE A. DE; BRUM, ARTHUR S.; ELEUTÉRIO, LÚCIA H.S. et al. (2019). "Pterodactyloid pterosaur bones from Cretaceous deposits of the Antarctic Peninsula". Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências 91 (suppl 2). doi:10.1590/0001-3765201920191300. ISSN 1678-2690. PMID 31800676. 
  16. ↑ Cordes-Person, Amanda; Acosta Hospitaleche, Carolina; Case, Judd; Martin, James (2020). "An enigmatic bird from the lower Maastrichtian of Vega Island, Antarctica" (in en). Cretaceous Research 108. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2019.104314. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0195667118304944. 
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Soto Acuña, Sergio; O. Vargas, Alexander; Kaluza, Jonatan (2024-03-30). "A new look at the first dinosaur discovered in Antarctica: reappraisal of Antarctopelta oliveroi (Ankylosauria: Parankylosauria)" (in en). Advances in Polar Science. doi:10.12429/j.advps.2023.0036. ISSN 1674-9928. https://aps.chinare.org.cn/EN/10.12429/j.advps.2023.0036. 
  18. ↑ Lamanna, Matthew C.; Case, Judd A.; Roberts, Eric M.; Arbour, Victoria M.; Ely, Ricardo C.; Salisbury, Steven W.; Clarke, Julia A.; Malinzak, D. Edward; West, Abagael R.; O'connor, Patrick M. (2019). "Late Cretaceous non-avian dinosaurs from the James Ross Basin, Antarctica: description of new material, updated synthesis, biostratigraphy, and paleobiogeography". Advances in Polar Science. 30 (3): 228–250. doi:10.13679/j.advps.2019.0007.
  19. ↑ Stilwell, Jeffrey D.; Long, John A. (2011-10-12) (in en). Frozen in Time: Prehistoric Life in Antarctica. Csiro Publishing. ISBN 978-0-643-10402-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=HReElufXeboC&dq=biscoveosaurus&pg=PA110. 
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Case, Judd A.; Martin, James E.; Reguero, Marcelo (2007) (in en). A dromaeosaur from the Maastrichtian of James Ross Island and the Late Cretaceous Antarctic dinosaur fauna (Report). U.S. Geological Survey. https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/ofr20071047SRP083. 
  21. ↑ Acosta Hospitaleche, Carolina; Gelfo, Javier N. (2015-10-01). "New Antarctic findings of Upper Cretaceous and lower Eocene loons (Aves: Gaviiformes)". Annales de Paléontologie 101 (4): 315–324. doi:10.1016/j.annpal.2015.10.002. ISSN 0753-3969. Bibcode: 2015AnPal.101..315A. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0753396915000671. 
  22. ↑ Ely, Ricardo C.; Case, Judd A. (2019-09-01). "Phylogeny of a new gigantic paravian (Theropoda; Coelurosauria; Maniraptora) from the Upper Cretaceous of James Ross Island, Antarctica" (in en). Cretaceous Research 101: 1–16. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2019.04.003. ISSN 0195-6671. Bibcode: 2019CrRes.101....1E. 
  23. ↑ Motta, Matías; Agnolín, Federico; Brissón-Egli, Federico; Novas, Fernando (2024). "Unenlagiid Affinities for Imperobator Antarcticus (Paraves: Theropoda): Palaeobiogeographical Implications". Ameghiniana. doi:10.5710/amgh.13.11.2024.3604. ISSN 0002-7014. 
  24. ↑ Cerda, Ignacio A.; Paulina Carabajal, Ariana; Salgado, Leonardo; Coria, Rodolfo A.; Reguero, Marcelo A.; Tambussi, Claudia P.; Moly, Juan J. (2011-12-16). "The first record of a sauropod dinosaur from Antarctica". Naturwissenschaften 99 (1): 83–87. doi:10.1007/s00114-011-0869-x. ISSN 0028-1042. PMID 22173579. 
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 Rozadilla, Sebastián; Agnolin, Federico L.; Novas, Fernando E.; Aranciaga Rolando, Alexis M.; Motta, Matías J.; Lirio, Juan M.; Isasi, Marcelo P. (2016-01-01). "A new ornithopod (Dinosauria, Ornithischia) from the Upper Cretaceous of Antarctica and its palaeobiogeographical implications" (in en). Cretaceous Research 57: 311–324. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2015.09.009. ISSN 0195-6671. Bibcode: 2016CrRes..57..311R. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0195667115300677. 
  26. ↑ Acosta Hospitaleche, Carolina Ileana Alicia; Irazoqui, Facundo Martín; Bona, Paula; Paulina Carabajal, Ariana (2024). "Review of the Cretaceous avian diversity of Antarctica: a changing scenario for the evolution of early Neornithine birds". Advances in Polar Science 35 (1): 1-13. doi:10.12429/j.advps.2023.0025. ISSN 1674-9928. https://ri.conicet.gov.ar/handle/11336/235423. 
