Engineering:Arihant-class submarine

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Short description: Class of Indian nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarines

INS Arihant at sea (cropped).jpg
INS Arihant, lead vessel of the class
Class overview
Name: Arihant
Builders: Navy Shipbuilding Centre, Visakhapatnam[1]
Operators:  Indian Navy
Succeeded by: S5-class submarine
Cost: ₹40 billion (US$560 million) per submarine[2]
In commission: 2016–present
Planned: 4
Building: 2[3]
Completed: 2
Active: 2
General characteristics
Type: Nuclear powered ballistic missile submarine
Displacement:
  • Arihant & Arighat: 6,000 t (5,900 long tons; 6,600 short tons) surfaced[4]
  • S4 & S4*: 7,000 t (6,900 long tons; 7,700 short tons)[5]
Length:

Arihant & Arighat: 111 m (364 ft);[6]

S-4: 130 m (430 ft)[6][7]
Beam: 11 m (36 ft)[6]
Draft: 15 m (49 ft)[6]
Propulsion:
Speed:
  • Surfaced: 12–15 kn (22–28 km/h)
  • Submerged: 24 kn (44 km/h)
Range: Unlimited except by food supplies
Test depth: 300 m (980 ft)
Complement: 95
Sensors and
processing systems:		 USHUS sonar
Armament:
  • Arihant & Arighat: 12 × K15 SLBM (1,500 km or 930 mi range) or 4 × K-4 SLBM (3,500 km or 2,200 mi range)[10][5]
  • S4 & S4*: 24 × K15 SLBM (750 km or 470 mi range) or 8 × K-4 SLBM (3,500 km or 2,200 mi range)[5] or 8 × K-5 SLBM (5,000–6,000 km or 3,100–3,700 mi range)[11]
  • 6 × 21" (533 mm) torpedo tubes – est 30 charges (torpedoes, cruise missiles or mines)[12]

The Arihant-class ( in Sanskrit) is a class of India n nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarines being built for the Indian Navy. They were developed under the ₹900 billion (US$13 billion) Advanced Technology Vessel (ATV) project to design and build nuclear-powered submarines.[2] These vessels are classified as 'strategic strike nuclear submarines' by India.[13][14]

The lead vessel of the class, INS Arihant was laid down in 2004, launched in 2009 and after extensive sea trials was confirmed to be commissioned in August 2016.[15][16][17] Arihant holds the distinction of being the first ballistic missile submarine to have been built by a country other than one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council.[18]

History

In December 1971, during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, US President Richard Nixon sent a carrier battle group named Task Force 74, led by the nuclear-powered USS Enterprise into the international waters of the Bay of Bengal in a show of force.[19][20] Task Force 74 remained in international waters, where it was legally entitled to be. The records of Nixon-Kissinger communications show no contingency nor any plan under which Enterprise would enter Indian or Pakistani waters, or otherwise intervene in the conflict but it is well known that the duo viewed Pakistan as a strong ally in that region and were silent on Bangladesh genocide committed by Pakistani military. In response, the Soviet Union sent a submarine armed with nuclear missiles from Vladivostok to trail the US task force.[21] The event demonstrated the significance of nuclear weapons and ballistic missile submarines to then Prime Minister Indira Gandhi.[22] Following the 1974 Smiling Buddha nuclear test, the Director of Marine Engineering (DME) at Naval Headquarters initiated a technical feasibility study for an indigenous nuclear propulsion system (Project 932).[23]

The Indian Navy's Advanced Technology Vessel project to design and construct a nuclear submarine took shape in the 1990s.[24] Then Defence Minister George Fernandes confirmed the project in 1998.[25] The initial intent of the project was to design nuclear-powered fast attack submarines, though following nuclear tests conducted by India in 1998 at Pokhran Test Range and the Indian pledge of no first use, the project was re-aligned towards the design of a ballistic missile submarine in order to complete India's nuclear triad.[26][27][28]

Description

The Arihant-class submarines are nuclear powered ballistic missile submarines built under the Advanced Technology Vessel (ATV) project.[29][30][31][32][33][34] They will be the first nuclear submarines designed and built by India.[35] The submarines are 111 m (364 ft) long with a beam of 11 m (36 ft), a draught of 15 m (49 ft), displacement of 6,000 tonnes (5,900 long tons; 6,600 short tons).[6] The complement is about 95, including officers and sailors.[36] The boats are powered by a single seven blade propeller powered by an 83 MW pressurised water reactor and can achieve a maximum speed of 12–15 knots (22–28 km/h) when surfaced and 24 knots (44 km/h) when submerged.[36][37]

