Social:Free public transport

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Short description: Public transport not funded by fares from passengers
In 2020, Luxembourg became the first country to provide free public transport across its entire territory.[1]

Free public transport, often called fare-free public transit or zero-fare public transport, is public transport which is fully funded by means other than collecting fares from passengers. It may be funded by national, regional or local government through taxation, and/or by commercial sponsorship by businesses. Alternatively, the concept of "free-ness" may take other forms, such as no-fare access via a card which may or may not be paid for in its entirety by the user.

On 29 February 2020, Luxembourg became the first country in the world to make all public transport in the country (buses, trams, and trains) free to use.[2][3][4][5] On 1 October 2022, Malta became the second.

As some transit lines intended to operate with fares initially start service, the organisation may elect not to collect fares for an introductory period to create interest or to test operations.

Types

City-wide systems

Tallinn, capital city of Estonia with more than 420,000 inhabitants, as well as several mid-size European cities and many smaller towns around the world have converted their public transportation networks to zero-fare. The city of Hasselt in Belgium is a notable example: fares were abolished in 1997 and ridership was as much as "13 times higher" by 2006.[6]

  • Polling place in the historic tramway Gotha G4-61

  • Tallinn's residents vote for free public transportation on 24 March 2012

In the U.S. state of Washington (state) , 14 rural transit systems have adopted zero-fare policies, either permanently or through pilots in the 2020s.[7] Fares for passengers aged 18 and younger have been free on most local and inter-city transit systems in the state since September 2022. The program was part of a larger statewide transportation package and also includes inter-city Amtrak trains operated by the state, as well as the Washington State Ferries system.[8]

Local services

See also: List of free public transport routes

Local zero-fare shuttles or inner-city loops are far more common than citywide systems. They often use buses or trams. These may be set up by a city government to ease bottlenecks or fill short gaps in the transport network.

Zero-fare transport is often operated as part of the services offered within a public facility, such as a hospital or university campus shuttle or an airport inter-terminal shuttle.

Some zero-fare services may be built to avoid the need for large transport construction. Port cities where shipping would require very high bridges might provide zero-fare ferries instead. These are free at the point of use, just as the use of a bridge might have been. Machinery installed within a building or shopping centre can be seen as 'zero-fare transport': elevators, escalators and moving sidewalks are often provided by property owners and funded through the sales of goods and services. Community bicycle programs, providing free bicycles for short-term public use could be thought of as zero-fare transport.

A common example of zero-fare transport is student transport, where students travelling to or from school do not need to pay. The University of Wisconsin–Stevens Point partly funds the Stevens Point Transit system. All students at the university can use any of the four citywide campus routes and the other four bus routes throughout the city free of charge. The university also funds two late night bus routes to serve the downtown free of charge with a goal of cutting down drunk driving. The University of Nottingham offers free Hopper Bus between its University Park and Jubilee, Sutton Bonington and Royal Derby Hospital campuses, where no other bus companies operate direct routes between. However, this service requires passengers to tap their university ID to board, meaning that members of the public cannot ride on these buses.

In some regions transport is free because the revenues are lower that expenses from fare collection is already partially paid by government or company or service (for example BMO railway road in Moscow, most part of is used to as service transport and officially pick up passengers).[clarification needed]

Many large amusement parks will have trams servicing large parking lots or distant areas. Disneyland in Anaheim, California, runs a tram from its entrance, across the parking lot, and across the street to its hotel as well as the bus stop for Orange County and Los Angeles local transit buses. Six Flags Magic Mountain in Valencia, California, provides tram service throughout its parking lot.

In July 2017, Dubai announced it would offer free bus services for a short period of time on selected days.[9]

Emergency relief

During natural disasters, pandemics, and other area-wide emergencies, some transit agencies offer zero-fare transport.

