Engineering:Chevrolet Lumina

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Short description: Chevrolet nameplate used for a sedan, coupé, and minivan
Chevrolet Lumina
2nd Chevrolet Lumina 1.jpg
Second-generation Lumina
Overview
ManufacturerChevrolet
Production1989–2001
Model years1990–2001
Body and chassis
ClassMid-size car
LayoutFront-engine, front-wheel-drive
PlatformW-body
Chronology
PredecessorChevrolet Celebrity (sedan)
Chevrolet Monte Carlo (coupe)

Chevrolet Impala (Argentina)
SuccessorChevrolet Impala (sedan)
Chevrolet Monte Carlo (coupe)

The Chevrolet Lumina is a mid-size car that was produced and marketed by the Chevrolet division of General Motors from 1989 until 2001.

Background

The first generation of the Lumina replaced the Chevrolet Celebrity and Chevrolet Monte Carlo under a single nameplate; the mechanically unrelated Chevrolet Lumina APV minivan served as the successor for the Celebrity station wagon.[1] The model line was based on the front-wheel-drive GM10 platform (later designated the GM W platform), shared with Buick, Oldsmobile, and Pontiac. For 1995, the second-generation Lumina was introduced, serving as a substantial exterior revision of the previous generation (the two-door coupe was renamed the Monte Carlo[2]). For the 2000 model year, the Lumina was replaced by the Chevrolet Impala; the model line would retain the W platform through the 2016 model year.

Throughout its production, both generations of the Lumina were produced by General Motors Canada at Oshawa Car Assembly (Oshawa, Ontario). For markets outside of North America, the Chevrolet Lumina was derived from other large GM sedans. From 1998 to 2013, the Lumina was marketed in the Middle East and South Africa as a Chevrolet-badged version of the Holden Commodore produced in Australia.[3] From 2005 to 2006, GM Philippines sold the Lumina as a Chevrolet-badged version of the Buick Regal (sharing much of its body with its American counterpart).

First generation (1990)

First generation
1991-1994 Chevrolet Lumina sedan -- 04-10-2011.jpg
1991–1994 Lumina sedan
Overview
ProductionJanuary 1989–August 25, 1994[4]
Model years1990–1994
AssemblyOshawa, Ontario, Canada
DesignerIrv Rybicki (1985)
Body and chassis
Body style2-door notchback coupe
4-door notchback sedan
LayoutFF layout
PlatformW-body
RelatedBuick Regal
Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme
Pontiac Grand Prix
Powertrain
Engine2.2 L LN2 I4
2.5 L Iron Duke I4
3.1 L LH0 V6
3.4 L LQ1 V6
Transmission5-speed Getrag 284 manual
3-speed 3T40 automatic
4-speed 4T60 automatic
4-speed 4T60-E automatic
Dimensions
Wheelbase107.5 in (2,730 mm)
Length1990 coupe: 198.4 in (5,039 mm)
1990 sedan: 197.6 in (5,019 mm)
1991–94 coupe & 1993–94 sedan: 198.3 in (5,037 mm)
1991–92 sedan & Z34 sedan: 199.3 in (5,062 mm)
WidthCoupe & Z34 sedan: 71.7 in (1,821 mm)
sedan: 71.0 in (1,803 mm)
HeightCoupe & Z34 sedan: 53.3 in (1,354 mm)
sedan: 53.6 in (1,361 mm)
|uk|Kerb|Curb}} weight3,496 lb (1,586 kg)
1990 Chevrolet Lumina sedan
1991-1994 Chevrolet Lumina Euro 3.4 sedan

The North American Chevrolet Lumina was based on the mid-size GM10 platform, which was shared with the Pontiac Grand Prix, Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme, and Buick Regal.[5] Although the Lumina became a popular seller, GM was widely criticized in the motoring press for being late to the game in introducing a direct aero-designed competitor to the Ford Taurus.[6] The "Lumina" name was considered by Ford in the pre-production stage of the Taurus.[7] Both body styles were available in base and sporty Euro trim, which was a successor to the Celebrity Eurosport.

