Engineering:Bus lane

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Short description: Road lane intended for buses and other transits only
Bus rapid transit lane of Transmetro in Guatemala City
Select Bus Service bus lane on Nostrand Avenue in Brooklyn, New York
Bus lane in Jingtong Expressway in Beijing. During rush hour the bus is able to completely avoid the traffic that cars are stuck in.
Bus lane in the middle of Roosevelt Road in Taipei, Taiwan
BRT lane laid on Taiwan Boulevard in Taichung, Taiwan

A bus lane or bus-only lane is a lane restricted to buses, often on certain days and times, and generally used to speed up public transport that would be otherwise held up by traffic congestion. The related term busway describes a roadway completely dedicated for use by buses, whilst bus gate describes a short bus lane often used as a short cut for public transport. Bus lanes are a key component of a high-quality bus rapid transit (BRT) network, improving bus travel speeds and reliability by reducing delay caused by other traffic.

A dedicated bus lane may occupy only part of a roadway which also has lanes serving general automotive traffic; in contrast to a transit mall which is a pedestrianized roadway also served by transit.

History

The first bus lane is often erroneously attributed to Chicago , where in 1939 Sheridan Road was installed with reversible lanes north of Foster Avenue.[1][2] The setup consisted of three-lanes towards the peak direction (south in the morning; north in the evening), and one contraflow lane. None of the lanes exclusively carried buses, but were designed to facilitate bus operations. In 1948, the East Side Trolley Tunnel in Providence, Rhode Island was converted to bus-only use and became the first dedicated busway in the United States, continuing to operate to this day. In 1956 Nashville became the first city to implement on-street bus lanes. Later that year, Chicago implemented a bus lane in the center of Washington Street, a five lane one-way street downtown.[3][4]

The first bus lanes in Europe were established in 1963 in the Germany city of Hamburg, when the tram system was closed and the former dedicated tram tracks were converted for bus travel. Other large German cities soon followed, and the implementation of bus lanes was officially sanctioned in the German highway code in 1970. Many experts from other countries (Japan among the first) studied the German example and implemented similar solutions. On 15 January 1964 the first bus lane in France was designated along the quai du Louvre in Paris and the first contraflow lane was established on the old pont de l’Alma on 15 June 1966.[5]

On 26 February 1968 the first bus lane in London was put into service on Vauxhall Bridge.[6] The first contraflow bus lane in the UK was introduced in King's Road, Reading as a temporary measure when the road was made one-way (eastwards to Cemetery Junction) on 16 June 1968. The initial reason was to save the expense of rerouting the trolleybus, which was due to be scrapped on 3 November of that year. However the experiment proved so successful that it was made permanent for use by motor buses.[7] In October 1971 Runcorn opened the world's first bus rapid transitway. Upon opening, the 7-mile (11 km) busway featured specialized stations, signal priority, grade separation, and was expanded to 14 miles (23 km) by 1980.[4][8][9]

By 1972 there were over 140 kilometres (87 mi) of with-flow bus lanes in 100 cities within OECD member countries, and the network grew substantially in the following decades.[10]

The El Monte Busway between El Monte and Downtown Los Angeles was the first dedicated busway in the US, constructed in 1974.[11]

Design

Bus lanes may be located in different locations on a street, such as on the sides of a street near the curb, or down the center. They may be long, continuous networks, or short segments used to allow buses to bypass bottlenecks or reduce route complexity, such as in a contraflow bus lane.[12]

Bus lanes may be demarcated in several ways. Descriptive text such as "BUS LANE" may be marked prominently on the road surface, particularly at the beginning and end. Some cities use a diamond-shaped pavement marking to indicate an exclusive bus lane. The road surface may have a distinctive color, usually red, which has been shown to reduce prohibited vehicles from entering bus lanes.[13] Road signs may communicate when a bus lane is in effect.[14]

Bus lanes may also be physically separated from other traffic using bollards, curbs, or other raised elements.[15]

In some cities, such as The Hague in the Netherlands, buses are allowed to use reserved tram tracks, usually laid in the middle of the road and marked with the text "Lijnbus".