Sagarika SLBM

The submarines have four launch tubes in their hump and can carry up to twelve K-15 Sagarika missiles with one warhead each (with a range of 750 km or 470 mi) or four K-4 missiles (with a range of 3,500 km or 2,200 mi).[38][39][40] The third and fourth submarines will have a larger configuration, carrying twenty-four K-15 Sagarika or eight K-4 missiles.[5] The Indian Navy will train on INS Chakra, an Akula-class submarine leased from Russia in 2012.[41][42]

The submarine's K-15 missiles can reach most of Pakistan and its K-4 can target all of Pakistan.[43] The K-4 may also be capable of targeting Beijing, but would need to be in the northern most waters of Bay of Bengal.[43] Deployment of the Arihant to the Pacific Ocean is unlikely given the submarine's noise issues.[43]

Development

The submarines are powered by a pressurised water reactor with highly enriched uranium fuel.[44][45] The miniaturised version of the reactor was designed and built by the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC) at the Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research (IGCAR) in Kalpakkam.[46] It included a 42-metre (138 ft) section of the submarine's pressure hull containing the shielding tank with water and the reactor, a control room, as well as an auxiliary control room for monitoring safety parameters.[47] The prototype reactor became critical on 11 November 2003 and was declared operational on 22 September 2006.[22] Successful operation of the prototype for three years enabled the production version of the reactor for Arihant.[48][49] The reactor subsystems were tested at the Machinery Test Center in Visakhapatnam.[50] Facilities for loading and replacing the fuel cores of the naval reactors in berthed submarines were also established.[22] The prototype 83 MW light water reactor that was installed at Kalpakkam by BARC is codenamed S1 and is used to train nuclear submariners.[5]

In 2007, then finance minister P. Chidambaram, who was a member of the political committee which monitors the ATV programme, questioned the huge amount of money being spent on submarines with just 4 missile launch tubes. Hence the ATV project team tweaked the Arihant design by adding a 10-metre-long section for four more K-4 SLBMs to be integrated into the boat codenamed S4. After it became evident that the larger S5 class of SSBNs will take more time to develop, an additional unit, codenamed S4*, was sanctioned in 2012 to ensure that the production line doesn't go idle.[5]

The detailed engineering of the design was implemented[when?] at Larsen & Toubro's submarine design centre at their Hazira shipbuilding facility.[51] Tata Power SED built the control systems for the submarine.[52] The steam turbines and associated systems integrated with the reactor were supplied by Walchandnagar Industries.[53] The lead vessel underwent a long and extensive process of testing after its launch in July 2009.[54] The propulsion and power systems were tested with high-pressure steam trials followed by harbor-acceptance trials that included submersion tests by flooding its ballast tanks and controlled dives to limited depths.[55] INS Arihant's reactor went critical for the first time on 10 August 2013.[56] On 13 December 2014, the submarine set off for its extensive sea trials.[57][58] On 5 November 2018, INS Arihant completed its first deterrence patrol.[13][14]

Ships in class

Conceptual drawing of INS Arihant

Four boats of this class are planned.[5] The first boat of the class, INS Arihant, was commissioned in August 2016.[10][15][59] In December 2014, the work on a second nuclear reactor began and the second boat, INS Arighat sea trials started in 2017 and commissioned in August, 2022 (speculated).[2] The final two ships S4 and S4* in the class are expected to be larger, displacing over 1,000 tonnes more than the Arihant[5] and have 8 missile launch tubes to carry up to 8 K4 or K5 and a more powerful pressurized water reactor than INS Arihant.[60] S4 was launched in November 2021[5][11]

Name Pennant Displacement (surfaced) Laid down Launch Sea Trials Begins Sea Trials Completed Commission Status
INS Arihant (S2)[5][61] SSBN 80[62] 6,000 tonnes 2004[63] 26 July 2009 13 December 2014[64] 23 February 2016[65] August 2016 In service[16]
INS Arighat (S3)[5][66] SSBN 81 6,000 tonnes 2009[63] 19 November 2017[67][68] 8 January 2018[69] March 2021[70] August 2022 (est.) [2][71] In Service (speculated)[5]
S4[72] 7,000 tonnes 23 November 2021[73] 2024 (est.)[71] Sea Trial[74]
S4* (codename)[72] 7,000 tonnes 2023 (est.) 2025 (est.) [71] Under construction

