Engineering:Arihant-class submarine

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Short description: Class of Indian nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarines

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The Arihant-class (lit. Vanquisher of the Enemy) is a class of nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarines in service with Indian Navy. They were developed under the Advanced Technology Vessel (ATV) project to design and build nuclear-powered submarines.[1] The project is being seen as a black project.[2] These vessels are classified as 'strategic strike nuclear submarines' by India.[3][4]

The lead vessel of the class, missing name was laid down in 2004, launched in 2009 and after extensive sea trials was confirmed to be commissioned in August 2016.[5][6][7] Arihant holds the distinction of being the first ballistic missile submarine to have been built by a country other than one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council.[8] As of 25 October 2024, INS Arihant and INS Arighaat are already on deep sea patrols.[9]

History

In December 1971, during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, US President Richard Nixon sent a carrier battle group named Task Force 74, led by the nuclear-powered missing name into the international waters of the Bay of Bengal in a show of force.[10][11] Task Force 74 remained in international waters, where it was legally entitled to be. The records of Nixon-Kissinger communications show no contingency nor any plan under which Enterprise would enter Indian or Pakistani waters, or otherwise intervene in the conflict but it is well known that the duo viewed Pakistan as a strong ally in that region and were silent on Bangladesh genocide committed by Pakistani military. In response, the Soviet Union sent a submarine armed with nuclear missiles from Vladivostok to trail the US task force in support of India.[12] The event demonstrated the significance of nuclear weapons and ballistic missile submarines to then Prime Minister Indira Gandhi.[13] Following the 1974 Smiling Buddha nuclear test, the Director of Marine Engineering (DME) at Naval Headquarters initiated a technical feasibility study for an indigenous nuclear propulsion system (Project 932).[14]

The Indian Navy's Advanced Technology Vessel project to design and construct a nuclear submarine took shape in the 1990s.[15] Then Defence Minister George Fernandes confirmed the project in 1998.[16] The initial intent of the project was to design nuclear-powered fast attack submarines, though following nuclear tests conducted by India in 1998 at Pokhran Test Range and the Indian pledge of no first use, the project was re-aligned towards the design of a ballistic missile submarine in order to complete India's nuclear triad.[17][18][19]

Description

PM Narendra Modi addressing the crew of INS Arihant. Note the picture of the submarine in the background.

The Arihant-class submarines are nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarines built under the Advanced Technology Vessel (ATV) project.[20] Originally, three submarines were to be built under the ATV project, which itself is part of a larger programme to construct five nuclear submarines[21] for the Indian Navy. Later, a fourth submarine was added[1] to the ₹30,000 crore (Template:INRConvert/HistoricalRate/Formatted)-worth project.[22] These are the first nuclear submarines designed and built by India.[23] The total cost of the project had hiked to ₹90,000 crore (Template:INRConvert/HistoricalRate/Formatted) by 2017.[1]

The first two submarines are 111.6 m (366 ft) long[24] with a beam of 11 m (36 ft), a draught of 15 m (49 ft), displacement of 6,000 tonnes (5,900 long tons; 6,600 short tons).[25] The latter submarines included an additional 10 m (33 ft)-long section of four launch tubes increasing the displacement by 1,000 tonnes (980 long tons; 1,100 short tons).[1] The complement is about 95, including officers and sailors.[26] The boats are powered by a single seven blade propeller powered by an 82.5[24] MWe-rated pressurised light-water reactor (PWR)[27] and can achieve a maximum speed of 12–15 knots (22–28 km/h) when surfaced and 24 knots (44 km/h) when submerged.[26][28]

The submarines, being constructed at the Ship Building Centre (SBC), Visakhapatnam using a US HY-80 grade equivalent Russian steel, has two compartments including propulsion and combat management systems, platform management centre, and the torpedo room. The vessels feature a double hull encompassing ballast tanks, two standby auxiliary engines, and a retractable thruster for emergency power and mobility.[24]

Sagarika SLBM

The initial batch of two submarines have four launch tubes in their hump and can carry up to twelve K-15 Sagarika missiles with one warhead each (with a range of 750 km or 470 mi) or four K-4 missiles (with a range of 3,500 km or 2,200 mi).[29][30][31] The third and fourth submarines, featuring Arihant Stretch design,[32] will have a larger configuration, carrying twenty-four K-15 Sagarika or eight K-4 missiles, due to the addition of four launch tubes.[1] The Indian Navy personnel received training on Script error: The function "ship_prefix_templates" does not exist., an Script error: The function "sclass" does not exist. leased from Russia in 2012.[33][34]

