Biology:Trinisaura

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Short description: Extinct genus of dinosaurs

Trinisaura
Temporal range: Late Campanian
73–72 Ma
↓
Trinisaura2.jpg
Scientific classification e
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Clade: Dinosauria
Clade: †Ornithischia
Clade: †Ornithopoda
Clade: †Elasmaria
Genus: †Trinisaura
Coria et al., 2013
Type species
†Trinisaura santamartaensis
Coria et al., 2013

Trinisaura is a genus of ornithopod dinosaur that lived during the late Campanian stage of the Upper Cretaceous, around 73 to 72 million years ago in what is now James Ross Island off the coast of northern Antarctica near Patagonia. It is known from a single, incomplete postcranial skeleton that includes several vertebrae, a partial pelvis, and nearly complete right hindlimb. The fossils were collected in 2008 by paleontologists Juan Moly and Rodolfo Coria from the sandstone of the Snow Hill Island Formation. It remained undescribed in the collections of the Museo de La Plata until its description by Coria and colleagues in 2013, being the basis of the novel genus and species Trinisaura santamartaensis. The genus name is to commemorate the efforts of Argentine geologist Trinidad "Trini" Diaz and the Latin root -sauros, meaning "lizard". The species name is after Santa Marta Cove, where the fossils were collected.

Trinisaura has been classified as a basal (early-diverging or "primitive") member of the clade Ornithopoda along with other ornithischians that had lived in the former supercontinent of Gondwana, which lived during the Cretaceous. Its only known skeleton comes from a subadult, with a small size of 1.5 metres (4.9 ft). Trinisaura was very lightly built and bipedal, with long legs built for running and a rigid tail to aid in balance during locomotion. Trinisaura is distinct from its relatives in a variety of ways, such as the shape of the ischium (back pelvic bone) and a large deltopectoral crest on the humerus (upper arm bone). Trinisaura is also noted to have a slower growth rate than genera that lived in warmer climates, an adaptation to colder temperatures of the Antarctic.

During Trinisaura's existence, Antarctica had just recently broken off from the rest of Gondwana, causing it to evolve distinct traits due to geographic isolation. It was found in the lower layers of the Gamma Member of the Snow Hill Island Formation, which preserves only one other named dinosaur, the ankylosaur Antarctopelta, in addition to a variety of aquatic animals like sharks and cephalopods. The climate during the Upper Cretaceous was much warmer than it is today, and the continent was blanketed in forests.

Discovery and naming

Image of James Ross Island, where Trinisaura's fossils were discovered

Fossils of Trinisaura were first collected in 2008 by Juan Moly and Rodolfo Coria, members of the Antarctic Summer Campaign that had been mounted by Instituto Antártico Argentino to the fossilferous exposures of the Santa Marta Cove on James Ross Island, Antarctica. The layers date to the Upper Campanian stage of the Late Cretaceous, coming from the base sandstone deriving from the Gamma Member of the Snow Hill Island Formation. During prior field visits in 1986, material of the dinosaur genus Antarctopelta and fragmentary fossils of a sauropod. The fossils come from a small ornithopod, consisting of a semi-articulated partial skeleton including several vertebrae (backbones), incomplete pelvis, fragmentary scapulacoracoid, right humerus, and a partial right hindlimb. Later, however, more fossils including the left scapulacoracoid and additional vertebrae were noted to be known in 2019.[1] The ornithopod specimen was then deposited at the Museo de La Plata under catalogue number MLP-III-1-1, later the holotype, and briefly described by Coria et al (2008),[2] but received a complete description in 2013.[3]

An Argentine team led by Coria described the fossils as a new genus and species of basal ornithopod dinosaur named Trinisaura santamartaensis, the generic name after geologist Trinidad “Trini” Diaz and the -saura root from the Latin word for “lizard”, a commonly used epithet for dinosaurs.[3] The specific name is after the geographic location of the holotype’s discovery in the Santa Marta Cove.[3] Several other indeterminate ornithopod remains have been described from the Snow Hill Formation, including the well preserved partial skeleton of an ornithopod from Vega Island which bears similarities to Trinisaura.[4][5][6] The much larger Morrosaurus, named in 2016, has been suggested to be a junior synonym of Trinisaura, though several characteristics differentiate the two genera. [7][8][1] Isolated unguals in addition to a tibia and astragalus coming from larger, unnamed ornithopods have also been described from the Snow Hill Formation of James Ross Island.[9][10]