  27. ↑ Coria, Rodolfo A.; Moly, Juan J.; Reguero, Marcelo; Santillana, Sergio; Marenssi, Sergio (2013-04-01). "A new ornithopod (Dinosauria; Ornithischia) from Antarctica" (in en). Cretaceous Research 41: 186–193. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2012.12.004. ISSN 0195-6671. Bibcode: 2013CrRes..41..186C. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0195667112001784. 
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 Rubilar-Rogers, David (2013). "Additions to the diversity of elasmosaurid plesiosaurs from the Upper Cretaceous of Antarctica". Gondwana Research 26 (2): 722–734. doi:10.1016/J.GR.2013.07.016. https://www.academia.edu/8115619. 
  29. ↑ O'Gorman, J.P. 2012. The oldest elasmosaurs (Sauropterygia, Plesiosauria) from Antarctica, Santa Marta Formation (upper Coniacian? Santonian-?upper Campanian) and Snow Hill Island Formation (upper Campanian-?lower Maastrichtian), James Ross Island. Polar Research 31. 1–10. Accessed 2019-04-13. doi:10.3402/polar.v31i0.11090
  30. ↑ Brum, Arthur S.; Simões, Tiago R.; Souza, Geovane A.; Pinheiro, André E. P.; Figueiredo, Rodrigo G.; Caldwell, Michael W.; Sayão, Juliana M.; Kellner, Alexander W. A. (2022). "Ontogeny and evolution of the elasmosaurid neck highlight greater diversity of Antarctic plesiosaurians". Palaeontology 65 (2). doi:10.1111/pala.12593. ISSN 0031-0239. Bibcode: 2022Palgy..6512593B. 
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 O'Gorman, José P.; Olivero, Eduardo B.; Cabrera, Daniel A. (2012). "Gastroliths associated with a juvenile elasmosaur (Plesiosauria, Elasmosauridae) from the Snow Hill Island Formation (upper Campanian–lower Maastrichtian), Vega Island, Antarctica". Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology 36 (4): 531–541. doi:10.1080/03115518.2012.688673. ISSN 0311-5518. Bibcode: 2012Alch...36..531O. 
  32. ↑ Martin, James E.; Sawyer, J. Foster; Reguero, Marcelo; Case, Judd A. (2007). "Occurrence of a young elasmosaurid plesiosaur skeleton from the Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) of Antarctica". Open-File Report: 51. doi:10.3133/ofr20071047srp066. ISSN 2331-1258. Bibcode: 2007usgs.rept...51M. 
  33. ↑ Martin, James E.; Crame, J. Alistair (2006). "Palaeobiological significance of high-latitude Late Cretaceous vertebrate fossils from the James Ross Basin, Antarctica". Geological Society, London, Special Publications 258 (1): 109–124. doi:10.1144/gsl.sp.2006.258.01.08. ISSN 0305-8719. Bibcode: 2006GSLSP.258..109M. 
  34. ↑ Del Valle, Rodolfo Augusto; Medina, Francisco A.; Gasparini, Zulma (1977). "Nota preliminar sobre el hallazgo de reptiles fósiles marinos del suborden Plesiosauria en las islas James Ross y Vega, Antártida". Contribución del Instituto Antártico Argentino 212: 1–13. https://naturalis.fcnym.unlp.edu.ar/entities/publication/235ca5f2-54a3-4acd-b6fb-36e7428b58e0. 
  35. ↑ O'Gorman, José P.; Salgado, Leonardo; Olivero, Eduardo B.; Marenssi, Sergio A. (2015-05-04). "Vegasaurus molyi, gen. et sp. nov. (Plesiosauria, Elasmosauridae), from the Cape Lamb Member (lower maastrichtian) of the Snow Hill Island Formation, Vega Island, Antarctica, and remarks on Wedellian Elasmosauridae". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 35 (3). doi:10.1080/02724634.2014.931285. ISSN 0272-4634. Bibcode: 2015JVPal..35E1285O. 
  36. ↑ O'Gorman, José P.; Coria, Rodolfo A.; Reguero, Marcelo; Santillana, Sergio; Mörs, Thomas; Cárdenas, Magalí (2018). "The first non-aristonectine elasmosaurid (Sauropterygia; Plesiosauria) cranial material from Antarctica: New data on the evolution of the elasmosaurid basicranium and palate". Cretaceous Research 89: 248–263. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2018.03.013. ISSN 0195-6671. Bibcode: 2018CrRes..89..248O. 
  37. ↑ O'Gorman, José P.; O'Connor, Patrick M.; Roberts, Eric M.; Lamanna, Matthew C. (2025-05-15). "An Elasmosaurid Plesiosaur with Preserved Skull Material from the Upper Cretaceous Cape Lamb Member of the Snow Hill Island Formation, Vega Island, Antarctic Peninsula". Ameghiniana 62 (1). doi:10.5710/amgh.17.12.2024.3619. ISSN 0002-7014. 