The submarine's K-15 missiles can reach most of Pakistan and its K-4 can target all of Pakistan.[35] The K-4 may also be capable of targeting Beijing, but would need to be in the northern most waters of Bay of Bengal.[35] Deployment of the Arihant to the Pacific Ocean is unlikely given the submarine's noise issues.[35]

Development

Conceptual drawing of INS Arihant

The classified project is headquartered in New Delhi and remains under direct supervision of the Prime Minister's Office and the National Security Advisor.[1] The submarines are powered by a pressurised water reactor with highly enriched uranium fuel.[2][36] The miniaturised version of the reactor was designed and built by the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC) at the Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research (IGCAR) in Kalpakkam.[37] It included a 42-metre (138 ft) section of the submarine's pressure hull containing the shielding tank with water and the reactor, a control room, as well as an auxiliary control room for monitoring safety parameters.[38] The prototype reactor became critical on 11 November 2003 and was declared operational on 22 September 2006.[13] Successful operation of the prototype for three years enabled the production version of the reactor for Arihant.[27][39] The reactor subsystems were tested at the Machinery Test Center in Visakhapatnam.[40] Facilities for loading and replacing the fuel cores of the naval reactors in berthed submarines were also established.[13] The prototype 83 MW light water reactor that was installed at Kalpakkam by BARC is codenamed S1 and is used to train nuclear submariners.[1]

Larsen & Toubro undertook critical detailed engineering based on design provided by the Navy and DRDO at its submarine design centre. The firm was also the single largest contributor to the programme ranging from the steel cutting of the submarines to their launch.[41][42] The facility served as the site for hull construction. Tata Power SED built the control systems for the submarine.[43] The steam turbines and associated systems integrated with the reactor were supplied by Walchandnagar Industries. Former Prime Minister of India, Manmohan Singh, had lauded ATV project as a "productive public–private partnership".[44]

In 2006, a high-level committee led by R. Chidambaram, the then principal scientific advisor to the Government of India, had assessed India's ability to construct three S5 series of SSBNs. The project with a budget of ₹10,000 crore (equivalent to ₹260 billion or US$3.6 billion in 2023) divided among DRDO, BARC and the ATV headquarters. The construction would tentatively begin in 2015 followed with the first submarine to be deployed in 2021. Its projected specifications of the submarine included displacement of 13,500 t (13,300 long tons; 14,900 short tons), 12 VLS with an MIRV-equipped SLBM with a range of 6,000 km (3,700 mi). The missile later evolved as K-6 ballistic missile.[1]

Around 2007, the then finance minister, P. Chidambaram, who was a member of the political committee which monitors the ATV programme, questioned the huge amount of money being spent on submarines with just 4 missile launch tubes. Thereafter, the ATV project team evolved the design into Arihant-stretch.[32] The improved design incorporated a 10 metre-long section for four more missile tubes to be equipped with K-4 SLBMs. This design would be applied to S4 boat.[1] The boat can, hence, accommodate 24 B-05 short-range missiles or 8 K-4 long-range missiles.[32][45]

On 24 December 2009, the Hindustan Shipyard, located at Visakhapatnam, was transferred from the Ministry of Shipping to the Ministry of Defence to support the construction of Arihant-class submarine programme. This would help in utilising the shipyard's infrastructure in the project.[46][47]

Around 2012, with the S5 project remaining in developmental stage, another Arihant-class submarine was cleared for production to avoid idling of the production line. The new unit was designated as S4* (between S4 and S5). The boat would also feature the Arihant Stretch design.[1]

In December 2014, the work on a second nuclear reactor began and Script error: The function "ship_prefix_templates" does not exist. started sea trials in 2017. As per reports released in August 2024, INS Arighaat was commissioned before October 2024.[48][49] On 29 August 2024, after extensive trials and upgrades INS Arighaat was formally commissioned.[50]

INS Aridhaman was launched in November 2021.[1][51] The submarine begun sea trials in 2022.[52] On 30 August 2024, a report suggested that this submarine will be commissioned in the next 6 months.[53]

In August 2024, it was reported that a fifth Arihant class submarine is planned to be constructed.[54]