Timeline

Date Event
19 May 1998 Confirmation of ATV project by the then Defence Minister George Fernandes
11 November 2003 Prototype nuclear reactor becomes critical
22 September 2006 Nuclear reactor is declared operational
2007 Design of S4 is modified to allow four more launch tubes.[5]
26 July 2009 Lead vessel of the class, INS Arihant, is formally launched
2012 Additional unit S4* is cleared to avoid idling of production line.[5]
10 August 2013 Arihant's on-board nuclear reactor attains criticality
13 December 2014 INS Arihant begins extensive sea & weapons trials
25 November 2015 INS Arihant successfully test-fired dummy B5 missile
31 March 2016 INS Arihant successfully test-fired K4 missile
August 2016 INS Arihant commissioned.[15]
19 November 2017 INS Arighat launched[2]
8 January 2018 INS Arighat to begin sea trials[75]
5 November 2018 INS Arihant completed its first deterrence patrol[76]
March 2021 INS Arighat's sea trials are completed.
November 2021 S4 is speculated to be launched.[73]
2022 INS Arighat commissioned (speculated)[15][75]
2025 S4* is scheduled to be launched.

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Contract worker killed in accident at navy ship building centre". The Hindu. 8 March 2014. http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/contract-worker-killed-in-accident-at-navy-ship-building-centre/article5764589.ece. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 "A peek into India's top secret and costliest defence project, nuclear submarines". India Today. 7 December 2017. http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/india-ballistic-missile-submarine-k-6-submarine-launched-drdo/1/1104982.html. 
  3. ↑ "Why India needs submarines". The Diplomat. May 2016. https://thediplomat.com/2016/05/why-india-needs-both-nuclear-and-conventional-submarines/. 
  4. ↑ "India reaches milestone with launch of n-powered submarine". DNA. 26 July 2007. http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_india-reaches-milestone-with-launch-of-n-powered-submarine_1277227. 
  5. ↑ 5.00 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08 5.09 5.10 5.11 5.12 5.13 Unnithan, Sandeep (7 December 2017). "A peek into India's top secret and costliest defence project, nuclear submarines". India Today. http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/india-ballistic-missile-submarine-k-6-submarine-launched-drdo/1/1104982.html. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 Subramanian, T.S. (15 August 2009). "Nuclear Arm". The Frontline 26 (17). http://www.hindu.com/fline/fl2617/stories/20090828261702500.htm. Retrieved 2 June 2015. 
  7. ↑ "H I Sutton - Covert Shores". http://www.hisutton.com/Indian-Navy-S4-SSBN.html. 
  8. ↑ "Founder's Day Speech, Director, BARC". Bhabha Atmoic Research Centre. 30 October 2018. http://www.barc.gov.in/presentations/fddir18.pdf. 
  9. ↑ "DAE (Excellence in Science, Engineering & Technology) Awards 2010". BARC Newsletter (322): 33. Sep–Oct 2011. http://www.barc.gov.in/publications/nl/2011/2011091009.pdf. Retrieved 21 March 2021. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 "India to achieve N-arm triad in February". The Times of India. 2 January 2012. http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-01-02/india/30580966_1_ins-arihant-first-indigenous-nuclear-submarine-akula-ii. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 "DRDO on long range Pralay, K5 to stalemate China soon". THE NEW INDIAN EXPRESS. https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2018/dec/15/maiden-trial-of-pralay-k5-likely-soon-1911623.html. 
  12. ↑ Pike, John (27 July 2009). "Advanced Technology Vessel (ATV)". globalsecurity.org. http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/atv-specs.htm. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 "Prime Minister felicitates crew of INS Arihant on completion of Nuclear Triad". 5 November 2018. http://pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1551894. 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 "INS Arihant completes India's nuclear triad, PM Modi felicitates crew". The Economic Times. 2018-11-06. https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/ins-arihant-completes-indias-nuclear-triad-pm-modi-felicitates-crew/articleshow/66509959.cms?from=mdr. 