Phylogeny

Trinisaura was originally found to be an indeterminate basal ornithopod related to the genera Gasparinisaura and Talenkauen, though this phylogenetic analysis was small in scope compared to other papers.[11][8] Later phylogenetic analyses have found Trinisaura within the clade Elasmaria, a group of small to medium-sized herbivorous ornithopods characterized by their lithe builds and bipedal posture.[8][12][13] They also were herbivores with rounded heads and tiny beaks in conjugation with teeth. Elasmarians were the sister group to the clade Clypeodonta, which consists of iguanodontians and hypsilophodonts according to Herne et al (2019).[13] In this group, many of the Gondwanan ornithopods, including the contemporary Morrosaurus, are found in and diagnosed by several traits in the postcranial anatomy.[14][8] However, a 2022 phylogenetic analysis by Karen Poole of the ornithischian groups Iguanodontia and basal Neornithischia found no Elasmaria clade, instead with Trinisaura in a branch of Rhabdodontoidea containing the Patagonian genera Talenkauen and Anabisetia and the South Africa n genus Kangnasaurus.[15] It was theorized by Poole (2022) that this group of Gondwanan genera branched off from the ancestors of Rhabdodontidae 145 million years ago during the Late Jurassic,[16] which overlaps with the separation of Laurasia from Gondwana via the North Atlantic Ocean.[17][16]

Skeleton of the closely related Talenkauen, a genus from Patagonia

In 2015, it along with several other Patagonian and Antarctic ornithopods was found to be a part of the basal group of iguanodonts, Elasmaria in polytomy with other South American ornithopods and Morrosaurus.[8]

Cladogram based in the phylogenetic analysis of Rozadilla et al., 2015:[8]

 
 

Hypsilophodon

 
 
 

Thescelosaurus

 
Iguanodontia
Elasmaria
 

Gasparinisaura

 
 
 

Morrosaurus

 
 

Trinisaura

 
 

Macrogryphosaurus

 
 

Notohypsilophodon

 
 

Talenkauen

 
 

Anabisetia

 
 
 
 
 

Parksosaurus

 
 
 

Kangnasaurus

 
 
 

Rhabdodontidae

 
 
 

Tenontosaurus

 
 

Dryomorpha

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

In 2022, Karen Poole recovered it along with the Patagonian ornithopods Anabisetia and Talenkauen and Kangnasaurus from South Africa in their own clade at the base of the Rhabdodontoidea, instead of in the Elasmaria. All of these taxa were from the supercontinent Gondwana, but while Talenkauen, Anabisetia and Trinisaura all come from the Upper Cretaceous,[14][18] Kangnasaurus dates to the earlier part of the period.[15] Below is her phylogenetic hypothesis.[16]

 

Stormbergia

 
Neornithischia
 
 

Agilisaurus

 
 

Hexinlusaurus

 
 
Clypeodonta
 
 

Nanosaurus

 
 
 
 

Jeholosaurus

 
 

Haya

 
 
 
 

Hypsilophodontidae

 
 

Thescelosauridae

 
 
 
 
Iguanodontia
Rhabdodontoidea
 
 

Kangnasaurus

 
 
 

Anabisetia

 
 
 

Talenkauen

 
 

Trinisaura

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Tenontosaurus

 
 

Muttaburrasaurus

 
 
Rhabdodontidae
 

Rhabdodon

 
 

Zalmoxes

 
 
 
 
 
Dryomorpha
 

Dryosauridae

 
 
 

Ankylopollexia

 
 
 
 
 
 

Description

Trinisaura is known from only a partial postcranial skeleton, leaving much of its skeletal anatomy unknown, and is from an immature individual. The size of the only specimen was estimated to be a mere 1.5 metres (4.9 ft) in length, placing it on the lower end of ornithopod sizes.[3] This is much smaller than the only other named Antarctic ornithopod, Morrosaurus, which was around 4 metres (13 ft) long, differentiating the two in this aspect.[8][1] Based on the phylogenetic position of the genus within Elasmaria and the known material, Trinisaura was herbivorous, lightly built, with a long tail for balance in addition to lithe hindlimbs and short forelimbs. The dorsum was short with an avian sternum and the neck was elongated, terminating in a small, beaked skull adapted for herbivory.[19]