United States

Sonoma–Marin Area Rail Transit commuter rail temporarily offered free service for those needing transportation alternatives during the 2017 Tubbs Fire and 2019 Kincade Fire.[10][11]

Some agencies, including the Central Ohio Transit Authority and King County Metro, offer free public transport during snow emergencies to reduce the number of vehicles on the street.[12][13]

COVID-19 pandemic

During the COVID-19 pandemic, several agencies paused the collection of fares to alleviate concerns that the virus could be transmitted on surfaces, to keep travelers from coming into close contact with employees, or to allow rear door boarding on their vehicles. These agencies are mostly located in smaller cities where the farebox recovery ratio is low as they could afford to implement this policy without a major hit to revenue.[14]

Benefits

Operational benefits

Transport operators can benefit from faster boarding and shorter dwell times, allowing faster timetabling of services. Although some of these benefits can be achieved in other ways, such as off-vehicle ticket sales and modern types of electronic fare collection, zero-fare transport avoids equipment and personnel costs.

Passenger aggression may be reduced. In 2008 bus drivers of Société des Transports Automobiles (STA) in Essonne held strikes demanding zero-fare transport for this reason. They claim that 90% of the aggression is related to refusal to pay the fare.[15]

Commercial benefits

Some zero-fare transport services are funded by private businesses, such as the merchants in a shopping mall, in the hope that doing so will increase sales or other revenue from increased foot traffic or ease of travel. Employers often operate free shuttles as a benefit to their employees, or as part of a congestion mitigation agreement with a local government.

Community benefits

Zero-fare transport can make the system more accessible and fair for low-income residents. Other benefits are the same as those attributed to public transport generally:

  • Road traffic can benefit from decreased congestion and faster average road speeds, fewer traffic accidents, easier parking, savings from reduced wear and tear on roads
  • Increased public access, especially for the poor and low waged, which can in turn benefit social integration, businesses and those looking for work
  • Environmental and public health benefits including decreased air pollution and noise pollution from road traffic

Global benefits

Global benefits of zero-fare transport are also the same as those attributed to public transport generally. If use of personal cars is discouraged, zero-fare public transport could mitigate the problems of global warming and oil depletion.

Drawbacks

Several large U.S. municipalities have attempted zero-fare systems, but many of these implementations have been judged unsuccessful by policy makers. A 2002 National Center for Transportation Research report suggests that, while transit ridership does tend to increase, there are also some disadvantages:[16]

  • An increase in vandalism, resulting in increased costs for security and vehicle-maintenance
  • In large transit systems, significant revenue shortfalls unless additional funding was provided
  • An increase in driver complaints and staff turnover, although farebox-related arguments were eliminated
  • Slower service overall (not collecting fares has the effect of speeding boarding, but increased crowding tends to swamp out this effect unless additional vehicles are added)
  • Declines in schedule adherence

This U.S. report suggests that, while ridership does increase overall, the goal of enticing drivers to take transit instead of driving is not necessarily met: because fare-free systems tend to attract a certain number of "problem riders", zero-fare systems may have the unintended effect of convincing some 'premium' riders to go back to driving their cars. It should be kept in mind that this was a study that only looked at U.S. cities, and the author's conclusions may be less applicable in other countries that have better social safety nets and less crime than the large U.S. cities studied.[16]