Project timeline

  • 1974: The nuclear submarine project was sanctioned following the Smiling Buddha tests under the then Prime Minister, Indira Gandhi.[55]
  • 1983: Additional funds were allotted for the project during the Fourth Indira Gandhi ministry.[55]
  • 1998: A. P. J. Abdul Kalam cut the first steel for the submarine hull at the Larsen & Toubro facility at Hazira. L&T had received the submarine hull construction contract.[44][55] Simultaneously, the submarine's design was upgraded from nuclear attack profile to nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarine following Pokhran-II.[1]
  • 12 February 2009: The Advanced Technology Vessel project, meant to deliver three submarines, is part of a $2.9 billion programme to build five nuclear submarines. As per the then Defence Minister, A. K. Antony, the first submarine was in the final stages of construction after supply chain bottlenecks were cleared and DRDO was already developing submarine-launched ballistic missile.[21][56] The project was conceived in 1970s and operationalised in 1980s, though public acknowledgement never came from official sources until this announcement by the defence minister.[57] There were delays to miniaturise the nuclear reactor core for the submarine and Russian technology help was sought to solve the issues without delays. Another factor that resulted in delays was lack of metallurgical expertise and lack of experience of Indian hull makers on the chosen material for the submarine. The successful development of a nuclear submarine came after two failed attempts in the 1970s and 1980s.[58]
  • 16 July 2009: Multiple reports suggested that the first vessel under the Advanced Technology Vessel would be launched by Gursharan Kaur, the wife of the then Prime Minister, Manmohan Singh, on 26 July 2009. The ceremony would be held in Naval Dockyard (Visakhapatnam). The vessel was named Script error: The function "ship_prefix_templates" does not exist., meaning "destroyer of enemies". The design is based on Charlie-I submarines, while both the displacement and submerged speed are higher than the Charlie-I designs. While being launched, the dry dock in the Shipbuilding Centre in Visakhapatnam will be flooded and the submarine would be moved out of the SBC. The vessel would be then towed to a nearby pier for harbour trials during which, the nuclear power plant and auxiliary systems would be validated before its sea trials in the Bay of Bengal. The submarine was expected to be commissioned within two to three years. Meanwhile, hull sections of two additional ATVs have been completed in the Hazira facility of Larsen & Toubro and are to be transported to the SBC soon after Arihant exits the dock space.[59][60][56]
  • 26 July 2009: The first submarine of the class, Arihant, was launched into the water. The launch took place after three decades of initiating the design stage of the project. The Defence Minister would also attended the event. The harbour acceptance and system trials was scheduled for one year. The submarine was built at a cost of $2.9 billion.[61] Meanwhile, many expected that the operationalisation of the submarine would take much longer than two years.[62] Harbour acceptance trials and followed by sea acceptance trials, including the surface and sub-surface domains, respectively, were to be conducted before commissioning the submarine.[20] Even the nuclear reactor was yet to be fitted onboard and would be followed by the reactor reaching criticality, which would be a milestone.[63] The submarine, equipped with Sagarika missiles,[20] would serve as a technology demonstrator for the following nuclear submarines.[64][2]
  • 9 August 2014: The submarine's nuclear reactor became critical for the maiden time after four years of harbour acceptance patrol. The Navy wanted the submarine ready for deterrent patrol in 2014. Meanwhile, the second submarine was already at an advanced stage of construction at the SBC and could be launched in a year later.[65]
  • 13 December 2014: Arihant was entered sea for the first time[66] after being flagged off for extensive sea trials following harbour trials.[67] The sea acceptance trials for the submarine was initially slated for February 2012.[22]
  • 25 November 2015: A dummy or unarmed B-05 Sagarika missile was successfully test fired from INS Arihant from a depth of 20 metres.[55][68]
  • 31 March 2016: The K-4 missile was successfully tested from INS Arihant, 45 nautical miles away from the Vishakhapatnam coast. The missile with a dummy payload was launched from the submarine in full operational configuration. The trial was carried out with the support of the personnel of Strategic Forces Command (SFC) while the DRDO provided all the logistics.[69][70][71]
  • August 2016: The first boat of the class, INS Arihant, was commissioned.[5][72]
  • 19 November 2017: The second submarine, christened Script error: The function "ship_prefix_templates" does not exist., was launched by the then defence minister, Nirmala Sitharaman, with a low-profile, traditional ceremony. The vessel was floated out after flooding the drydock. Reportedly, commissioning of the vessel would take three years. It has an indigenous content of 60%. The third (S4) and fourth (S4*) submarine, with eight launcher units, was expected to be launched in 2020 and 2022, respectively.[1]
  • July 2018: The submarine was reportedly ready to be fully operationalised with several weapons firing trials and deep diving trials off the coast of Visakhapatnam having been completed since five months earlier. The submarine was being accompanied by RFS Epron, a Russian-origin Prut-class submarine rescue ship which arrived in India on 1 October 2017.[73]
  • 11–12 August 2018: The B-05 missile system was fired twice on 11th and once on 12th of August from INS Arihant and was operationalised two decades since the missile systems development commenced. All the missiles followed the designated trajectories and were fired 10 km away from Visakhapatnam from a depth of 20 m.[74]
  • 4 November 2018: Arihant completed its first deterrence patrol for 20 days.[3][75][4]
  • 29 August 2024: Arighaat commissioned.[76]
  • 16 October 2024: The fourth and final submarine of the class, with an indigenous content of 75% and equipped with K4 missiles, was launched.[77]
  • 2 December 2025: Aridhaman had entered the final stages of trials and was expected to be commissioned soon.[78]
  • 30 December 2025: The fourth submarine, S4*, had reportedly departed the harbour for sea trials a week earlier and is expected to be commissioned in early 2027. Meanwhile, Aridhaman, the third unit had completed its sea trials a few weeks ago and is now to be commissioned in early 2026 after being delivered.[79][80]
  • 5 January 2026: A report suggested that the final submarine, so far referred to as S4*, will be named INS Arisudan. The name has been proposed by the ship-naming committee of the Indian Navy. The name is yet to be receive clearance by the defence ministry and eventually, the President of India, who is also the Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces.[81]

