Engineering:CPR-1000
The CPR-1000, or CPR1000 (Chinese PWR) is a Generation II+ pressurized water reactor, based on the French 900 MWe three cooling loop design (M310) imported in the 1980s, improved to have a slightly increased net power output of 1,000 MWe (1080 MWe gross) and a 60-year design life.
The CPR-1000 is built and operated by the China General Nuclear Power Group (CGNPG), formerly known as China Guangdong Nuclear Power. Progressively more Chinese manufactured components were used in the units; the second unit built had 70% of its equipment manufactured in China, with a 90% Chinese content target for later builds.[1]
Construction
On 15 July 2010, China's first CPR-1000 nuclear power plant, Ling Ao-3, was connected to the grid,[2] having started criticality testing on 11 June 2010.[3] It started commercial operations on 27 September 2010,[4] with Ling Ao-4 starting commercial operation on 7 August 2011.[5]
18 CPR-1000 reactors have been built as of December 2019.[6] Besides Ling Ao unit 3 & 4, the CPR-1000 reactor has been realised in Fangchenggang (unit 1 & 2), Fangjiashan (unit 1 & 2), Hongyanhe (unit 1–4), Ningde (unit 1–4), Yangjiang (unit 1–4).[7]
Design
On the basis of the M310, CGN developed an improved Generation II pressurized water reactor called CPR-1000.[8] CPR-1000 takes a large proportion in all the reactors being built in China. The M310 uses as its base design units 5 & 6 of the Gravelines Nuclear Power Station in France.[1]
The CPR-1000 has a 1086 MWe capacity, a three-loop design and 157 fuel assemblies (active length 12 ft), enriched to 4.5% U-235. The fuel assembly design is AREVA's 17x17 AFA 3G M5, which can be fabricated in China. Other features include has a design life that could extend beyond 40 years and an 18-month fuel cycle. It has a digital instrumentation and control system, and is equipped with hydrogen recombiners and containment spray pumps.[9]
The original M310 reactors at Daya Bay and Ling Ao Phase 1 are sometimes also called CPR-1000s, but these are closely based on the French 900 MWe design (M310), with net power output below 1,000 MWe, and using mostly imported components.[10]
Some CPR-1000 intellectual property rights are retained by Areva, which limits overseas sales potential.[6] However the Financial Times reported in 2010 that Areva was considering marketing the CPR-1000 as a smaller and simpler second-generation reactor design alongside its larger EPR, for countries that are new to nuclear power.[11][12] In January 2012, CGNPG agreed a partnership with Areva and EDF to develop a reactor based on the CPR-1000,[13] which may create a design converged with Mitsubishi and Areva's 1000 MWe Atmea reactor.[14]
CNP-1000 is a similar 3-loop-design by CNNC, but with a different reactor core.
ACPR-1000
In 2010, CGNPG announced a further design evolution to a Generation III level, the ACPR-1000, which would also replace intellectual property right-limited components from the CPR-1000. CGNPG aimed to be able to independently market the ACPR-1000 for export by 2013.[15] CGNPG has been conducting the development work in cooperation with Dongfang Electric, Shanghai Electric, Harbin Electric, China First Heavy Industries and China Erzhong.[16]
The core of the ACPR1000 comprises 157 fuel assemblies (active length 14 ft) and has a design life of 60 years.[9] Other features include a core catcher and double containment as additional safety measures[17] and ten major technical improvements over its predecessor the CPR-1000. It was the first Chinese reactor to have a domestically developed digital control system.[18] Unit 5 and 6 at Tianwan Nuclear Power Plant are similarly classified as ACPRs.
Yangjiang 5 was the first construction of an ACPR-1000 reactor, starting in late 2013.[19] It began commercial operation in July 2018.