Countries with area-wide zero-fare transport

  • Luxembourg was the first country to offer free public transport (trams, trains, and buses) for everyone across the entire country. Since 1 March 2020, all second-class public transport has been free in the country.[17][18]
  • Estonia wants to become entirely zero-fare. Counties in Estonia are allowed to make public transport free. As of May 2019, buses are free of charge in 11 of Estonia's 15 counties. Public transport in Estonia's capital, Tallinn, has been free to local residents since 2013.[19][20] Free local transport in the counties will largely be abolished again from January 2024, but will remain available for people up to 19 years of age and those aged 63 and over.[21]
  • Malta became fare free for all residents on 1 October 2022.[22]
  • There are United Kingdom -wide provisions for free bus travel for senior citizens (60-years-old and over in Scotland, Wales, Northern Ireland and Greater London, state pension age for England ).[23][24][25] The Scottish government has also implemented free bus travel across the country for people under 22-years-old since 31 January 2022, while the Scottish National Blind Person Scheme allows free rail and ferry travel for blind persons.[26][27] The senior citizens bus pass also apply to rail and rapid transit (the Tube) in Greater London, Wales, and Northern Ireland.
  • Romania has free public transportation including bus, subway and inter-country trains for all pre-university students. However university students only have the option for a 50% discount on individual inter-country train tickets or inter-city subscriptions.[28]
  • In the Netherlands, students get free public transportation country-wide in trains, trams, buses and metro. Student who are studying at universities of applied sciences and universities need to finish their degree ten years after starting it or they will need to pay back the amount of money.[29][30]
  • Throughout Spain from 1 September to 31 December 2022, all multi-trip ticket train journeys on commuter services and medium-distance routes (less than 300 kilometres (190 mi)) were made free of charge.[31]
  • The Hungarian railway MAV will transport people aged 65 and over and under 14 years from march 2024 free of charge.[32]

List of towns and cities with area-wide zero-fare transport

A bus with free public transport in Vargem Grande Paulista, Brazil .

Europe

Asia

Americas

Brazil Brazil

Canada Canada

United States United States

Perception and analysis

Fare-free transit has been repeatedly demonstrated to increase ridership—especially during non-peak travel periods—and customer satisfaction.[100] Several analyses[101][102][103] have shown ridership increased by as much as 15% overall and about 45% during the off-peak periods. The effects on public transport operators included schedule adherence problems because of the increased ridership and more complaints about rowdiness from younger passengers, though obviously there were no more direct conflicts with passengers regarding fare collection.[101] When the University of California, Los Angeles covered fares for the university community, ridership increased by 56% in the first year and solo driving fell by 20%[103] (though one older study showed no measurable impact on automobile use).[102]