Ships in class

Name Pennant Subclass Displacement (surfaced) Laid down Launch Sea trials begin Sea trials completed Commission Status
Script error: The function "ship_prefix_templates" does not exist. (S2)[1][82] SSBN 80[83] Arihant subclass 6,000 tonnes 2004[84] 26 July 2009[61] 13 December 2014[85] 23 February 2016[86] August 2016 Active
Script error: The function "ship_prefix_templates" does not exist. (S3)[87] SSBN 81 2009[84] 19 November 2017[88][89] 8 January 2018[90] March 2021[91] 29 August 2024[50][76]
Script error: The function "ship_prefix_templates" does not exist. (S4)[92] SSBN 82 Aridhaman subclass 7,000 tonnes 2018[93] 23 November 2021[94] December 2025[79][80] End of 2026 (expected)[95][96] Sea trials
Arisudan

(S4*)[81]

2020 16 October 2024[97] December 2025[79][80] 2027

(expected)[95]

Sea trials[95]

Timeline

Date Event
19 May 1998 Confirmation of ATV project by the then Defence Minister George Fernandes
11 November 2003 Prototype nuclear reactor becomes critical
22 September 2006 Nuclear reactor is declared operational
2007 Design of S4 is modified to allow four more launch tubes.[1]
26 July 2009 Lead vessel of the class, Script error: The function "ship_prefix_templates" does not exist., is formally launched
2012 Additional unit S4* is cleared to avoid idling of production line.[1]
10 August 2013 Arihant's on-board nuclear reactor attains criticality
13 December 2014 INS Arihant begins extensive sea & weapons trials
25 November 2015 INS Arihant successfully test-fired dummy B5 missile
31 March 2016 INS Arihant successfully test-fired K4 missile
August 2016 INS Arihant commissioned.[5]
19 November 2017 INS Arighaat launched[1]
8 January 2018 INS Arighaat to begin sea trials[98]
5 November 2018 INS Arihant completed its first deterrence patrol[99]
March 2021 INS Arighaat's sea trials are completed.
November 2021 INS Aridhaman is speculated to be launched.[94]
29 August 2024 INS Arighaat officially commissioned.[50]
16 October 2024 S4* launched[77]
2026 S4 commissioning expected[100]