  38. ↑ Fernando E. Novas; Marta S. Fernandez; Zulma B. de Gasparini; Juan M. Lirio; Héctor J. Nuñez; Pablo Puerta (2002). "Lakumasaurus antarcticus, n. gen. et sp., a new mosasaur (Reptilia, Squamata) from the Upper Cretaceous of Antarctica". Ameghiniana. 39 (2): 245–249. hdl:11336/136746. S2CID 128304133.
  39. ↑ Fernández, Marta S.; Gasparini, Zulma (2012). "Campanian and Maastrichtian mosasaurs from Antarctic Peninsula and Patagonia, Argentina". Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France 183 (2): 93–102. doi:10.2113/gssgfbull.183.2.93. ISSN 1777-5817. 
  40. ↑ Martin, J. E. (2002). "Juvenile marine reptiles from the Late Cretaceous of the Antarctic Peninsula and their relationships to other such occurrences in Central South Dakota and Belgium". Proceedings of the South Dakota Academy of Science 81: 53–57. https://www.phylonimbus.com/references/article/13844/juvenile-marine-reptiles-from-the-late-cretaceous-/. 
  41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 Poole, Imogen; Cantrill, David J. (2006-01-01), Francis, J. E.; Pirrie, D.; Crame, J. A., eds., "Cretaceous and Cenozoic vegetation of Antarctica integrating the fossil wood record", Cretaceous–Tertiary High-Latitude Palaeoenvironments: James Ross Basin, Antarctica (Geological Society of London) 258: p. 0, ISBN 978-1-86239-197-0, https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsl/books/edited-volume/1630/chapter-abstract/107425586/Cretaceous-and-Cenozoic-vegetation-of-Antarctica, retrieved 2025-05-12 
  42. ↑ 42.00 42.01 42.02 42.03 42.04 42.05 42.06 42.07 42.08 42.09 42.10 42.11 42.12 42.13 Barreda, Viviana D.; Palazzesi, Luis; Olivero, Eduardo B. (2019). "When flowering plants ruled Antarctica: evidence from Cretaceous pollen grains" (in en). New Phytologist 223 (2): 1023–1030. doi:10.1111/nph.15823. ISSN 1469-8137. PMID 30924945. Bibcode: 2019NewPh.223.1023B. https://nph.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/nph.15823. 
  43. ↑ 43.0 43.1 Barreda, Viviana D.; Palazzesi, Luis; Tellería, Maria C.; Olivero, Eduardo B.; Raine, J. Ian; Forest, Félix (2015). "Early evolution of the angiosperm clade Asteraceae in the Cretaceous of Antarctica". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112 (35): 10989–10994. doi:10.1073/pnas.1423653112. PMID 26261324. Bibcode: 2015PNAS..11210989B. 
  44. ↑ 44.00 44.01 44.02 44.03 44.04 44.05 44.06 44.07 44.08 44.09 44.10 44.11 44.12 44.13 44.14 44.15 44.16 44.17 44.18 44.19 44.20 44.21 44.22 44.23 44.24 44.25 44.26 44.27 44.28 44.29 44.30 44.31 44.32 44.33 44.34 44.35 44.36 44.37 44.38 44.39 44.40 44.41 44.42 44.43 44.44 44.45 44.46 44.47 44.48 di Pasquo, Mercedes; Martin, James E. (2013). "Palynoassemblages associated with a theropod dinosaur from the Snow Hill Island Formation (lower Maastrichtian) at the Naze, James Ross Island, Antarctica" (in en). Cretaceous Research 45: 135–154. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2013.07.008. Bibcode: 2013CrRes..45..135D. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0195667113001171. 
  45. ↑ Koppelhus, Eva; Vera, Ezequiel I.; Coria, Rodolfo A.; Currie, Philip J.; Reguero, Marcelo A. (2025-07-01). "A new species of the fossil fern Millerocaulis (Osmundales: Osmundaceae) from the Snow Hill Island Formation (Upper Cretaceous) of James Ross Island, Antarctic Peninsula". Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 338. doi:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2025.105337. ISSN 0034-6667. Bibcode: 2025RPaPa.33805337K. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0034666725000582. 
  46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 46.2 Gothan, W. (1908-10-10) (in de). Die fossilen Hölzer von der Seymour- und Snow Hill-Insel. Alexander Doweld. https://books.google.com/books?id=baPQCgAAQBAJ&dq=Snow+Hill+Island+fossil+wood&pg=PP1. 