Dale Earnhardt driving a Chevrolet Lumina in NASCAR in 1994

Airbags were not yet available at the time of introduction so seat belts were installed in the front doors as "passive restraints". These belts were connected to the upper and lower portions of the front doors, and could remain latched while allowing front passengers the ability to enter and exit the vehicle without removing them.[8] This technically satisfied US Government regulations concerning passive occupant safety requirements. GM was heavily criticized for the lack of airbags in Lumina, by 1993 the Ford Taurus, Honda Accord and Toyota Camry all came equipped with at least one front airbag.[9]

The coupe and sedan were installed with MacPherson front struts, while the rear suspension used Chapman struts and a transverse-mounted fiberglass leaf spring, borrowing an approach used from the Chevrolet Corvette (C4) rear suspension.[7]

The Chevrolet Lumina's first generation ended production in August 1994, making this the shortest-produced generation of the first-generation GM10 cars.[10]

NASCAR

In 1989, the Lumina became the nameplate under which Chevrolets were raced in NASCAR, more than a year before the model was available to the public.[11] As a result, NASCAR received many letters complaining about the unfair advantage of Chevrolet racing an "aluminum" car.[citation needed]

Lumina Z34

1991–1994 Chevrolet Lumina Z34

Starting in 1990, Chevrolet offered a high-performance version of the Lumina, the Lumina Z34. It came standard with the FE3 sport suspension package, the 210 hp (157 kW; 213 PS) LQ1 V6 engine shared with the Lumina Euro 3.4 (sedan), the 5-speed Getrag 284 manual transmission, dual exhaust, and 4-wheel anti-lock brakes.

The Z34 also featured cosmetic changes to go along with the performance enhancements such as unique front and rear fascias, side skirts, a rear spoiler, a louvered hood, a unique steering wheel, and sport bucket seats, and an optional Bose stereo system.

Performance figures included a 0-60 mph (0–97 km/h) time of 7.1 seconds, a 1/4 mile (~400 m) time of 15.5 seconds, a (limited) top speed of 113 mph, and a lateral acceleration of 0.79 g (7.7 m/s²).[12] The optional Hydramatic 4T60-E automatic transmission lowered the horsepower rating to 200 hp (149 kW; 203 PS) and 0-60 times by .5 seconds.[13] The only paint colors available for the Z34 were white, red, black, gray, silver, and maui blue (added in 1993). In 1995, the Lumina Z34 was replaced with the Chevrolet Monte Carlo Z34.

Engines

  • 1990–1992: 2.5 L (151 cu in) Iron Duke I4
  • 1993: 2.2 L (134 cu in) 122 I4
  • 1990–1994: 3.1 L (191 cu in) LHO V6
  • 1991–1994: 3.4 L (207 cu in) LQ1 V6

Production

Year Sedans Coupes Sedan LQ1 Coupe LQ1 (Z34)
1990 278,311 45,783 N/A N/A
1991 157,782 34,495 N/A 8,936
1992 188,557 33,490 5,623 13,016
1993 200,842 29,916 3,489 12,323
1994 75,753 10,866 1,234 4,478
Total production[14] 901,245 154,550

Second generation (1995)

Second generation
2nd-Chevrolet-Lumina-1.jpg
Overview
ProductionMarch 7, 1994 – April 26, 2001[4][15][16]
AssemblyOshawa, Ontario, Canada
DesignerChuck Jordan (1990, 1991)
Body and chassis
Body style4-door notchback sedan
LayoutFF layout
PlatformW-body 1.5 Gen
RelatedChevrolet Monte Carlo
Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme
Pontiac Grand Prix
Powertrain
Engine
  • 3.1 L L82/LG8 V6
  • 3.4 L LQ1 DOHC V6
  • 3.8 L L36 V6
Transmission4-speed 4T60-E automatic
4-speed 4T65-E automatic
Dimensions
Wheelbase107.5 in (2,730 mm)[17]
Length200.9 in (5,103 mm)
Width72.5 in (1,842 mm)
Height1995–98: 55.2 in (1,402 mm)
1999–2001: 54.8 in (1,392 mm)
Chronology
SuccessorChevrolet Lumina (VT) (Middle East)
1995 Chevrolet Lumina LS rear
Chevrolet Lumina LTZ rear