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.16 Unnithan, Sandeep (7 December 2017). "A peek into India's top secret and costliest defence project, nuclear submarines". India Today. https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/the-big-story/story/20171218-india-ballistic-missile-submarine-k-6-submarine-launched-drdo-1102085-2017-12-10. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Pandit, Rajat (17 July 2009). "India set to launch nuclear-powered submarine". The Times of India. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/India-set-to-launch-nuclear-powered-submarine/articleshow/4787167.cms. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 "Prime Minister felicitates crew of INS Arihant on completion of Nuclear Triad" (Press release). Press Information Bureau. 2018-11-05. Retrieved 2025-12-09.
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  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 "India to achieve N-arm triad in February". The Times of India. 2 January 2012. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/India-to-achieve-N-arm-triad-in-February/articleshow/11332636.cms. 
  23. ↑ "Final test of K-15 ballistic missile on Tuesday". 25 February 2008. https://www.indiatoday.in/latest-headlines/story/final-test-of-k-15-ballistic-missile-on-tuesday-23129-2008-02-25. 
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  28. ↑ "Arihant Class Submarine - Naval Technology". https://www.naval-technology.com/projects/arihant-class/#:~:text=Arihant%20design,up%20to%2024kt%20when%20submerged.. 
  29. ↑ "The secret undersea weapon". India Today. 17 January 2008. https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/defence/story/20080128-the-secret-undersea-weapon-735178-2008-01-17. 
  30. ↑ Malhotra, Jyoti (12 August 2013). "How Indias pride INS Arihant was built". Business Standard India. https://wap.business-standard.com/article-amp/specials/how-india-s-pride-ins-arihant-was-built-113081100745_1.html. 
  31. ↑ "The secret 'K' missile family". India Today. 20 November 2010. https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/the-big-story/story/20101129-the-secret-k-missile-family-744797-2010-11-19. 
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 32.2 "Indian Navy Ups the Stakes With Newest Nuclear Submarine INS Aridaman" (in en). 2025-12-03. https://thewire.in/security/indian-navy-ups-the-stakes-with-newest-nuclear-submarine-ins-aridaman. "This length increase – earning it the nickname “Arihant Stretch” in overseas naval circles – was to accommodate an expanded vertical missile launch system, now doubled to eight tubes, enabling the SSBN to carry either eight K-4 submarine-launched ballistic missiles (SLBMs), with a range of 3,500 km, or 24 K-15 SLBMs striking 750 km away." 
  33. ↑ "Arihant – Advanced Technology Vessel (ATV)". Global Security. http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/atv.htm. 
  34. ↑ "Leased Russian n-submarine to set sail for India this month end". 15 December 2011. https://www.indiatoday.in/india/invisible-india/story/leased-russian-n-submarine-to-set-sail-for-india-this-month-end-148919-2011-12-14. 
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 35.2 Nathan Powell. "The Arihant-Class SSBN and the Advent of Sea-Based Nuclear Forces in India, China, and Pakistan". Project on Nuclear Issues: A Collection of Papers from the 2017 Conference Series and Nuclear Scholars Initiative: 141–142. 
  36. ↑ "High fissile fuel in nuclear submarine lasts long". The Hindu (Chennai, India). 5 November 2009. http://www.hindu.com/seta/2009/11/05/stories/2009110551721200.htm. 
  37. ↑ "INS Arihant is an Indian design: Anil Kakodkar". The Hindu (Chennai, India). 16 August 2009. http://www.hindu.com/2009/08/16/stories/2009081655260900.htm. 
  38. ↑ Shekhar, G.C. (3 August 2009). "Unveiled: Arihant's elder brother". Telegraph India (Calcutta, India). http://www.telegraphindia.com/1090803/jsp/nation/story_11313999.jsp. 
  39. ↑ Venkatesh, M.R. (2 August 2009). "Arihant propulsion reactor unveiled". Hindustan Times. http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/StoryPage.aspx?sectionName=HomePage&id=5721403d-8f66-43e2-92c4-4f3148032565&Headline=Arihant+propulsion+reactor+unveiled. 
  40. ↑ "Naval Research Board". DRDO. http://www.nrbdrdo.res.in/nstl.html. 
  41. ↑ "Larsen and Toubro's Contribution to Arihant-class submarine" (PDF) (Press release). 26 July 2009. Retrieved 17 March 2016.
  42. ↑ "We played a vital role in Arihant: L&T". Business Standard. 2009-07-27. https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/we-played-a-vital-role-in-arihant-l-t-109072700002_1.html. 