Vertebrae and pectoral girdle

Size of Trinisaura compared to a human

The vertebral column is incompletely known, with only single, partial dorsal (trunk) vertebra, three sacral (pelvic) centra, seven caudal (tail) vertebrae, and a haemal arch of a chevron (a bone attached to the underside of the tail vertebrae) described from the column. However, several additional undescribed vertebrae exist.[1] The dorsal vertebra is incomplete, lacking the neural spine and most of the physes, though the postzygapophyses are short and angle posteriorly. The lateral sides of the centrum are concave and bear small foramina (small, hollow pits in bone), with a ventral keel on the bottom of the centrum.[20] The sacral centra provide little information as well, but have a similar shallow concavity. The caudal vertebrae are better preserved, with posteriorly-projected neural spines, well-developed transverse processes, and a thick prespinal lamina. The prezygapophyses are small and have an anterodorsally projected condition. The mid-caudal vertebrae are morphologically akin to other ornithopods as the transverse processes are not expanded distally. The distal caudals have dwarfed transverse processes, lower neural arches, and proportionally elongated centra. The haemal arch is compressed transversely and distally, though it is slightly expanded anteroposteriorly at the end.[3]

The right scapulacoracoid (breastbone) is incomplete and consists only of the proximal end, though it is noted that the scapula and coracoid are firmly fused. The acromial process (process making up the lateral edge of the shoulder joint) is spike-like, with a strong, sharp lateral crest that distinguishes it from other ornithopods, though a similar condition is found in the Australian genus Fostoria.[21] The scapular blade is only known from fragments, but is dorsoventrally narrow and much of it articulates with the glenoid surface. Here, the scapulacoracoid touches the humerus (upper arm bone). The humerus is fragmentary, missing the proximal and distal ends, but is gracile and laterally bowed. When complete, the proximal end would be enlarged transversely whereas the distal end would have two large condyles (articulation points). Two metacarpals from the end were also found with the holotype, bearing an elongate morphology with convex dorsal sides and flat ventral sides. The tendon (tissue that connects to bone) attachments would connect to deep, lateral pits divided by medial grooves.[3]

Holotype right femur (thighbone) of Trinisaura

Pelvis and hindlimb

The pelvis is incomplete, with both ilia, the right pubis, and right ischium described; the left pubis and ischium are missing. The ilium is slender, low, and elongate, a trait shared with most other basal ornithopods, with a dorsally sigmoid outline. The preacetabular process is large and makes up 50% of the iliar length and is tall, almost as tall as the pubic peduncle. The sides are flat but concave in cross-section to connect with the sacral ribs. The postacetabular process is robust and thick transversely with a concave brevis shelf. The pubis is slender and longer than the ischium, with a rod-like prepubic process that is rod-like and thin transversely. The ischium is unique compared to other elasmarians, with a slight curve along its entire length that is an example of convergent evolution with marginocephalians, the group that contains families like ceratopsids and pachycephalosaurids.[22] The ischium's pubic process is square in shape and thin transversely. The ischium overall is fragile and thinly built, as in some other dinosaurs.[3]

The right femur, distal right tibia, distal right metatarsal III, first phalanx of digit III, and phalanges II and III of digit IV are known from Trinisaura. The right femur is the most robust of the limb elements, with a thick shaft and wide expansions at the proximal and distal ends for articulation with the pelvis and tibia. The trochanters are well developed for muscle attachment, the fourth trochanter specifically being pendant as in other basal ornithopods.[23] The distal end is poorly preserved, but does display the intercondylar groove used for articulation with the tibia, which is more shallow than other ornithopods like Anabisetia. The lateral (fibular) condyle extends more laterally in contrast to the medial (tibial) one, which is wider. The tibia is bowed laterally and has a transversely expanded distal end, with a shallow groove extending across its face. The metatarsus has a wide shaft transversely and is flattened and was wedged between the metatarsals II and IV for most of its length, a characteristic evident in Anabisetia as well. The phalanges are robust and bear pits for tendon connections.[3]

Palaeobiology

Based on the hindlimb anatomy of Trinisaura and other elasmarians, notably the slim metatarsus, it is thought they were very capable runners, distinguishing them from other herbivorous dinosaurs they lived alongside. The expanded chevrons of Trinisaura in addition to ossified intercortal plates along the bottom of the torso preserved in related taxa would have further aided their cursorial abilities by improving tail balance and musculature control as well as breathing efficiency.[8] This developed tail musculature and running ability of elasmarians is noted as more developed in elasmarian taxa than in other ornithopods such as Hypsilophodon.[24]