In the United States, mass transit systems that collect fares are only expected to generate about 10% of the annual revenue themselves, with the remainder covered by either public or private investment and advertisements.[93] Therefore, politicians and social-justice advocacy groups, such as the Swedish network Planka.nu, see zero-fare public transport as a low-cost, high-impact approach to reducing economic inequality.[104] It has also been argued that transportation to and from work is essential to the employer in the managing of work hours, so financing of public transportation should fall to employers rather than private individuals or public funds.[105]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Luxembourg becomes first country with free public transport". France 24 (Luxembourg). 29 February 2020. https://www.france24.com/en/20200229-luxembourg-becomes-first-country-with-free-public-transport. 
  2. ↑ "Luxembourg makes public transport free". Deutsche Welle (DW). 29 February 2020. https://www.dw.com/en/luxembourg-makes-public-transport-free/a-52582998. 
  3. ↑ Kirby, Paul (29 February 2020). "Free transport in Luxembourg, but what's the cost?". BBC News. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-51657085. 
  4. ↑ Abnett, Kate (29 February 2020). "Luxembourg becomes first country to make public transport free". Reuters (Luxembourg). https://www.reuters.com/article/us-luxembourg-politics-transportation-idUSKBN20N0RX. 
  5. ↑ Calder, Simon (29 February 2020). "'Like the first step on the moon': Luxembourg makes history as first country with free public transport". The Independent. https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/news-and-advice/luxembourg-free-travel-train-bus-tram-public-transport-rail-fares-ticket-a9366226.html. 
  6. ↑ '10 jaar gratis openbaar vervoer' (tr. 10 years of free public transport) (in Dutch) on the city's official website
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 Beekman, Daniel (November 13, 2023). "Clallam Transit will be latest of many WA systems to go fare-free". The Seattle Times. https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/politics/clallam-transit-will-be-latest-of-many-wa-systems-to-go-fare-free/. Retrieved November 17, 2023. 
  8. ↑ Kroman, David (September 1, 2022). "Free transit starts today for most youths across WA". The Seattle Times. https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/free-transit-starts-today-for-most-youths-across-wa/. Retrieved November 17, 2023. 
  9. ↑ Staff Report. "Dubai RTA launches free bus service to cover partial metro closure". http://www.khaleejtimes.com/news/transport/dubai-rta-launches-free-bus-service-to-cover-partial-metro-closure. 
  10. ↑ Houston, Will (30 October 2019). "SMART offers free rides as full service returns". Marin Independent Journal. https://www.marinij.com/2019/10/30/smart-offers-free-rides-as-full-service-returns/. 
  11. ↑ "Smart Train Service Running On Limited Schedule Wednesday Through Nov. 6.". Bay City News Service. 29 October 2019. https://www.sfgate.com/news/bayarea/article/Smart-Train-Service-Running-On-Limited-Schedule-14572872.php. 
  12. ↑ "COTA suspends fares amid Level 2 Snow Emergency in Franklin County" (in en-US). 16 February 2021. https://www.10tv.com/article/news/local/cota-suspends-bus-fare-snow-emergency-franklin-county/530-4327a5df-4b12-4354-a0a9-1a17db97305b. 
  13. ↑ Gutman, David (2019-04-28). "You can ride King County Metro buses for free during the next snow emergency". https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/transportation/you-can-ride-king-county-metro-buses-for-free-during-the-next-snow-emergency/. 