  43. ↑ "India's first Indigenous nuclear submarine". Jeywin. http://www.jeywin.com/blog/arihant-–-india’s-first-indigenous-nuclear-submarine/. 
  44. ↑ 44.0 44.1 "Private sector played a major role in Arihant". DNA. 27 April 2009. http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_private-sector-played-a-major-role-in-arihant_1277435. 
  45. ↑ Mundhra, Shreya (2022-01-02). "Boosting Indian Navy's Firepower, DRDO Launches Nuclear Submarine With 'Vertical Launch System'" (in en-US). https://www.eurasiantimes.com/indian-navy-launches-3rd-arihant-class-nuclear-submarine/. 
  46. ↑ Sharma, Suman (12 June 2010). "Navy creating a new base for nuke submarines". Daily News & Analysis. http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_navy-creating-a-new-base-for-nuke-submarines_1395220. 
  47. ↑ "On national security interests, Govt moves Hindustan Shipyard to Defence ministry". The Times of India. PTI. 24 December 2009. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/On-national-security-interests-Govt-moves-Hindustan-Shipyard-to-Defence-ministry/articleshow/5373703.cms. 
  48. ↑ "India 'fully ready' to add to fleet 2nd submarine with nuclear-tipped missiles". The Times of India. 2024-08-11. ISSN 0971-8257. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-fully-ready-to-add-to-fleet-2nd-sub-with-n-tipped-missiles/articleshow/112433199.cms. 
  49. ↑ "India set to commission its second nuclear-missile submarine". The Economic Times. 2024-08-11. ISSN 0013-0389. https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/india-set-to-commission-its-second-nuclear-missile-submarine/articleshow/112438432.cms?from=mdr. 
  50. ↑ 50.0 50.1 50.2 "Second Arihant-Class submarine 'INS Arighaat' commissioned into Indian Navy in the presence of Raksha Mantri in Visakhapatnam". 2024-08-29. https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2049870. 
  51. ↑ "DRDO on long range Pralay, K5 to stalemate China soon". THE NEW INDIAN EXPRESS. https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2018/dec/15/maiden-trial-of-pralay-k5-likely-soon-1911623.html. 
  52. ↑ "Third Indian N-powered ballistic missile submarine to be inducted this year" (in en). https://www.deccanherald.com/india/third-indian-n-powered-ballistic-missile-submarine-to-be-inducted-this-year-3387338?utm_source=whatsapp&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=socialshare. 
  53. ↑ "Amid China standoff, India set to boost naval power with 3rd N-sub in 6 months". The Times of India. 2024-08-30. ISSN 0971-8257. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/amid-china-standoff-india-set-to-boost-naval-power-with-3rd-n-sub-in-6-months/articleshow/112905487.cms. 
  54. ↑ Kumar, Bhaswar (30 August 2024). "'More advanced': 10 key points on India's second nuclear sub INS Arighat". Business Standard. https://www.business-standard.com/external-affairs-defence-security/news/more-advanced-10-key-points-on-india-s-second-nuclear-sub-ins-arighat-124083000620_1.html. 
  55. ↑ 55.0 55.1 55.2 55.3 "N-capable Arihant submarine successfully test-fires unarmed missile". Business Standard. 2015-11-26. https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/n-capable-arihant-submarine-successfully-test-fires-unarmed-missile-special-to-ians-115112600705_1.html. 
  56. ↑ 56.0 56.1 "PM to launch indigenous nuke submarine by month-end". MSN. 16 July 2009. http://news.in.msn.com/national/article.aspx?cp-documentid=3097464. 
  57. ↑ "Indigenous nuclear submarine goes on trial". The Hindu (Chennai, India). 19 July 2009. http://www.hindu.com/2009/07/19/stories/2009071958490500.htm. 
  58. ↑ Sud, Hari (14 August 2009). "India's nuclear submarine and the Indian Ocean". upiasia.com. http://www.upiasia.com/Security/2009/08/14/indias_nuclear_submarine_and_the_indian_ocean/7676/. 
  59. ↑ "Exclusive: PM's wife to launch INS Arihant, India's first nuclear submarine" (in en). 2009-07-16. https://www.indiatoday.in/headlines-today-top-stories/story/exclusive-pms-wife-to-launch-ins-arihant-indias-first-nuclear-submarine-52205-2009-07-15. 
  60. ↑ "Indian indigenous nuclear sub to be unveiled on 26 July: report". domain-b.com. 16 July 2009. http://www.domain-b.com/defence/general/20090716_indian_indigenous.html. 
  61. ↑ 61.0 61.1 "Arihant central to India's strategic capability: Antony" (in en). 2009-07-26. https://www.indiatoday.in/latest-headlines/story/arihant-central-to-indias-strategic-capability-antony-52885-2009-07-25. 
  62. ↑ PTI (2009-07-26). "Arihant to take long time to become operational: Experts" (in en). https://www.indiatoday.in/latest-headlines/story/arihant-to-take-long-time-to-become-operational-experts-52896-2009-07-25. 