In 2020, a study was conducted on the growth rate of Trinisaura, and its relative Morrosaurus, through use of histological study of thin samples from the holotype fibula and fourth metatarsal. Ornithischian dinosaurs living in polar regions in the Northern Hemisphere (such as Edmontosaurus and Pachyrhinosaurus typically show different growth rates than relatives from lower latitutes, owing to the extreme temperatures of their environments, but studies have failed to find the same signs in Antarctic animals. The study confirmed this pattern in elasmarians, with comparison to the South American elasmarian Gasparinisaura finding incredibly similar histology to the Antarctic genera. All three show rapid growth with periodic interruptions, variation in growth marks, and changes in growth rate across their life cycle, growing slower as they aged. Similar growth strategies are reported in other ornithopods from much lower latitudes. This indicates that rather than adapting their growth physiology in response to the cold, southern environments they lived in, elasmarians were able to succeed in such ecosystems due to the existing possession of necessary adaptations to thrive there. A higher growth rate was noted in Morrosaurus as compared to Trinisaura, consistent with it being a larger species. Additionally, it was found the animals reached their sexual maturity well before their skeletal maturity, and ceased growth at a later point, consistent with other dinosaurs.[7]

Palaeobiogeography

The discovery of Trinisaura was concurrent with the first evidence of a previously hypothesized uniting clade of ornithopod dinosaurs from the continents that had comprised Gondwana. The northern supercontinent Laurasia had a separate, distinct dinosaur fauna than Gondwana, but evidence was traditionally lacking for a biogeographic link between dinosaurs on different Gondwanan regions. Brazil and northern Africa shared a fauna distinct from that of Patagonia, and each of these distinct from that of India and Madagascar; likewise, Australia, New Zealand, and Antarctic seemed connected to the exclusion of the others.[8] This contrasted with existing recognition of links between the flora and marine invertebrate fauna found in Patagonia, Antarctica, Australia, and New Zealand, termed the Weddellian Bioprovince.[25]

The recognition of Morrosaurus and Trinisaura as Antarctic elasmarians closely related to animals from South America constituted important evidence of such ties existing in dinosaurs on these continents as well.[3] This was bolstered by later studies producing firmer evidence of Australian ornithopods as also belonging to the group, as well as possibly Kangnasaurus from Africa.[24][26] Similar biogeographic patterns have been observed in megaraptoran theropods, diamantinasaurian sauropods, and parankylosaurian ankylosaurs.[27][28] These discoveries of connected endemic Gondwanan ecosystems have overturned the traditional view of the southern continents, acting as a refugium for animals more successful elsewhere earlier in the Cretaceous.[25]

Paleoenvironment

Trinisaura is known solely from the Gamma Member of the Snow Hill Island Formation in James Ross Island, an island in the James Ross Island group on the northeastern edge of the Antarctic Peninsula. The Snow Hill Island Formation one of only two major dinosaur-bearing rock formations found on Antarctica, bearing all but two of the continent's named dinosaurs.[29][4] The floral composition, habitat, and climate are of one similar to modern volcanic arches.[4] The formation preserves a variety of habitats, such as riverine deposits (pond, river margin) and drier ones (interfluve, canopy gaps). A mean annual climate of 10–15 °C (50–59 °F) has been calculated.[30]

Reconstruction of the Snow Hill Island Formation's flora and fauna, with Trinisaura in the back foreground