Bus gates

A bus gate in the centre of Coventry, England

In the United Kingdom bus gates are common in towns and cities. A bus gate consists of a short section of road that only buses and authorised vehicles (typically taxis) can pass through. They are normally marked with the same street signage as bus lanes, but have "BUS GATE" marked on the road surface.[16] Bus gates are normally used as "short cuts" for public transport at junctions, roundabouts or through one-way systems.[17]

Operation

Bus lanes may have separate sets of dedicated traffic signals, to allow transit signal priority at intersections.[18]

Peak-only bus lanes are enforced only at certain times of the day, usually during rush hour, reverting to a general purpose or parking lane at other times. Peak-only bus lanes may be in effect only in the main direction of travel, such as towards a downtown during morning rush hour traffic, with the buses using general purpose lanes in the other direction.[19]

Entire streets can be designated as bus lanes (such as Oxford Street in London, Princes Street in Edinburgh, or Fulton Street in Downtown Brooklyn), allowing buses, taxis and delivery vehicles only, or a contra-flow bus lane can allow buses to travel in the opposite direction to other vehicles.[20]

Some locations allow bicyclists or taxis to use bus lanes, however where bus or bicycle volumes are high, mixed traffic operations may result in uncomfortable conditions or delays.[21] Certain other vehicles may also be permitted in bus lanes, such as taxis, high occupancy vehicles, motorcycles, or bicycles. Police, ambulance services and fire brigades can also use these lanes.[22]

In the Netherlands mixed bus/cycle lanes are uncommon. According to the Sustainable Safety guidelines they would violate the principle of homogeneity and put road users of very different masses and speed behaviour into the same lane, which is generally discouraged.[23]

Some locations have allowed access to bus lanes to electric cars and/or hybrid cars. Oslo removed one such exception in 2017 following protests due to congestion in bus lanes. The large number of electric vehicles on Norwegian roads slowed buses, defeating the purpose of bus lanes.[24]

Enforcement

Bus lanes can become ineffective if weak enforcement allows use by unauthorized vehicles[25] or illegal parking. Center-running bus lanes avoid the problem of private vehicles blocking the lane by double parking for loading of passengers or cargo.

Evidence from the operation of urban arterials in Brisbane shows that a properly enforced bus lane, operating as designed without interference, can increase passenger throughput. In 2009 and 2010 traffic surveys showed that in Brisbane on a number of urban arterials with bus and transit lanes, noncompliance rates were approaching 90%. Following enhanced enforcement of the lanes, noncompliance rates dropped and overall efficiency of the bus and transit lanes improved with an up to 12% increase in total passenger throughput in the lane. Average bus journey times dropped, in some cases, by up to 19%.[26]

Some cities, including San Francisco and New York, employ automated camera enforcement, using either stationary cameras adjacent to the bus lane, or cameras on the front of buses to automatically issue citations to vehicles obstructing the bus lane.[27][28]

Effectiveness

Bus lanes give priority to buses, cutting down on journey times where roads are congested with other traffic and increasing the reliability of buses. The introduction of bus lanes can significantly assist in the reduction of air pollution.[29]

Bus lanes marked with colored pavement have been shown to reduce intrusions into bus lanes, speeding travel time and increasing bus reliability.[30]

Major networks

Some network lengths of bus lanes in major cities, listed by buses per km of bus lane):

City Country Population (million) Buses (#s) Population per bus Bus lanes (km) Buses per 1 km of bus lane
Helsinki Finland 0.6 470[31] 1,238 44[32] 11
Sydney Australia 4.3 1,900 2,260 90+[33] 21
Santiago Chile 6.5 4,600 1,400 200[34] 23
London England 9 6,800 1,100 240[35] 28
Singapore Singapore 5.5 3,775 1,200 200 (23 km are 24-hour restricted bus lane)[36] 29
Seoul Korea, South South Korea 10.4 8,910 1,167 282[37] 32
Madrid Spain 7 2,022[38] 2,720 50[39] 40
Jakarta Indonesia 10.1 524 5,000 184.31[40] 30
Bogotá Colombia 6.7 1,080[41] 6,200 84[41] 13
São Paulo Brazil 10.9 14,900[42] 730 155[43] 96
Kunming China, People's Republic of People's Republic of China 5.7 ~ ~ 42[44]
Beijing China, People's Republic of People's Republic of China 19.6 26,000 754 294 88
Hong Kong Hong Kong 6.8 19,768[45] 666 22[46] 899
Vienna Austria 1.8 56[47]
New York City United States 8.5 5,777 1,480 222.7[48] 26
Auckland New Zealand 1.6 1,360[49] 1,176 128 (by the end of 2017)[50] 11
Country Highway Bus lanes (km) Section
Korea, South South Korea Gyeongbu Expressway 137.4 Hannam IC (Seoul) ~ Sintanjin IC (Daejeon)
Hong Kong Tuen Mun Road 8.5[51] So Kwun Wat ~ Sham Tseng