  14. ↑ "Is Free Transit Safer? As Ridership Drops, Some Agencies Cut Fares." (in en). Bloomberg.com. 2020-03-19. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-03-19/some-transit-agencies-cut-fares-as-ridership-drops. 
  15. ↑ Volkskrant.nl – Franse chauffeurs voor gratis buskaartje (in Dutch) (tr. French drivers for free bus ticket)
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Perone, Jennifer S. (October 2002). "Advantages and Disadvantages of Fare-Free Transit Policy". NCTR Report Number: NCTR-473-133, BC137-38. 
  17. ↑ "Getting Around in Luxembourg City" (in en). https://www.luxembourg-city.com/en/plan-your-stay/traveller-information/getting-around. 
  18. ↑ "Luxembourg to become first country in world to make public transport free" (in en). 2018-12-05. https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/news-and-advice/luxembourg-free-trains-public-transport-trams-buses-when-a8668496.html. 
  19. ↑ "Free public transport in Estonia". The Economist. ISSN 0013-0613. https://www.economist.com/europe/2019/05/09/free-public-transport-in-estonia. 
  20. ↑ "Estonia to Become the World's First Free Public Transport Nation" (in en). 16 May 2018. https://popupcity.net/observations/estonia-to-become-the-worlds-first-free-public-transport-nation/. 
  21. ↑ Karin Koppel (2023-09-26). "Ratas: Abolishing free public transport a huge mistake" (in en). ERR. https://news.err.ee/1609112600/ratas-abolishing-free-public-transport-a-huge-mistake. 
  22. ↑ "Live blog: Budget 2022 as it happens". Times of Malta. 11 October 2020. https://timesofmalta.com/articles/view/live-blog-budget-2022-as-it-happens.907150. 
  23. ↑ "Over-60s to keep free bus pass privileges in Scotland". 2 August 2018. https://www.scotsman.com/news/politics/over-60s-to-keep-free-bus-pass-privileges-in-scotland-269518. 
  24. ↑ "Apply for an older person's bus pass" (in en). https://www.gov.uk/apply-for-elderly-person-bus-pass. 
  25. ↑ "Free and concessionary bus and rail travel | nidirect" (in en). 2015-10-30. https://www.nidirect.gov.uk/articles/free-and-concessionary-bus-and-rail-travel. 
  26. ↑ Diamond, Claire (31 January 2022). "Free bus travel for under-22s in Scotland begins". BBC News. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-60087004. 
  27. ↑ "Information on other concessionary travel and discounted schemes.". https://www.transport.gov.scot/concessionary-travel/information-on-other-concessionary-travel-and-discounted-schemes/. 
  28. ↑ "Elevii din România vor avea transport gratuit" (in ro). Romania: Ministerul Educației Naționale. 2020-05-29. https://www.edu.ro/elevii-din-rom%C3%A2nia-vor-avea-transport-gratuit. 
  29. ↑ "Student Travel Product (Student OV) | NS" (in en). https://www.ns.nl/en/students/studentenreisproduct-students-ov.html. 
  30. ↑ "Studentenreisproduct" (in nl). https://duo.nl/particulier/ov-en-reizen/. 
  31. ↑ Gadhavi, Jasmine (15 July 2022). "Spain announces free rail journeys from September until the end of the year". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/money/2022/jul/15/spain-announces-free-rail-journeys-from-september-until-the-end-of-the-year. 
  32. ↑ "Key changes in Hungarian public transport summarised in 10 points - Daily News Hungary". 10 January 2024. https://dailynewshungary.com/key-changes-in-hungarian-public-transport-summarised-in-10-points/. 
  33. ↑ Lot : les bus de Cahors deviennent gratuits (tr. Lot: Cahors buses become free). By Stéphanie Bousquet. 5 Nov 2019. By France 3 Occitanie.
  34. ↑ "Народные маршруты автобусов (бесплатный проезд) – Транспорт города Воронежа. Маршруты, Расписания. Авто, Метро, Трамвай, Троллейбус, Автобусы, Поезда, Авиатранспорт, Водный транспорт, Такси, Пробки, Форумы. Объявления. Предприятия". http://www.transport.mirvoronezha.ru/avtobus/gorodskoy-avtobus/marshrutyi-gorodskih-i-prigorodnyih-avtobusov/6. 