  47. ↑ 47.0 47.1 47.2 Torres, Teresa De Las Mercedes (2012). "Estudio preliminar de maderas fósiles cretácicas de la Formación Santa Marta, Isla James Ross, Antártica". Actas Congreso Geológico Chileno 1 (1): 764–765. https://www.academia.edu/63784197. 
  48. ↑ 48.00 48.01 48.02 48.03 48.04 48.05 48.06 48.07 48.08 48.09 48.10 48.11 48.12 48.13 48.14 48.15 48.16 48.17 48.18 48.19 48.20 48.21 48.22 48.23 48.24 48.25 48.26 48.27 48.28 48.29 48.30 48.31 48.32 48.33 48.34 48.35 48.36 48.37 48.38 Askin, Rosemary A. (1990-10-30). "Campanian to paleocene spore and pollen assemblages of Seymour Island, Antarctica". Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology. Proceedings of the Seventh International Palynological Congress - Part II 65 (1): 105–113. doi:10.1016/0034-6667(90)90061-M. ISSN 0034-6667. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/003466679090061M. 
  49. ↑ Césari, S. N.; Marenssi, S. A.; Santillana, S. N. (2001-06-01). "Conifers from the Upper Cretaceous of Cape Lamb, Vega Island, Antarctica". Cretaceous Research 22 (3): 309–319. doi:10.1006/cres.2001.0260. ISSN 0195-6671. Bibcode: 2001CrRes..22..309C. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0195667101902605. 
  50. ↑ 50.00 50.01 50.02 50.03 50.04 50.05 50.06 50.07 50.08 50.09 50.10 50.11 50.12 50.13 50.14 50.15 50.16 50.17 50.18 50.19 50.20 50.21 50.22 50.23 50.24 50.25 50.26 50.27 50.28 50.29 50.30 50.31 Askin, Rosemary A. (1989). "Endemism and heterochroneity in the Late Cretaceous (Campanian) to Paleocene palynofloras of Seymour Island, Antarctica: implications for origins, dispersal and palaeoclimates of southern floras". Geological Society, London, Special Publications 47 (1): 107–119. doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.047.01.09. https://www.lyellcollection.org/doi/abs/10.1144/gsl.sp.1989.047.01.09. 
  51. ↑ 51.0 51.1 Pujana, Roberto R.; Santelli, María B.; Alvarez, Maximiliano J.; Raffi, María E.; Santillana, Sergio N. (2025-10-01). "Angiosperm fossil woods, Cryptocaryeae (Lauraceae) and Cunoniaceae, with marine borers from Day Nunatak, Western Antarctica (Snow Hill Island Formation, Upper Cretaceous)". Cretaceous Research 174. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2025.106146. ISSN 0195-6671. Bibcode: 2025CrRes.17406146P. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0195667125000692. 
  52. ↑ Poole, Imogen; Gottwald, Helmut (2001). "Monimiaceae sensu lato, an element of Gondwanan polar forests: Evidence from the late Cretaceous-early tertiary wood flora of Antarctica" (in en). Australian Systematic Botany 14 (2): 207–230. doi:10.1071/sb00022. ISSN 1446-5701. https://www.publish.csiro.au/sb/sb00022. 
  53. ↑ Poole, Imogen; Gottwald, Helmut; Francis, Jane E. (2000-08-01). "Illicioxylon, an Element of Gondwanan Polar Forests? Late Cretaceous and Early Tertiary Woods of Antarctica". Annals of Botany 86 (2): 421–432. doi:10.1006/anbo.2000.1208. ISSN 0305-7364. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305736400912083. 
  54. ↑ Romero, Edgardo; Amenábar, Cecilia R.; Zamaloa, María C.; Concheyro, Andrea (2019-07-03). "Nothofagus and the associated palynoflora from the Late Cretaceous of Vega Island, Antarctic Peninsula" (in pl). Polish Polar Research: 227–253. doi:10.24425/ppr.2019.129672. ISSN 0138-0338. https://journals.pan.pl/dlibra/publication/129672/edition/113183/content. 
  55. ↑ Poole, Imogen; Francis, Jane E. (2000-03-01). "The First Record of Fossil Wood of Winteraceae from the Upper Cretaceous of Antarctica". Annals of Botany 85 (3): 307–315. doi:10.1006/anbo.1999.1049. ISSN 0305-7364. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305736499910491. 

Bibliography

Further reading

  • D. Néraudeau, A. Crame, and M. Kooser. 2000. Upper Cretaceous echinoids from James Ross Basin, Antarctica. Géobios 33(4):455–466 doi:10.1016/S0016-6995(00)80079-0
  • R. A. Otero, S. Soto-Acuna, A. O. Vargas, D. Rubilar Rogers, R. E. Yury Yanez and C. S. Gutstein. 2013. Additions to the diversity of elasmosaurid plesiosaurs from the Upper Cretaceous of Antarctica. Gondwana Research doi:10.1016/j.gr.2013.07.016



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