Trinisaura's fossils bear some surface weathering and abrasion, which indicate that they went through minimal transport, reworking, and subaerial weathering.[1][2] This is in contrast to the holotype of Antarctopelta, which likely floated out to sea and was buried by marine sediments on the ocean floor.[31][32] This is due to the two taphonomic and depositional settings of the Snow Hill Island Formation, with Trinisaura found alongside other dinosaurs with little to no signs of scavenging; Trinisaura itself is clean of scavenging. In the Gamma Member, wood fragments, twigs, and leaves have been found in concretions from the locale, associated with dinosaur fossils like Trinisaura itself and apparently came with the same ocean currents that brought the dinosaur carcasses.[4] From the Gamma Member, Asteraceae pollen grains were collected that are the oldest records of the family.[33] Some of the environment may have been wet and similar to peat bogs, as evidenced by the presence of Sphagnaceae (peat mosses) and several other groups including the clubmoss Selaginella, the firmoss group Lycopodiaceae, and the clade Ericaceae.[34][4] The Gamma Member of the formation has yielded several other fossil remains, such as the armored ankylosaur Antarctopelta,[32] a vertebral centrum of a lithostrothian sauropod,[35] an aquatic elasmosaurid,[4] and the carnivorous tylosaurine mosasaurs Taniwhasaurus and Hainosaurus.[36][37] As for fishes and chondrichthyes, the bony fish Enchodus[38] and Apateodus,[4] an indeterminate ichthyodectiformes,[4] and several sharks such as Sphenodus, Cretalamna,[39] and Notidanodon have all been collected.[4][32] Shelled ammonites, a kind of aquatic, shelled cephalopod, are also found in the layers of the Gamma Member.[4]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 C. Lamanna, Matthew; A. Case, Judd; M. Roberts, Eric; M. Arbour, Victoria; C. Ely, Ricardo; W. Salisbury, Steven; A. Clarke, Julia; Malinzak, D.Edward et al. (2019). "Late Cretaceous non-avian dinosaurs from the James Ross Basin,Antarctica:description of new material,updated synthesis,biostratigraphy,and paleobiogeography". Advances in Polar Science 30 (3): 228–250. doi:10.13679/j.advps.2019.0007. ISSN 1674-9928. http://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/detail.aspx?doi=10.13679/j.advps.2019.0007. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Coria, R.A., Moly, J.J., Reguero, M., Santillana, S., 2008, "Nuevos restos de Ornithopoda (Dinosauria, Ornithischia) de la Fm. Santa Marta, Isla J. Ross, Antártida", Ameghiniana 45(4), Supl., 25R
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 Coria, R. A.; Moly, J. J.; Reguero, M.; Santillana, S.; Marenssi, S. (2013). "A new ornithopod (Dinosauria; Ornithischia) from Antarctica". Cretaceous Research 41: 186–193. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2012.12.004. Bibcode: 2013CrRes..41..186C. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 Reguero, Marcelo A.; Gasparini, Zulma; Olivero, Eduardo B.; Coria, Rodolfo A.; Fernández, Marta S.; O´gorman, José P.; Gouiric-Cavalli, Soledad; Hospitaleche, Carolina Acosta et al. (2022-06-03). "Late Campanian-Early Maastrichtian Vertebrates From The James Ross Basin, West Antarctica: Updated Synthesis, Biostratigraphy, And Paleobiogeography" (in en). Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências 94 (suppl 1): e20211142. doi:10.1590/0001-3765202220211142. ISSN 0001-3765. PMID 35674550. https://www.scielo.br/j/aabc/a/MgcDZH8CzrfsHRx4BpP69Yw/?lang=en. 
  5. ↑ Barrett, P., Milner, A., & Hooker, J. (2014). A new ornithopod dinosaur from the latest Cretaceous of the Antarctic Peninsula. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 34(Programs and Abstracts), 85-86.
  6. ↑ Hooker, J. J.; Milner, A. C.; Sequeira, S. E. K. (1991). "An ornithopod dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous of West Antarctica" (in en). Antarctic Science 3 (3): 331–332. doi:10.1017/S0954102091000391. ISSN 1365-2079. Bibcode: 1991AntSc...3..331H. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/antarctic-science/article/abs/an-ornithopod-dinosaur-from-the-late-cretaceous-of-west-antarctica/460B7DC007270FB20C11EA3081CDD381. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Garcia-Marsà, Jordi A.; Cerroni, Mauricio A.; Rozadilla, Sebastián; Cerda, Ignacio A.; Reguero, Marcelo A.; Coria, Rodolfo A.; Novas, Fernando E. (2020-12-01). "Biological implications of the bone microstructure of the Antarctic ornithopods Trinisaura and Morrosaurus (Dinosauria, Ornithischia)" (in en). Cretaceous Research 116: 104605. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2020.104605. ISSN 0195-6671. Bibcode: 2020CrRes.11604605G. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0195667120302913. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 8.8 Rozadilla, Sebastián; Agnolin, Federico L.; Novas, Fernando E.; Aranciaga Rolando, Alexis M.; Motta, Matías J.; Lirio, Juan M.; Isasi, Marcelo P. (2016-01-01). "A new ornithopod (Dinosauria, Ornithischia) from the Upper Cretaceous of Antarctica and its palaeobiogeographical implications" (in en). Cretaceous Research 57: 311–324. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2015.09.009. ISSN 0195-6671. Bibcode: 2016CrRes..57..311R. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0195667115300677. 
  9. ↑ Coria, R. A., Tambussi, C., Moly, J. J., Santillana, S., & Reguero, M. (2007, September). Nuevos restos de Dinosauria del Cretácico de las islas James Ross y Marambio, Península Antártica. In Vi Simposio Argentino y iii Latinoamericano sobre investigaciones Antárcticas, Dirección Nacional del Antárctico/instituto Antárctico Argentino–10 al (Vol. 14).
  10. ↑ Coria R A, O’Gorman J P, Cárdenas M, et al. (2015) Late Cretaceous vertebrates from Isla Vega, Antarctica: reports from the 2015 fieldwork. Ameghiniana, 52(Supl. 4): 12-13.
  11. ↑ Ibiricu, Lucio M.; Casal, Gabriel A.; Martínez, Rubén D.; Luna, Marcelo; Canale, Juan I.; Álvarez, Bruno N.; González Riga, Bernardo (2019-06-01). "A new ornithopod dinosaur (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) from the Late Cretaceous of central Patagonia" (in en). Cretaceous Research 98: 276–291. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2019.02.001. ISSN 0195-6671. Bibcode: 2019CrRes..98..276I. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0195667118303586. 
  12. ↑ Rozadilla, Sebastián; Agnolín, Federico; Manabe, Makoto; Tsuihiji, Takanobu; Novas, Fernando E. (2021-09-01). "Ornithischian remains from the Chorrillo Formation (Upper Cretaceous), southern Patagonia, Argentina, and their implications on ornithischian paleobiogeography in the Southern Hemisphere" (in en). Cretaceous Research 125: 104881. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2021.104881. ISSN 0195-6671. Bibcode: 2021CrRes.12504881R. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0195667121001282. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Herne, Matthew C.; Nair, Jay P.; Evans, Alistair R.; Tait, Alan M. (2019). "New small-bodied ornithopods (Dinosauria, Neornithischia) from the Early Cretaceous Wonthaggi Formation (Strzelecki Group) of the Australian-Antarctic rift system, with revision of Qantassaurus intrepidus Rich and Vickers-Rich, 1999" (in en). Journal of Paleontology 93 (3): 543–584. doi:10.1017/jpa.2018.95. ISSN 0022-3360. Bibcode: 2019JPal...93..543H. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-paleontology/article/new-smallbodied-ornithopods-dinosauria-neornithischia-from-the-early-cretaceous-wonthaggi-formation-strzelecki-group-of-the-australianantarctic-rift-system-with-revision-of-qantassaurus-intrepidus-rich-and-vickersrich-1999/D6FEF2CD3EC1CAAD8F41B6ED73EC356C. 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Rozadilla, Sebastián; Agnolín, Federico Lisandro; Novas, Fernando Emilio (2019-12-17). "Osteology of the Patagonian ornithopod Talenkauen santacrucensis (Dinosauria, Ornithischia)" (in en). Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 17 (24): 2043–2089. doi:10.1080/14772019.2019.1582562. ISSN 1477-2019. Bibcode: 2019JSPal..17.2043R. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14772019.2019.1582562. 
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 ,Cooper, M. R. (1985). "A revision of the ornithischian dinosaur Kangnasaurus coetzeei Haughton, with a classification of the Ornithischia". Annals of the South African Museum 95 (8): 281–317. https://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=9258667. 
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 Poole, Karen (2022-11-15). "Phylogeny of iguanodontian dinosaurs and the evolution of quadrupedality" (in English). Palaeontologia Electronica 25 (3): 1–65. doi:10.26879/702. ISSN 1094-8074. https://palaeo-electronica.org/content/2022/3707-iguanodontian-phylogeny. 
  17. ↑ Blakey, Ronald C. (2008), "Gondwana paleogeography from assembly to breakup—A 500 m.y. odyssey", Special Paper 441: Resolving the Late Paleozoic Ice Age in Time and Space (Geological Society of America) 441: pp. 1–28, doi:10.1130/2008.2441(01), ISBN 978-0-8137-2441-6, https://doi.org/10.1130/2008.2441(01), retrieved 2023-05-25 