  35. ↑ "Миасс" (in ru). transphoto.ru. http://transphoto.ru/city/229/. 
  36. ↑ (Manises) municipal website (in Spanish) www.lasprovincias.es retrieved 2009-05-08
  37. ↑ "Tarjeta de Movilidad para uso gratuito del servicio de autobús urbano". 7 February 2019. https://ayuntamiento.marbella.es/documentos/tramites/item/3247-tarjeta-de-movilidad-para-uso-gratuito-del-servicio-de-autobus-urbano.html. 
  38. ↑ Avesta, Sweden retrieved 2016-06-17
  39. ↑ Kiruna municipality website (in Swedish) retrieved 2012-07-09
  40. ↑ HotNews.ro – Premiera in Romania: Municipiul Lugoj va avea transport in comun gratuit (tr. Premiere in Romania: Lugoj will have free public transport), www.hotnews.ro
  41. ↑ "Transport public GRATUIT pentru ploieşteni, până în 2015". 2014-03-12. http://www.romaniatv.net/transport-public-gratuit-pentru-ploiesteni-pana-in-2015_132042.html. 
  42. ↑ "VINEREA VERDE: de luna aceasta, transportul public în municipiu este gratuit, în fiecare vineri". 2023-07-03. https://www.arq.ro/vinerea-verde-de-luna-aceasta-transportul-public-in-municipiu-este-gratuit-in-fiecare-vineri/52782. 
  43. ↑ "ilioupoli.gr municipality-transportation". http://www.ilioupoli.gr/e-services/municipality-transportation.aspx. 
  44. ↑ "City bus – Free of charge". http://www.visitakureyri.is/en/transport/city-bus-free-of-charge. 
  45. ↑ "Tallinlase tasuta sõit Elron rongides" (in et). Tallinn City Government. http://www.tallinn.ee/est/pilet/Tasuta-soit-Elron-rongides. 
  46. ↑ "Türi linna tasuta bussiliin". http://www.tyri.ee/turi-linna-tasuta-bussiliin. 
  47. ↑ a.s., Lomtec.com. "Cestovný poriadok MHD Senec platný od 15.12.2019 – Informačný portál mesta Senec". https://www.senec.sk/sk/uradny-oznam/cestovny-poriadok-mad-senec-platny-od-15122019-do-12122020-kvoli-protiepidemiologickym-opatreniam-mad-nepremava-do-192020. 
  48. ↑ "Aubagne aura le premier tramway au monde entièrement gratuit!". 6 July 2011. http://carfree.fr/index.php/2011/07/06/aubagne-aura-le-premier-tramway-au-monde-entierement-gratuit/. 
  49. ↑ municipal website, mairie-compiegne retrieved 2009-05-07 (in French)
  50. ↑ Bliss, Laura (20 December 2017). "The French City That Shocked Citizens By Making Transit Free". Bloomberg.com. https://www.citylab.com/transportation/2017/12/the-french-city-that-shocked-citizens-by-making-transit-free/548321/. 
  51. ↑ Boyer King, Emilie (9 November 2017). "Want a free ride? French cities opt for free public transport – France 24". http://www.france24.com/en/20171109-france-french-cities-public-transport-free-dunkirk-compiegne. 
  52. ↑ Tartaglia, Andrea (2018-10-05). "Metro e bus gratis per gli studenti dell'Università di Catania". http://catania.mobilita.org/2018/10/05/metro-e-bus-gratis-per-gli-studenti-dalluniversita-di-catania-servizio-gia-attivo-sui-mezzi-amt/. 
  53. ↑ Smogový regulační systém(tr. Smog control system), ENVIS Praha/ envis.praha-mesto.cz
  54. ↑ Tarif PID , XIV., 3.
  55. ↑ Viktor Chrást: Valašské Meziříčí chystá MHD zdarma, zaplatí ji pokuty za rychlou jízdu (tr. Valašské Meziříčí is preparing free public transport, it will pay fines for fast driving), iDnes.cz, 2017-04-19
  56. ↑ Ve Valašském Meziříčí bude městská hromadná doprava zdarma a pro všechny (tr.In Valašské Meziříčí, public transport will be free and for everyone), Valašské Meziříčí, 2017-04-13
  57. ↑ Alena Šrámková: MHD zadarmo! Od nového roku (tr. Free public transport! Since the new year), Strakonický deník, 2017-11-19
  58. ↑ Radek Štěpánek: Strakonice mají MHD zdarma pro všechny. Je to populismus, říká opozice (tr.Strakonice has free public transport for everyone. It's populism, the opposition says), iDnes.cz, 12. 1. 2018