The busiest bus lane in the United States is the Lincoln Tunnel XBL (exclusive bus lane) along the Lincoln Tunnel Approach and Helix in Hudson County, New Jersey, which carries approximately 700 buses per hour during morning peak times an average of one bus every 5.1 seconds.[52] In contrast, the Cross-Harbour Tunnel in Hong Kong carries 14,500 buses per day,[53] or an average of about 605 an hour all day (not just peak times), but the bus lane must give way to all the other road users resulting in long queues of buses.[further explanation needed]

Criticism

Some residents and observers criticize bus lane plans and implementations because they take space from other vehicles or require road widening,[54] which can require the use of eminent domain.[55]

Gallery

  • Bus and taxicab lane sign in Norway

  • Bus lane in Mannheim, Germany

  • Bus lane on Gloucester Road in Hong Kong, with the words "bus lane" painted in English and "巴士綫" in Chinese

  • Bus lane of the pioneer Rede Integrada de Transporte in Curitiba, Brazil

  • Congested bus lane in Jakarta, Indonesia

  • Bus lane in Church Street, Parramatta, Australia

  • Highway bus lane on Gyeongbu Expressway in South Korea

  • Bus lane in Busan, South Korea (Between "Wondong IC Intersection" (원동IC교차로 : Wondong IC Gyocharo) stop and "Wondonggyo"(원동교앞 : Wondonggyoap) stop).

  • Bus lane in Recife, Brazil

  • A bus lane in Dublin, Ireland. Known as "Lána Bus" in Irish.