  63. ↑ "defence.professionals | defpro.com" (in de). 2009-07-28. http://www.defpro.com/daily/details/364/. 
  64. ↑ "Home-made nuke sub INS Arihant to be inducted in 2 years". The Times of India. 3 December 2009. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Home-made-nuke-sub-INS-Arihant-to-be-inducted-in-2-years/articleshow/5293123.cms. 
  65. ↑ "INS Arihant reactor goes critical, submarine to start sea trials | Watch activation video" (in en). 2013-08-10. https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/arihant-reactor-goes-critical-submarine-to-start-sea-trials-173376-2013-08-09. 
  66. ↑ "INS Arihant sails out of harbour". The Hindu. 13 December 2014. http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/ins-arihant-sails-out-of-harbour/article6693951.ece?homepage=true. 
  67. ↑ "India's nuclear submarine Arihant flagged off for sea trials". The Economic Times. 13 December 2014. http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/indias-nuclear-submarine-arihant-flagged-off-for-sea-trials/articleshow/45526418.cms. 
  68. ↑ Rout, Hemant Kumar (2015-11-27). "First Ejection Test of Underwater Missile From Arihant Submarine Successful" (in en). https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2015/Nov/27/first-ejection-test-of-underwater-missile-from-arihant-submarine-successful-848950.html. 
  69. ↑ "EXPRESS EXCLUSIVE: Maiden Test of Undersea K-4 Missile From Arihant Submarine" (in en). The New Indian Express. http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/EXPRESS-EXCLUSIVE-Maiden-Test-of-Undersea-K-4-Missile-From-Arihant-Submarine/2016/04/09/article3370608.ece. 
  70. ↑ Panda, Ankit. "India Successfully Tests Intermediate-Range Nuclear-Capable Submarine-Launched Ballistic Missile" (in en-US). https://thediplomat.com/2016/04/india-successfully-tests-intermediate-range-nuclear-capable-submarine-launched-ballistic-missile/. 
  71. ↑ Bhat, Aditya (2016-04-09). "DRDO's nuclear capable K-4 underwater missile test-fired again, this time from INS Arihant: Report" (in en). https://www.ibtimes.co.in/drdos-nuclear-capable-k-4-underwater-missile-test-fired-again-this-time-ins-arihant-report-673978. 
  72. ↑ "Satisfied with nuclear sub Arihant trials: Navy Chief". Tribune India. http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/satisfied-with-nuclear-sub-arihant-trials-navy-chief/74351.html. 
  73. ↑ Pubby, Manu (2018-07-14). "India's first nuclear submarine INS Arihant ready for operations, passes deep sea tests". The Economic Times. ISSN 0013-0389. https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/indias-first-nuclear-submarine-ins-arihant-ready-for-operations-passes-deep-sea-tests/articleshow/51098650.cms. 
  74. ↑ Rout, Hemant Kumar (2018-08-19). "Nuke-capable submarine-launched missile operationalised, India in select triad club" (in en). https://www.newindianexpress.com/specials/2018/Aug/19/nuke-capable-submarine-launched-missile-operationalised-india-in-select-triad-club-1859992.html. 
  75. ↑ Unnithan, Sandeep (2018-11-05). "INS Arihant returned yesterday from 20-day deterrent patrol" (in en). https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/ins-arihant-returned-yesterday-from-20-day-deterrent-patrol-1383188-2018-11-05. 
  76. ↑ 76.0 76.1 "India commissions INS Arighat: Know all about Navy's 2nd nuclear-powered submarine". The Times of India. 2024-08-29. ISSN 0971-8257. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-commissions-ins-arighat-know-all-about-navys-2nd-nuclear-powered-submarine/articleshow/112900556.cms. 
  77. ↑ 77.0 77.1 Gupta, Shishir (22 October 2024). "India Launches 4th nuclear-missile submarine". Hindustan Times. https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/india-launches-4th-nuclear-missile-submarine-101729560730642.html. 
  78. ↑ Sharma, Shivani; Negi, Manjeet (2025-12-02). "Navy to get INS Aridhaman, third Indian-made nuclear submarine" (in en). https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/ins-aridaman-third-indian-made-nuclear-submarine-to-be-commissioned-soon-navy-chief-2829303-2025-12-02. 
  79. ↑ 79.0 79.1 79.2 "CHAKRA EXCLUSIVE: India's fourth SSBN sails out for sea trials" (in en). https://chakranewz.com/critical-technologies/trending/chakra-exclusive-india-rsquo-s-fourth-ssbn-sails-out-for-sea-trials. 
  80. ↑ 80.0 80.1 80.2 Militar, Redaccion Zona (2025-12-30). "India is reported to have begun sea trials of the fourth of its new Arihant-class nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarines" (in en-US). https://www.zona-militar.com/en/2025/12/30/india-is-reported-to-have-begun-sea-trials-of-the-fourth-of-its-new-arihant-class-nuclear-powered-ballistic-missile-submarines/. 