  59. ↑ Pavel Křivohlavý: Lovosice zavedly MHD zdarma, chtějí tím snížit počet aut ve městě (tr. Lovosice has introduced free public transport, so they want to reduce the number of cars in the city), iDnes.cz, 2018-01-29
  60. ↑ Litoměřice budou mít MHD zdarma, stejně jako sousední Lovosice (tr. Litoměřice will have free public transport, as will neighboring Lovosice), iDnes.cz, 2. 3. 2018
  61. ↑ Změny linek ČSAD Benešov, a.s. (tr. Changes to ČSAD Benešov, a.s.), projekt Zastávka/www.zastavka.net
  62. ↑ Lidé v Kolíně budou příští rok jezdit městskou dopravou zdarma (tr. People in Kolin will ride free public transport next year), seznamzpravy.cz
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  64. ↑ "Jagodina free public transport". 3 May 2021. https://www.b92.net/lokal/jagodina/ekonomija-godinama-je-besplatan-kako-funkcionise-autobuski-prevoz-u-jagodini-video-1821710. 
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  68. ↑ "Tamil Nadu launches free bus travel for women's empowerment". 18 June 2021. https://frontline.thehindu.com/social-issues/gender/free-rides-women-empowerment-tamil-nadu-bus-ticket-scheme-critical-evaluation/article34793039.ece. 
  69. ↑ 69.0 69.1 69.2 "Transporte público grátis já existe em cidades brasileiras". Envolverde. 17 June 2013. http://envolverde.com.br/noticias/transporte-publico-gratis-ja-existe-em-cidades-brasileiras/. 
  70. ↑ 70.0 70.1 70.2 "Transporte gratuito é realidade em cidades brasileiras". A Tarde. http://atarde.uol.com.br/brasil/materias/1510873-transporte-gratuito-e-realidade-em-cidades-brasileiras. 
  71. ↑ 71.0 71.1 "Tarifa zero é possível: conheça cidades que têm transporte público gratuito". Brasil Metrópole. http://www.brasilmetropole.com.br/entretenimento2/noticias-mundiais/5864-tarifa-zero-e-possivel-conheca-cidades-que-tem-transporte-publico-gratuito. 
  72. ↑ "Prefeitura de Potirendaba garante circular gratuita para população". Prefeitura de Potirendaba. http://www.potirendaba.sp.gov.br/noticia.asp?id=77. 
  73. ↑ "Moura Júnior anuncia tarifa zero no transporte público de Paulínia, SP". G1. 2013-07-17. http://g1.globo.com/sp/campinas-regiao/noticia/2013/07/moura-junior-anuncia-tarifa-zero-no-transporte-publico-de-paulinia-sp.html. 
  74. ↑ "Fim do monopólio: transporte público é gratuito em Maricá". Prefeitura de Maricá. http://www.marica.rj.gov.br/?s=noticia&n=4737. 
  75. ↑ "Tarifa zero: transporte público é de graça em Muzambinho, MG". G1. 2013-06-24. http://g1.globo.com/mg/sul-de-minas/noticia/2013/06/tarifa-zero-transporte-publico-e-de-graca-em-muzambinho-mg.html. 
  76. ↑ ""Tarifa zero" é realidade em alguns municípios pequenos do Brasil". Gazeta do Povo. http://www.gazetadopovo.com.br/vidaecidadania/conteudo.phtml?id=1384582. 
  77. ↑ "Transporte de tarifa zero completa um ano e meio de existência". Prefeitura de Silva Jardim. http://www.silvajardim.rj.gov.br/site/index.php/transporte/597-transporte-de-tarifa-zero-completa-um-ano-e-meio-de-exist%C3%AAncia. 
  78. ↑ Landin, Lucas (2022). Tarifa Zero: La financiación del transporte público gratuito en el Municipio de Vargem Grande Paulista, Brasil (MPP). University of Chile.
  79. ↑ Ville de Mont Tremblant. "Ville de Mont Tremblant". https://www.villedemont-tremblant.qc.ca/en/citizens/transportation/mont-tremblant-public-transit-tcmt. 
  80. ↑ Cold Lake Transit (31 January 2022). "Cold Lake Transit". https://www.coldlake.com/content/cold-lake-transit. 
  81. ↑ St. Albert Transit (13 September 2023). "St. Albert Transit". https://stalbert.ca/city/transit/fares/local-commuter/. 
  82. ↑ Town of Canmore. "Paid Parking and Fare Free Transit". https://canmore.ca/projects/transportation-projects/paid-parking-fare-free-transit. 
  83. ↑ "Zero Fares is Here to Stay". City of Albuquerque. https://www.cabq.gov/transit/news/zero-fares-is-here-to-stay. 