  18. ↑ Coria, Rodolfo A.; Calvo, Jorge O. (2002-09-19). "A new iguanodontian ornithopod from Neuquen Basin, Patagonia, Argentina" (in en). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 22 (3): 503–509. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2002)022[0503:ANIOFN2.0.CO;2]. ISSN 0272-4634. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1671/0272-4634%282002%29022%5B0503%3AANIOFN%5D2.0.CO%3B2. 
  19. ↑ Rozadilla, Sebastián; Cruzado-Caballero, Penélope; Calvo, Jorge O. (2020-04-01). "Osteology of Ornithopod Macrogryphosaurus gondwanicus (Dinosauria, Ornithischia) from the Upper Cretaceous of Patagonia, Argentina" (in en). Cretaceous Research 108: 104311. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2019.104311. ISSN 0195-6671. Bibcode: 2020CrRes.10804311R. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0195667119302460. 
  20. ↑ Cruzado-Caballero, Penélope; Gasca, José M.; Filippi, Leonardo S.; Cerda, Ignacio A.; Garrido, Alberto C. (2019-06-01). "A new ornithopod dinosaur from the Santonian of Northern Patagonia (Rincón de los Sauces, Argentina)" (in en). Cretaceous Research 98: 211–229. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2019.02.014. ISSN 0195-6671. Bibcode: 2019CrRes..98..211C. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0195667118304506. 
  21. ↑ Bell, Phil R.; Brougham, Tom; Herne, Matthew C.; Frauenfelder, Timothy; Smith, Elizabeth T. (2019-01-02). "Fostoria dhimbangunmal , gen. et sp. nov . , a new iguanodontian (Dinosauria, Ornithopoda) from the mid-Cretaceous of Lightning Ridge, New South Wales, Australia" (in en). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 39 (1): e1564757. doi:10.1080/02724634.2019.1564757. ISSN 0272-4634. Bibcode: 2019JVPal..39E4757B. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02724634.2019.1564757. 
  22. ↑ Dieudonné, P. -E.; Cruzado-Caballero, P.; Godefroit, P.; Tortosa, T. (2021-10-03). "A new phylogeny of cerapodan dinosaurs" (in en). Historical Biology 33 (10): 2335–2355. doi:10.1080/08912963.2020.1793979. ISSN 0891-2963. Bibcode: 2021HBio...33.2335D. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/08912963.2020.1793979. 
  23. ↑ Madzia, Daniel; Boyd, Clint A.; Mazuch, Martin (2018-09-02). "A basal ornithopod dinosaur from the Cenomanian of the Czech Republic" (in en). Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 16 (11): 967–979. doi:10.1080/14772019.2017.1371258. ISSN 1477-2019. Bibcode: 2018JSPal..16..967M. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14772019.2017.1371258. 
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 Herne, M.C.; Tait, A.M; Weisbecker, V.; Hall, M.; Nair, J.P; Cleeland, M.; Salisbury, S.W. (2018). "A new small-bodied ornithopod (Dinosauria, Ornithischia) from a deep, high-energy Early Cretaceous river of the Australian–Antarctic rift system". PeerJ 5: e4113. doi:10.7717/peerj.4113. PMID 29340228. 
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 Lamanna, Matthew C.; Case, Judd A.; Roberts, Eric M.; Victouria M., Arbour; Ely, Ricard C.; Salisbury Steven W.; Clarke, Julia A.; Malinzak, D. Edward et al. (2019). "Late Cretaceous non-avian dinosaurs from the James Ross Basin, Antarctica: description of new material, updated synthesis, biostratigraphy, and paleobiogeography". Advances in Polar Science 30 (3): 228–250. doi:10.13679/j.advps.2019.0007. http://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/detail.aspx?doi=10.13679/j.advps.2019.0007. 
  26. ↑ Herne, Matthew C.; Nair, Jay P.; Evans, Alistair R.; Tait, Alan M. (2019). "New small-bodied ornithopods (Dinosauria, Neornithischia) from the Early Cretaceous Wonthaggi Formation (Strzelecki Group) of the Australian-Antarctic rift system, with revision of Qantassaurus intrepidus Rich and Vickers-Rich, 1999". Journal of Paleontology 93 (3): 543–584. doi:10.1017/jpa.2018.95. Bibcode: 2019JPal...93..543H. 
  27. ↑ Soto-Acuña, Sergio; Vargas, Alexander O.; Kaluza, Jonatan; Leppe, Marcelo A.; Botelho, Joao F.; Palma-Liberona, José; Simon-Gutstein, Carolina; Fernández, Roy A. et al. (2021). "Bizarre tail weaponry in a transitional ankylosaur from subantarctic Chile". Nature 600 (7888): 259–263. doi:10.1038/s41586-021-04147-1. PMID 34853468. Bibcode: 2021Natur.600..259S. https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-821192/latest.pdf. 