  • Highway bus lane on Gyeongbu Expressway in South Korea

  • Yellow lanes identify public transport lanes in Zagreb. They are used by buses, trams and taxicabs.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Milestones in U.S. Public Transportation History (from the APTA website. Retrieved 6 December 2007.)
  2. ↑ History of the NTD and Transit in the US (from the NTD website. Retrieved 6 December 2007.)
  3. ↑ Agrawal, Asha Weinstein; Goldman, Todd; Hannaford, Nancy (April 2012). "Shared-Use Bus Priority Lanes on City Streets: Case Studies in Design and Management". Mineta Transportation Institute. https://nacto.org/docs/usdg/shared_use_bus_priority_lanes_on_city_streets_agrawal.pdf. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Levinson, Herbert S.; Hoey, William F.; Sanders, David B.; Wyn, F. Houston (1973). "Bus Use of Highways: State of the Art". National Cooperative Highway Research Program Report 143 (Highway Research Board). https://onlinepubs.trb.org/Onlinepubs/nchrp/nchrp_rpt_143.pdf. Retrieved 4 November 2021. 
  5. ↑ Les zones bleues et les couloirs pour autobus (from the AMTUIR website, Musée des Transports Urbains. Retrieved 6 December 2007.(in French))
  6. ↑ Matthews, Peter (2008), London's Bridges, Oxford: Shire, ISBN 978-0-7478-0679-0, OCLC 213309491 
  7. ↑ "WHEN Mrs. Barbara Castle, in her role of Minister of - 15th August 1969 - The Commercial Motor Archive". http://archive.commercialmotor.com/article/15th-august-1969/39/when-mrs-barbara-castle-in-her-role-of-minister-of. 
  8. ↑ "Runcorn New Town - 7.3 Transport". Archived from the original on 18 October 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20141018012240/http://www.rudi.net/books/3346. 
  9. ↑ "Runcorn buses enthusiast site detailing the busway". Members.lycos.co.uk. http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/tcrp/tcrp90v1_cs/Runcorn.pdf. Retrieved 2016-09-08. 
  10. ↑ Assessing travel time impacts of measures to enhance bus operations - Jepson, D.; Ferreira, L., Road & Transport Research, December 1999. Retrieved 6 December 2007.)
  11. ↑ Los Angeles (from the San Francisco Metropolitan Transportation Commission website. Retrieved 6 December 2007.)
  12. ↑ "Transit Lanes - National Association of City Transportation Officials". 18 April 2016. http://nacto.org/publication/transit-street-design-guide/transit-lanes-transitways/transit-lanes/. 
  13. ↑ "Pavement Markings & Color - National Association of City Transportation Officials" (in en-US). National Association of City Transportation Officials. http://nacto.org/publication/transit-street-design-guide/transit-lanes-transitways/lane-elements/pavement-markings-color/. 
  14. ↑ Krichevsky, Sophie (2022-07-21). "In Downtown Flushing, busway hours reduced" (in en). https://www.qchron.com/editions/queenswide/in-downtown-flushing-busway-hours-reduced/article_653513b1-968d-5605-a2cb-43e01214704f.html. 
  15. ↑ "Separation Elements - National Association of City Transportation Officials". 19 April 2016. http://nacto.org/publication/transit-street-design-guide/transit-lanes-transitways/lane-elements/separation-elements/. 
  16. ↑ "Bus gates" (in en). https://www.brighton-hove.gov.uk/content/parking-and-travel/bus-gates. 
  17. ↑ "Bus lanes, gates and tram gates". https://www.sheffield.gov.uk/keepsheffieldmoving. 
  18. ↑ "Signals & Operations - National Association of City Transportation Officials" (in en-US). National Association of City Transportation Officials. http://nacto.org/publication/transit-street-design-guide/intersections/signals-operations/. 
  19. ↑ "Peak-Only Bus Lane - National Association of City Transportation Officials" (in en-US). National Association of City Transportation Officials. http://nacto.org/publication/transit-street-design-guide/transit-lanes-transitways/transit-lanes/peak-bus-lane/. 
  20. ↑ "Signs Giving Orders". Highway Code. http://www.direct.gov.uk/en/TravelAndTransport/Highwaycode/Signsandmarkings/index.htm. 
  21. ↑ "Shared Bus-Bike Lane - National Association of City Transportation Officials" (in en-US). National Association of City Transportation Officials. http://nacto.org/publication/transit-street-design-guide/transit-lanes-transitways/transit-lanes/shared-bus-bike-lane/. 
  22. ↑ The Use of Bus Lanes by Motorcycles (from Traffic Advisory Leaflet 2/07, Department for Transport, United Kingdom)
  23. ↑ "Sustainable Safety". 2 January 2012. https://bicycledutch.wordpress.com/2012/01/02/sustainable-safety/. 
  24. ↑ "Electric cars lose right to drive in Oslo bus lanes". 6 May 2015. http://www.thelocal.no/20150506/norway-strips-electric-cars-of-ke. 
  25. ↑ McNaughton, Maggie (3 October 2006). "1779 cheats spotted in single morning using bus lanes". The New Zealand Herald. http://www.nzherald.co.nz/section/1/story.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10404011. 