ACPR-1000+
Following the Fukushima nuclear disaster, a revised design called at the time ACPR-1000+ was described. Features include double containment to protect against external explosions and airplanes, improved seismic capability to 0.3 g, increased core thermal margins and improved operation systems.[20] The gross power output has been increased to 1150 MWe.[21] The ACPR-1000+ was envisaged for export from 2014.[13]
Merger of ACP-1000 and ACPR-1000 into Hualong One
Since 2011, CNNC has been progressively merging its ACP-1000 nuclear power station design[22] with the CGN ACPR-1000 design, while allowing some differences, under direction of the Chinese nuclear regulator. Both are three-loop designs originally based on the same French M310 design used in Daya Bay with 157 fuel assemblies, but went through different development processes (CNNC's ACP-1000 has a more domestic design with 177 fuel assemblies while CGN's ACPR-1000 is a closer copy with 157 fuel assemblies).[23] In early 2014, it was announced that the merged design was moving from preliminary design to detailed design. Power output will be 1150 MWe, with a 60-year design life, and would use a combination of passive and active safety systems with a double containment. CNNC's 177 fuel assembly design was retained.
Initially the merged design was to be called the ACC-1000,[24][25][26] but ultimately it was named Hualong One. In August 2014 the Chinese nuclear regulator review panel classified the design as a Generation III reactor design, with independently owned intellectual property rights.[27][28] As a result of the success of the merger, ACP-1000 and ACPR-1000 designs are no longer being offered.
See also
- Generation II reactor
- Generation III reactor
- Nuclear power
- Nuclear power in China
References
- ↑ Jump up to: 1.0 1.1 Lau, Steven (5 July 2011). "CPR1000 Design, Safety Performance and Operability". Daya Bay Nuclear Power Operations and Management Company. IAEA. http://www.iaea.org/NuclearPower/Downloads/Technology/meetings/2011-Jul-4-8-ANRT-WS/1_CHINA_CPR1000_CGNPC_S.Lau.pdf.
- ↑ "First power at China's Ling Ao". Nuclear Engineering International. 16 July 2010. http://www.neimagazine.com/story.asp?sectioncode=132&storyCode=2056890.
- ↑ "Reactor starts up at Ling Ao II". World Nuclear News. 11 June 2010. http://www.world-nuclear-news.org/NN_Reactor_starts_up_at_Ling_Ao_II_1106101.html.
- ↑ "New Ling Ao II unit enters into service". World Nuclear News. 27 September 2010. http://www.world-nuclear-news.org/NN-New_Ling_Ao_II_unit_enters_into_service-2709104.html.
- ↑ "Second Ling Ao II unit enters service". World Nuclear News. 8 August 2011. http://www.world-nuclear-news.org/IT-Second_Ling_Ao_II_unit_enters_service-0808115.html.
- ↑ Jump up to: 6.0 6.1 "Nuclear Power in China". World Nuclear Association. December 2019. https://www.world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/countries-a-f/china-nuclear-power.aspx.
- ↑ "China, People's Republic of". International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). 2020-01-02. https://pris.iaea.org/PRIS/CountryStatistics/CountryDetails.aspx?current=CN.
- ↑ "Cpr1000,中国改进型压水堆核电技术". http://www.cgnpc.com.cn/n2881959/n3065965/n3070695/index.html.
- ↑ Jump up to: 9.0 9.1 "Chinese reactor design evolution - Nuclear Engineering International". https://www.neimagazine.com/features/featurechinese-reactor-design-evolution-4272370/.
- ↑ "Fuel loading starts at new Chinese reactor". World Nuclear News. 22 April 2010. http://www.world-nuclear-news.org/NN-Fuel_loading_starts_at_new_Chinese_reactor-2204104.html.
- ↑ Peggy Hollinger (15 January 2010). "Areva considers producing cheaper reactors". Financial Times. http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/00767364-0175-11df-8c54-00144feabdc0.html.
- ↑ Peggy Hollinger (19 October 2010). "Energy: Cooling ambitions". Financial Times. http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/fd5ee326-dbb9-11df-a1df-00144feabdc0.html.