  28. ↑ Poropat, Stephen F; Kundrát, Martin; Mannion, Philip D; Upchurch, Paul; Tischler, Travis R; Elliott, David A (2021-01-20). "Second specimen of the Late Cretaceous Australian sauropod dinosaur Diamantinasaurus matildae provides new anatomical information on the skull and neck of early titanosaurs" (in en). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 192 (2): 610–674. doi:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa173. ISSN 0024-4082. https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/advance-article/doi/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa173/6104802. 
  29. ↑ Smith, N. D., Makovicky, P. J., Pol, D., Hammer, W. R., & Currie, P. J. (2007). The dinosaurs of the Early Jurassic Hanson Formation of the central Transantarctic Mountains: phylogenetic review and synthesis. US Geological Survey and the National Academies, Short Research Paper, 3.
  30. ↑ Bowman, Vanessa C.; Francis, Jane E.; Askin, Rosemary A.; Riding, James B.; Swindles, Graeme T. (2014). "Latest Cretaceous–earliest Paleogene vegetation and climate change at the high southern latitudes: palynological evidence from Seymour Island, Antarctic Peninsula" (in en). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 408: 26–47. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2014.04.018. Bibcode: 2014PPP...408...26B. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0031018214002156. 
  31. ↑ Mallon, Jordan C.; Henderson, Donald M.; McDonough, Colleen M.; Loughry, W.J. (2018). "A "bloat-and-float" taphonomic model best explains the upside-down preservation of ankylosaurs" (in en). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 497: 117–127. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2018.02.010. Bibcode: 2018PPP...497..117M. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0031018217312452. 
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 32.2 Salgado, L., & Gasparini, Z. (2006). Reappraisal of an ankylosaurian dinosaur from the Upper Cretaceous of James Ross Island (Antarctica). Geodiversitas, 28(1), 119-135.
  33. ↑ Barreda, Viviana D.; Palazzesi, Luis; Tellería, Maria C.; Olivero, Eduardo B.; Raine, J. Ian; Forest, Félix (2015). "Early evolution of the angiosperm clade Asteraceae in the Cretaceous of Antarctica" (in en). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112 (35): 10989–10994. doi:10.1073/pnas.1423653112. ISSN 0027-8424. PMID 26261324. Bibcode: 2015PNAS..11210989B. 
  34. ↑ Barreda, Viviana D.; Palazzesi, Luis; Olivero, Eduardo B. (2019). "When flowering plants ruled Antarctica: evidence from Cretaceous pollen grains" (in en). New Phytologist 223 (2): 1023–1030. doi:10.1111/nph.15823. ISSN 0028-646X. PMID 30924945. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/nph.15823. 
  35. ↑ Cerda, Ignacio A.; Paulina Carabajal, Ariana; Salgado, Leonardo; Coria, Rodolfo A.; Reguero, Marcelo A.; Tambussi, Claudia P.; Moly, Juan J. (2012-01-01). "The first record of a sauropod dinosaur from Antarctica" (in en). Naturwissenschaften 99 (1): 83–87. doi:10.1007/s00114-011-0869-x. ISSN 1432-1904. PMID 22173579. Bibcode: 2012NW.....99...83C. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00114-011-0869-x. 
  36. ↑ Novas, Fernando Emilio; Fernández, Marta Susana; de Gasparini, Zulma B.; Lirio, Juan Manuel; Nuñez, Héctor J.; Puerta, Pablo (2002). "Lakumasaurus antarcticus, n. gen. et sp., a new mosasaur (Reptilia, Squamata) from the Upper Cretaceous of Antarctica". Ameghiniana 39: 245–249. ISSN 0002-7014. https://ri.conicet.gov.ar/handle/11336/136746. 
  37. ↑ Martin, J. E., Bell Jr, G. L., Case, J. A., Chaney, D. S., Fernández, M. A., Gasparini, Z., ... & Woodburne, M. O. (2002). Mosasaurs (Reptilia) from the Late Cretaceous of the Antarctic peninsula. In Antarctica at the Close of a Millennium, Eighth International Symposium on Antarctic Earth Sciences. Royal Society, New Zealand Bulletin (Vol. 35, pp. 293-299).
  38. ↑ Kriwet, J.; Lirio, J. M.; Nuñez, H. J.; Puceat, E.; Lécuyer, C. (2006). "Late Cretaceous Antarctic fish diversity" (in en). Geological Society, London, Special Publications 258 (1): 83–100. doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.2006.258.01.06. ISSN 0305-8719. Bibcode: 2006GSLSP.258...83K. https://www.lyellcollection.org/doi/10.1144/GSL.SP.2006.258.01.06. 
  39. ↑ Otero, R. A., Gutstein, C. S., Vargas, A., Rubilar-Rogers, D., Yury-Yañez, R., Bastías, J., & Ramírez, C. (2014). New chondrichthyans from the Upper Cretaceous (Campanian–Maastrichtian) of Seymour and James Ross islands, Antarctica. Journal of Paleontology, 88(3), 411-420.

Wikidata ☰ Q2783396 entry



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