  26. ↑ Lyndon, S. Marinelli, P.A. Macintosh, K. and McKenzie, S. High occupancy vehicle lane enforcement: a successful trial in Brisbane by adding a splash of magenta. Proceedings of the 34th Australasian Transport Research Forum, 28–30 September 2011, Adelaide. http://www.atrf11.unisa.edu.au/PaperListing.aspx . Retrieved 9 February 2012.
  27. ↑ "Red Light Camera and Other Automated Enforcement". SFMTA. 2 May 2013. https://www.sfmta.com/services/permits-citations/camera-enforcement. 
  28. ↑ "Bus Lane Camera Violations". NYC 311. http://www1.nyc.gov/nyc-resources/service/1286/bus-lane-camera-violations. 
  29. ↑ Beevers, Sean; Carslaw, David; Westmoreland, Emily; Mittal, Hrishi (April 2009). "Air pollution and emissions trends in London". https://uk-air.defra.gov.uk/assets/documents/reports/cat05/1004010934_MeasurementvsEmissionsTrends.pdf. 
  30. ↑ San Francisco Municipal Transportation Agency (February 2015). "Church Street Transit Lanes Final Report". https://www.sfmta.com/sites/default/files/agendaitems/2015/6-2-15%20Item%2012%20%20Church%20St.%20Rapid%20Pilot%20-%20Final%20Report_1.pdf. 
  31. ↑ "Automäärät pääkaupunkiseudun bussilinjoilla". http://www.kuukankorpi.com/paikallisliikenne/automaarat.html. 
  32. ↑ HKL SUY D: 10/2009: Joukkoliikenteen luotettavuuden kehittämisohjelma
  33. ↑ Bus lanes (from Roads & Traffic Authority, 18 February 2008
  34. ↑ The slow lane - The Economist, Thursday 7 February 2008
  35. ↑ 2.19 Bus Services (from a report of the UK Commission for Integrated Transport, last updated Monday 28 November 2005. Accessed 21 March 2008.)
  36. ↑ "More bus lanes and bigger stops in Singapore". http://ride.asiaone.com/news/general/story/more-bus-lanes-and-bigger-stops. 
  37. ↑ "Archived copy". http://transport.dialogue.org.hk/pdf/091128/2_ChangkyunKim.pdf. 
  38. ↑ "EMT - Empresa Municipal de Transportes de Madrid, S.A. - Presentación". http://www.emtmadrid.es/about/index.html. 
  39. ↑ "Publications | UITP". http://uitp.org/publications/pics/FactsheetMadrid.pdf. 
  40. ↑ "Berita – PT Transportasi Jakarta". http://www.transjakarta.co.id/tentangkami.php?page_id=3.  (Jakarta Trans Jakarta official website. Accessed 26 June 2012.)
  41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 "TRANSMILENIO S.A. - Estad?sticas Generales". http://www.transmilenio.gov.co/WebSite/Contenido.aspx?ID=TransmilenioSA_TransmilenioEnCifras_EstadisticasGenerales.  (Bogotá TransMilenio official website. Accessed 5 April 2009.)
  42. ↑ Frota das linhas municipais de ônibus (São Paulo local government website. Accessed 27 March 2008.)
  43. ↑ Extensão dos corredores (São Paulo local government website. Accessed 27 March 2008.)
  44. ↑ "BRT Developments in China". http://walshcarlines.com/china/Bus%20Rapid%20Transit%20in%20China%20Jason%20Chang.pdf. 
  45. ↑ Hong Kong The facts (Information Services Department, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Government, July 2009, from the Hong Kong Transport Department website. Accessed 16 September 2008.)
  46. ↑ Transport in Hong Kong > Public Transport > Buses (from the Hong Kong Transport Department website. Accessed 16 September 2008.)
  47. ↑ Berger, Michael (8 April 2008). "Busspur für Zweiräder" (in de). Kurier (Vienna, Austria): p. 20. 
  48. ↑ "How the Candidates for N.Y.C. Mayor Plan to Improve Transit". 27 May 2021. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/27/nyregion/mayoral-election-mta-buses.html?searchResultPosition=1. 
  49. ↑ "Auckland, New Zealand Explores Full Implementation of Electric Bus Fleet - OpenGov Asia" (in en-US). 2020-01-23. https://opengovasia.com/auckland-new-zealand-explores-full-implementation-of-electric-bus-fleet/. 
  50. ↑ "New Bus Priority coming". 24 November 2014. https://www.greaterauckland.org.nz/2014/11/24/new-bus-priority-coming/. 
  51. ↑ "Transport Department - Transport Department". http://www.td.gov.hk/en/publications_and_press_releases/press_releases/transport_department/index_id_172.html. 
  52. ↑ "About". http://www.arctunnel.com/about/. 
  53. ↑ "P201003030140_0140_62651.doc" (DOC). http://gia.info.gov.hk/general/201003/03/P201003030140_0140_62651.doc. 
  54. ↑ Hu, Winnie; Schaverien, Anna (2022-02-12). "Eric Adams Is Pushing a Plan to Speed Up Buses. Will It Work?" (in en-US). The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. https://www.nytimes.com/2022/02/12/nyregion/nyc-bus-lanes.html. 
  55. ↑ Dearnaley, Mathew (12 March 2007). "Transport plan will force homes and businesses to move". The New Zealand Herald. http://www.nzherald.co.nz/section/1/story.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10428321. 

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