- ↑ Jump up to: 13.0 13.1 "Nuclear Power in China". World Nuclear Association. July 2012. http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf63.html.
- ↑ Geert De Clercq and Benjamin Mallet (28 February 2013). "Areva sticks with plan to build 10 nuclear reactors by 2016". Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-areva-results-idUSBRE91R1DY20130228.
- ↑ "China prepares to export reactors". World Nuclear News. 25 November 2010. http://www.world-nuclear-news.org/NN-China_prepares_to_export_reactors-2511101.html.
- ↑ "The ACPR1000 with Chinese IPR debuts at the international market". Xinhua. 17 November 2011. http://www.dynabondpowertech.com/en/nuclear-power-news/national-news/39-cgnpc/5172-the-acpr1000-with-chinese-ipr-debuts-at-the-international-market-.
- ↑ Yun Zhou (31 July 2013). "China: The next few years are crucial for nuclear industry growth". Ux Consulting (Nuclear Engineering International). http://www.neimagazine.com/features/featurechina-the-next-few-years-are-crucial-for-nuclear-industry-growth/.
- ↑ "Yangjiang 5 enters commercial operation". World Nuclear News. 13 July 2018. http://www.world-nuclear-news.org/Articles/Yangjiang-5-enters-commercial-operation.
- ↑ "Yangjiang 1 commercial operation makes site China's sixth working NPP". Nuclear Engineering International. 28 March 2014. http://www.neimagazine.com/news/newsyangjiang-1-commercial-operation-makes-site-chinas-sixth-working-npp-site-4205653.
- ↑ "ACPR1000+". China Guangdong Nuclear Power Company. http://www.cgnpc.com.cn/n2881959/n3673953/n3674020/n3674210/.
- ↑ "ACPR1000+ (powerpoint)". China Guangdong Nuclear Power Company. http://www.cgnpc.com.cn/n2881959/n3673953/n3674020/n5996822/n6006050.files/n6009188.ppt.
- ↑ Wang Yanjun (22 May 2013). "I&C application status in NPPs in China". China Nuclear Power Engineering Co.. http://www.iaea.org/NuclearPower/Downloadable/Meetings/2013/2013-05-22-05-24-TWG-NPE/day-1/7.china_presentation.pdf.
- ↑ "Nuclear Power in China". World Nuclear Association. 24 September 2013. http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/Country-Profiles/Countries-A-F/China--Nuclear-Power/.
- ↑ "CGN Chairman He Yu Makes Proposal for Promoting Export of China-designed Nuclear Power Technology ACC1000". CGN. 6 March 2014. http://en.cgnpc.com.cn/n1508/n1509/c577234/content.html.
- ↑ "Nuclear Power in China". World Nuclear Association. April 2014. http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/Country-Profiles/Countries-A-F/China--Nuclear-Power/.
- ↑ Caroline Peachey (22 May 2014). "Chinese reactor design evolution". Nuclear Engineering International. http://www.neimagazine.com/features/featurechinese-reactor-design-evolution-4272370/.
- ↑ "China's new nuclear baby". World Nuclear News. 2 September 2014. http://www.world-nuclear-news.org/E-Chinas-new-nuclear-baby-0209141.html.
- ↑ "Independent Gen-III Hualong-1 reactor technology passes national review". CGN. 22 August 2014. http://en.cgnpc.com.cn/n1508/n1509/c755899/content.html.
External links
- CPR1000 Design, Safety Performance and Operability, Steven Lau, Daya Bay Nuclear Power Operations and Management Company, 5 July 2011.
- The Proprietary Brand Technology of Chinese Nuclear Power 1000MW – CPR1000, Dr. Shaozhang Cui, President, China Nuclear Power Design Company, ISSNP 2008.
- China’s “Hualong 1” passes the first stage of the UK GDA process, Euan Mearns / Andy Dawson, Energy Matters, 24 November 2017.
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