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 "India set to complete N-triad with Arihant commissioning". The Times of India. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/India-set-to-complete-N-triad-with-Arihant-commissioning/articleshow/54907081.cms. 
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Ashish Singh (17 October 2016). "What is INS Arihant?". http://www.newsx.com/national/43966-what-is-ins-arihant. 
  17. ↑ "India's first nuclear submarine INS Arihant ready or operations, passes deep sea tests". The Economic Times. 23 February 2016. http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/indias-first-nuclear-submarine-ins-arihant-ready-for-operations-passes-deep-sea-tests/articleshow/51098650.cms. 
  18. ↑ Marcus, Jonathan (10 August 2013). "Indian-built Arihant nuclear submarine activated". BBC. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-23648310. 
  19. ↑ "1971 War: How Russia sank Nixon's gunboat diplomacy". https://in.rbth.com/articles/2011/12/20/1971_war_how_russia_sank_nixons_gunboat_diplomacy_14041. 
  20. ↑ "US Fleet in Bay of Bengal: A game of deception". 2013-12-15. http://www.thedailystar.net/news/us-fleet-in-bay-of-bengal-a-game-of-deception. 
  21. ↑ Krishnan Simha, Rakesh (20 December 2011). "US-Soviet Actions in 1971 Indo-Pakistani War". indrus.in (Indrus.in). http://indrus.in/articles/2011/12/20/1971_war_how_russia_sank_nixons_gunboat_diplomacy_14041.html. 
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 "Arihant: the annihilator". Indian Defence Review. 25 October 2010. http://www.indiandefencereview.com/2010/02/arihant-the-annihilator.html. 
  23. ↑ Das, Premvir (30 July 2009). "Project 932". Business Standard. http://www.business-standard.com/article/opinion/premvir-das-ins-arihant-a-watershed-moment-109073000008_1.html. 
  24. ↑ "India's SNS Project Report". Fas.org. https://fas.org/nuke/guide/india/sub/ssn/index.html. 
  25. ↑ "George defends position on China". Indian Express. 19 May 1998. http://www.indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/ie/daily/19980519/13950884.html. 
  26. ↑ Pike, John. "Advanced Technology Vessel (ATV)". Globalsecurity.org. http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/atv.htm. 
  27. ↑ "First indigenous nuclear sub is inducted into the navy". DNA. 26 July 2009. http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_first-indigenous-nuclear-sub-is-inducted-into-the-navy_1277218. 
  28. ↑ "India's nuclear sub still a distant dream". Rediff. 16 February 2001. http://www.rediff.com/news/2001/feb/16josy4.htm. 
  29. ↑ "Indian indigenous nuclear sub to be unveiled on 26 July: report". domain-b.com. 16 July 2009. http://www.domain-b.com/defence/general/20090716_indian_indigenous.html. 
  30. ↑ "India nuclear sub project near completion". Reuters. 12 February 2009. http://in.reuters.com/article/companyNews/idINISL35153320090212. 
  31. ↑ "PM to launch indigenous nuke submarine by month-end". MSN. 16 July 2009. http://news.in.msn.com/national/article.aspx?cp-documentid=3097464. 
  32. ↑ "Indigenous nuclear submarine goes on trial". The Hindu (Chennai, India). 19 July 2009. http://www.hindu.com/2009/07/19/stories/2009071958490500.htm. 
  33. ↑ Sud, Hari (14 August 2009). "India's nuclear submarine and the Indian Ocean". upiasia.com. http://www.upiasia.com/Security/2009/08/14/indias_nuclear_submarine_and_the_indian_ocean/7676/. 
  34. ↑ "India's nuclear submarine dream, still miles to go". Reuters. 31 July 2009. http://blogs.reuters.com/india/2009/07/31/indias-nuclear-submarine-dream-still-miles-to-go/. 
  35. ↑ "Final test of K-15 ballistic missile on Tuesday". 25 February 2008. http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/Final+test+of+K-15+ballistic+missile+on+Tuesday/1/5002.html. 
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 "SSBN Arihant Class Submarine, India". naval-technology.com. http://www.naval-technology.com/projects/arihant-class/. 
  37. ↑ "Arihant Class Submarine - Naval Technology". https://www.naval-technology.com/projects/arihant-class/#:~:text=Arihant%20design,up%20to%2024kt%20when%20submerged.. 