  84. ↑ "DASH to Launch New Bus Network, Go Fare-Free on Sept. 5". Alexandria Transit Company. https://www.dashbus.com/NDNLaunch. 
  85. ↑ "ACC Commissioners approve large, ambitious budget". Athens Politics Nerd. 15 June 2021. https://athenspoliticsnerd.com/fy-2022-acc-budget/. 
  86. ↑ "appalcart.com - Microsoft Word - AppalCART Overview110125.doc - overview02-01-11.pdf". http://appalcart.com/media/overview02-01-11.pdf. 
  87. ↑ "Transportation Services". City of Commerce, California (municipal web site). http://www.ci.commerce.ca.us/index.aspx?NID=90. 
  88. ↑ "Corvallis Transit System drops bus fares". Corvallis Gazette-Times. 1 February 2011. http://www.gazettetimes.com/news/local/corvallis-transit-system-drops-bus-fares/article_e6ae31e0-2e8e-11e0-9a07-001cc4c002e0.html. 
  89. ↑ RTA Launches The Flyer – A Free Shuttle Bus Service Downtown, 18 October 2018, https://mostmetro.com/the-featured-articles/rta-launches-the-flyer-a-free-shuttle-bus-service-downtown.html, retrieved 19 November 2021 
  90. ↑ "CUE Zero-Fare Pilot" (in en). City of Fairfax, VA. https://www.fairfaxva.gov/government/public-works/transportation-division/cue-bus-system/cue-fare-free-pilot. 
  91. ↑ "About | RideTransfort" (in en). City of Fort Collins, CO. http://ridetransfort.com/abouttransfort/safety. 
  92. ↑ "Fares & Passes". Jefferson Transit. 18 November 2011. https://jeffersontransit.com/fares-passes/. Retrieved January 4, 2024. 
  93. ↑ 93.0 93.1 "Americans spend over 15% of their budgets on transportation costs—these US cities are trying to make it free". Online. 2 March 2020. https://www.cnbc.com/2020/03/02/free-public-transportation-is-a-reality-in-100-citiesheres-why.html. 
  94. ↑ Regional Public Transportation, http://www.smarttransit.org/, retrieved 23 November 2018 
  95. ↑ "UVX Service Starts August 13". Online. https://www.rideuta.com/news/2018/08/UVX-Service-Starts-August-13. 
  96. ↑ "Tucson's public transit system is now officially free to ride". Online. 10 May 2023. https://azluminaria.org/2023/05/09/tucsons-public-transit-system-is-now-officially-free-to-ride-a-first-in-arizona/. 
  97. ↑ "All Transit Rides Are Free". Online. https://www.suntran.com/fares-passes/. 
  98. ↑ Dinman, Emry (June 13, 2022). "Walla Walla's Valley Transit eliminates most fares for riders until 2026". Walla Walla Union-Bulletin. https://www.union-bulletin.com/news/local/governments/walla-wallas-valley-transit-eliminates-most-fares-for-riders-until-2026/article_b055c546-e835-11ec-8e11-0bed066629f9.html. Retrieved July 28, 2023. 
  99. ↑ "Ride Bee-Line for Free this Summer". https://transportation.westchestergov.com/ride-bee-line-for-free-this-summer. 
  100. ↑ D'Alessandro, Antonio. "Fare-Free Transit – A Strategy for Sustainable Transportation". Government of Quebec. http://www.bv.transports.gouv.qc.ca/mono/1023088/06_Municipalites_zones_urbaines/15_Fare_free_transit_strategy_sustainable_transportation.pdf. 
  101. ↑ 101.0 101.1 A.H.Studenmund; David Connor (July 1982). "The free-fare transit experiments". Transportation Research Part A: General 16 (4): 261–269. doi:10.1016/0191-2607(82)90053-X. 
  102. ↑ 102.0 102.1 L.B. Doxsey; B.D. Spear (1981). "Free-Fare Transit: Some Empirical Findings". Transportation Research Record (799): 47–49. ISBN 9780309032131. https://trid.trb.org/view/173041. 
  103. ↑ 103.0 103.1 Jeffrey Brown; Daniel Baldwin Hess; Donald Shoup (September 2003). "Fare-Free Public Transit at Universities: An Evaluation". Journal of Planning Education and Research 23 (1): 69–82. doi:10.1177/0739456X03255430. 
  104. ↑ "Free public transport". http://planka.nu/eng. 
  105. ↑ Planka.nu: Kollektivtrafik ska vara avgiftsfri (tr. Public transport must be free of charge) (Swedish)

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