  81. ↑ 81.0 81.1 "Arihant class nuclear-powered submarine S4* likely to be named INS Arisudan" (in en). 2026-01-05. https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/arihant-class-nuclear-powered-submarine-s4-likely-to-be-named-ins-arisudan-101767555406284.html. 
  82. ↑ Anandan, S. (2014-12-20). "INS Arihant may be of limited utility" (in en-IN). The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ins-arihant-may-be-of-limited-utility/article6709623.ece. 
  83. ↑ "20 years after Pokhran II, India makes giant nuclear leap" (in en). Hindustan Times. 2018-11-06. https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/20-years-after-pokhran-ii-india-makes-giant-nuclear-leap/story-GlCezZbc4J7VpRshfF4RYJ.html. 
  84. ↑ 84.0 84.1 Saunders, Stephen, ed (2016). "India". Jane's Fighting Ships 2016–2017 (119th ed.). Coulsdon: Jane's Information Group. p. 336. ISBN 978-0710631855. 
  85. ↑ "INS Arihant sails out of harbor". The Hindu. 13 December 2014. http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/ins-arihant-sails-out-of-harbour/article6693951.ece?homepage=true. 
  86. ↑ Pubby, Manu. "India's first nuclear submarine INS Arihant ready for operations, passes deep sea tests". The Economic Times. https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/indias-first-nuclear-submarine-ins-arihant-ready-for-operations-passes-deep-sea-tests/articleshow/51098650.cms. 
  87. ↑ "India's Nuclear Triad is now Fully Operational" (in en). 2018-12-11. https://www.vifindia.org/2018/december/11/india-s-nuclear-triad-is-now-fully-operational. 
  88. ↑ Peri, Dinakar; Joseph, Josy (2017-10-15). "A bigger nuclear submarine is coming". The Hindu. http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/a-bigger-nuclear-submarine-is-coming/article19862549.ece. 
  89. ↑ Bedi, Rahul (2017-12-11). "India quietly launches second SSBN". IHS Jane's Defence Weekly. http://www.janes.com/article/76315/india-quietly-launches-second-ssbn. 
  90. ↑ Joseph, Dinakar Peri & Josy (2018-01-08). "INS Arihant left crippled after 'accident' 10 months ago" (in en-IN). The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ins-arihant-left-crippled-after-accident-10-months-ago/article22392049.ece. 
  91. ↑ "Vikrant, nuclear submarine commissioning to ring in 75th Independence anniversary celebrations" (in en). https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/vikrant-nuclear-submarine-commissioning-to-ring-in-75th-independence-anniversary-celebrations-1838057-2021-08-08. 
  92. ↑ Saurav, Jha. "India's Undersea Deterrent". The Diplomat. https://thediplomat.com/2016/03/indias-undersea-deterrent/. Retrieved 2016-04-09. 
  93. ↑ "A bigger nuclear submarine is coming". The Hindu. 2017. https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/a-bigger-nuclear-submarine-is-coming/article19862549.ece. 
  94. ↑ 94.0 94.1 "India Quietly Launches 3rd Arihant-class Nuclear-powered Submarine, Can Carry 8 Ballistic Missiles: Report" (in en). News18. 2021-12-31. https://www.news18.com/news/india/india-quietly-launches-3rd-arihant-class-nuclear-powered-submarine-can-carry-8-ballistic-missiles-report-4610366.html. 
  95. ↑ 95.0 95.1 95.2 "CHAKRA EXCLUSIVE: India's fourth SSBN sails out for sea trials" (in en). 2025-12-29. https://chakranewz.com/critical-technologies/trending/chakra-exclusive-india-rsquo-s-fourth-ssbn-sails-out-for-sea-trials. 
  96. ↑ "Third Indian N-powered ballistic missile submarine to be inducted this year". Deccan Herald. 2025. https://www.deccanherald.com/india/third-indian-n-powered-ballistic-missile-submarine-to-be-inducted-this-year-3387338. 
  97. ↑ Peri, Dinakar (2024-10-22). "India's fourth nuclear submarine launched into water" (in en-IN). The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/indias-fourth-nuclear-submarine-launched-into-water/article68783731.ece. 
  98. ↑ Pubby, Manu (2017-08-24). "Exclusive: 'Aridaman', India's second nuclear-armed submarine, is ready for launch". ThePrint. http://theprint.in/2017/08/24/exclusive-aridaman-indias-second-nuclear-armed-submarine-ready-launch/. 
  99. ↑ "India's nuclear triad is complete with INS Arihant ending its first deterrence patrol" (in en-IN). The Hindu. 2018-11-05. ISSN 0971-751X. https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ins-arihant-completes-deterrence-patrol-india-declares-nuclear-traid-operational/article25425436.ece. 
  100. ↑ Sharma, Shivani; Negi, Manjeet (2025-12-02). "Navy to get INS Aridhaman, third Indian-made nuclear submarine" (in en). https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/ins-aridaman-third-indian-made-nuclear-submarine-to-be-commissioned-soon-navy-chief-2829303-2025-12-02. 

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