  38. ↑ "The secret undersea weapon". India Today. 17 January 2008. http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/The+secret+undersea+weapon/1/3659.html. 
  39. ↑ Malhotra, Jyoti (12 August 2013). "How Indias pride INS Arihant was built". Business Standard India. https://wap.business-standard.com/article-amp/specials/how-india-s-pride-ins-arihant-was-built-113081100745_1.html. 
  40. ↑ "The secret 'K' missile family". India Today. 20 November 2010. http://indiatoday.intoday.in/site/story/the-secret-k-missile-family/1/120488.html. 
  41. ↑ "Arihant – Advanced Technology Vessel (ATV)". Global Security. http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/atv.htm. 
  42. ↑ "Leased Russian n-submarine to set sail for India this month end". 15 December 2011. http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/leased-russian-n-submarine-to-set-sail-for-india-this-month-end/1/164449.html. 
  43. ↑ 43.0 43.1 43.2 Nathan Powell. "The Arihant-Class SSBN and the Advent of Sea-Based Nuclear Forces in India, China, and Pakistan". Project on Nuclear Issues: A Collection of Papers from the 2017 Conference Series and Nuclear Scholars Initiative: 141–142. 
  44. ↑ Pandit, Rajat (17 July 2009). "India set to launch nuclear-powered submarine". The Times of India. http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-07-17/india/28203215_1_nuclear-powered-submarine-atv-project-ins-arihant. 
  45. ↑ "High fissile fuel in nuclear submarine lasts long". The Hindu (Chennai, India). 5 November 2009. http://www.hindu.com/seta/2009/11/05/stories/2009110551721200.htm. 
  46. ↑ "INS Arihant is an Indian design: Anil Kakodkar". The Hindu (Chennai, India). 16 August 2009. http://www.hindu.com/2009/08/16/stories/2009081655260900.htm. 
  47. ↑ Shekhar, G.C. (3 August 2009). "Unveiled: Arihant's elder brother". Telegraph India (Calcutta, India). http://www.telegraphindia.com/1090803/jsp/nation/story_11313999.jsp. 
  48. ↑ Subramanian, T.S. (2 August 2009). "PWR building shows indigenous capability". The Hindu (Chennai, India). http://www.hindu.com/2009/08/03/stories/2009080353810100.htm. 
  49. ↑ Venkatesh, M.R. (2 August 2009). "Arihant propulsion reactor unveiled". Hindustan Times. http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/StoryPage.aspx?sectionName=HomePage&id=5721403d-8f66-43e2-92c4-4f3148032565&Headline=Arihant+propulsion+reactor+unveiled. [|permanent dead link|dead link}}]
  50. ↑ "Naval Research Board". DRDO. http://www.nrbdrdo.res.in/nstl.html. 
  51. ↑ "Larsen and Toubro's Contribution to Arihant-class submarine" (PDF) (Press release). 26 July 2009. Retrieved 17 March 2016.[yes|permanent dead link|dead link}}]
  52. ↑ "India's first Indigenous nuclear submarine". Jeywin. http://www.jeywin.com/blog/arihant-–-india’s-first-indigenous-nuclear-submarine/. 
  53. ↑ "Private sector played a major role in Arihant". DNA. 27 April 2009. http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_private-sector-played-a-major-role-in-arihant_1277435. 
  54. ↑ "Nuclear submarine Arihant to be fitted with K-15 ballistic missiles". The Hindu (Chennai, India). 27 July 2009. http://www.hindu.com/2009/07/27/stories/2009072755801000.htm. 
  55. ↑ "Home-made nuke sub INS Arihant to be inducted in 2 years". The Times of India. 3 December 2009. http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-12-03/india/28110779_1_ins-arihant-nuclear-powered-attack-submarines-technology-vessel. 
  56. ↑ "K-15 all set to join Arihant". The Hindu. 27 December 2012. http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/technology/k15-all-set-to-join-arihant/article4242325.ece. 
  57. ↑ "India's nuclear submarine Arihant flagged off for sea trials". The Economic Times. 13 December 2014. http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/indias-nuclear-submarine-arihant-flagged-off-for-sea-trials/articleshow/45526418.cms. 
  58. ↑ "INS Arihant sails out of harbour". The Hindu. 13 December 2014. http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/ins-arihant-sails-out-of-harbour/article6693951.ece?homepage=true. 
  59. ↑ "Satisfied with nuclear sub Arihant trials: Navy Chief". Tribune India. http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/satisfied-with-nuclear-sub-arihant-trials-navy-chief/74351.html. 
  60. ↑ Mundhra, Shreya (2022-01-02). "Boosting Indian Navy's Firepower, DRDO Launches Nuclear Submarine With 'Vertical Launch System'" (in en-US). https://www.eurasiantimes.com/indian-navy-launches-3rd-arihant-class-nuclear-submarine/. 
  61. ↑ Anandan, S. (2014-12-20). "INS Arihant may be of limited utility" (in en-IN). The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ins-arihant-may-be-of-limited-utility/article6709623.ece. 
  62. ↑ "20 years after Pokhran II, India makes giant nuclear leap" (in en). hindustantimes.com/. 2018-11-06. https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/20-years-after-pokhran-ii-india-makes-giant-nuclear-leap/story-GlCezZbc4J7VpRshfF4RYJ.html. 
  63. ↑ 63.0 63.1 Saunders, Stephen, ed (2016). "India". Jane's Fighting Ships 2016–2017 (119th ed.). Coulsdon: Jane's Information Group. p. 336. ISBN 978-0710631855. 
  64. ↑ "INS Arihant sails out of harbor". The Hindu. 13 December 2014. http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/ins-arihant-sails-out-of-harbour/article6693951.ece?homepage=true. 
  65. ↑ Pubby, Manu. "India's first nuclear submarine INS Arihant ready for operations, passes deep sea tests". The Economic Times. https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/indias-first-nuclear-submarine-ins-arihant-ready-for-operations-passes-deep-sea-tests/articleshow/51098650.cms. 
  66. ↑ "India's Nuclear Triad is now Fully Operational" (in en). 2018-12-11. https://www.vifindia.org/2018/december/11/india-s-nuclear-triad-is-now-fully-operational. 
  67. ↑ Peri, Dinakar; Joseph, Josy (2017-10-15). "A bigger nuclear submarine is coming". The Hindu. http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/a-bigger-nuclear-submarine-is-coming/article19862549.ece. 
  68. ↑ Bedi, Rahul (2017-12-11). "India quietly launches second SSBN". IHS Jane's Defence Weekly. http://www.janes.com/article/76315/india-quietly-launches-second-ssbn. 
  69. ↑ Joseph, Dinakar Peri & Josy (2018-01-08). "INS Arihant left crippled after 'accident' 10 months ago" (in en-IN). The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ins-arihant-left-crippled-after-accident-10-months-ago/article22392049.ece. 
  70. ↑ "Vikrant, nuclear submarine commissioning to ring in 75th Independence anniversary celebrations" (in en). https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/india-today-insight/story/vikrant-nuclear-submarine-commissioning-to-ring-in-75th-independence-anniversary-celebrations-1838057-2021-08-08. 
  71. ↑ 71.0 71.1 71.2 Pubby, Manu (2020-02-21). "India's Rs 1.2 lakh crore nuclear submarine project closer to realisation". The Economic Times. https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/indias-rs-1-2-l-cr-n-submarine-project-closer-to-realisation/articleshow/74234776.cms. 
  72. ↑ 72.0 72.1 Diplomat, Saurav Jha, The. "India's Undersea Deterrent". https://thediplomat.com/2016/03/indias-undersea-deterrent/. 
  73. ↑ 73.0 73.1 "India Quietly Launches 3rd Arihant-class Nuclear-powered Submarine, Can Carry 8 Ballistic Missiles: Report" (in en). 2021-12-31. https://www.news18.com/news/india/india-quietly-launches-3rd-arihant-class-nuclear-powered-submarine-can-carry-8-ballistic-missiles-report-4610366.html. 
  74. ↑ "Maiden Test of Undersea K-4 Missile From Arihant Submarine". 9 April 2016. http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/EXPRESS-EXCLUSIVE-Maiden-Test-of-Undersea-K-4-Missile-From-Arihant-Submarine/2016/04/09/article3370608.ece. 
  75. ↑ 75.0 75.1 Pubby, Manu (2017-08-24). "Exclusive: 'Aridaman', India's second nuclear-armed submarine, is ready for launch". http://theprint.in/2017/08/24/exclusive-aridaman-indias-second-nuclear-armed-submarine-ready-launch/. 
  76. ↑ Correspondent, Special (2018-11-05). "India's nuclear triad is complete with INS Arihant ending its first deterrence patrol" (in en-IN). The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ins-arihant-completes-deterrence-patrol-india-declares-nuclear-traid-operational/article25425436.ece. 

External links



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