General Motors began the development of an updated Lumina in 1989, under chief engineer Norm Sholler, planned for a late 1992 launch. By 1991, a final body design was approved. Development eventually took longer than planned, delaying the launch by 18 months. The redesigned Lumina was unveiled at the Los Angeles Auto Show in January 1994 as a 1995 model. The 1995 Lumina received a rounded body, increasing its size, as well as an updated interior.[18] Unlike its other W platform counterparts, the Lumina retained the first-generation chassis. Replacing the Lumina two-door coupe was the resurrected Monte Carlo. The LH0 V6 was dropped in favor of the L82 V6, known as the 3100 SFI; the latter engine produced 20 more horsepower from the same displacement due to a revised intake manifold and cylinder heads.[19][20][21]

Initial trim levels consisted of base and LS; the latter replacing the "Euro" trim. Options included an electric sunroof, leather bucket seats, power windows, a power driver seat, and an AM/FM stereo with a CD player. This Lumina was available with police (code 9C3) and taxi packages, because the Chevrolet Caprice was discontinued after the 1996 model year. Production began on Monte Carlo coupes in February 1994 and March 7, 1994 for Lumina sedans at GM's Oshawa manufacturing plant, for a June 6, 1994 market launch for the 1995 model.[22]

The LTZ trim was introduced in 1996 for the 1997 model year because the Impala SS and Caprice were discontinued. Standard features included 16" brushed aluminum wheels, blackwall radial sport tires, sport tuned suspension, a 3.1 L V6 rated at 160 hp (119 kW) and 185 lb⋅ft (251 N⋅m) or an optional 3.4 L V6 rated at 215 hp (160 kW) and 220 lb⋅ft (298 N⋅m) of torque, a rear spoiler, restyled front and rear body clips (resembling the Monte Carlo Z34), a tachometer, and a floor-mounted shifter.

For 1998, the 3.4 L V6 was replaced by the 3800 Series II which produced 200 hp (149 kW) and 225 lb⋅ft (305 N⋅m) of torque. Despite its increased torque, the 3.8 L LTZ demonstrated slightly worse performance due to its lowered horsepower, with 0-60 mph (0–97 km/h) times of 7.5 seconds (as opposed to 7.2 seconds for the LQ1) and 1/4 mile (~400 m) times of 15.7 seconds (as opposed to 15.5 seconds for the LQ1). The car has a computer-limited top speed of 107 mph (172 km/h) and the rev limiter kicks in at 5,800 rpm for the 3.8 L (rev limiter is at 7,000 rpm for the 3.4 L LQ1).

Also in 1997, the 1998 model year Luminas received second generation airbags. The front-wheel-drive Chevrolet Impala was introduced as a replacement for the Lumina in 2000, although GM produced 2001 model year Luminas to be exclusively sold for rental fleets. Retail sales of the Lumina ended in Canada in 1999, with the United States following a year later. Fleet production ended on April 26, 2001. In some Asian countries, the Lumina continued as a rebadged Buick Century/Regal.

Trim levels

Throughout its life cycle, the second generation Lumina was available in three trim levels:

Base (1995–2001): The most popular Lumina had a standard front row bench seat with seating for six passengers, power locks, tilt steering wheel, dual airbags, and air conditioning. Base models were equipped with fifteen-inch steel wheels with wheel covers.

LS (1995–1999): The mid-level trim models included aluminum wheels, optional dual-zone temperature controls, power windows (optional on Base), tachometer, higher-end stereo with GM's Delcolock, anti-lock brakes, remote keyless entry system, upgraded seats, and an optional 3.4 L DOHC engine (1995-1996).

LTZ (1997–1999): The top-of-the-line Lumina included alloy wheels, a choice of the 3.1 L V6 engine, 3.4 L DOHC engine (1997), and the 3.8 L V6 engine (1998-1999), power driver seat, dual-zone climate control and leather with the option for deluxe cloth. A center console was standard on LTZ (optional on LS). Exterior differentiation included the front end, trunk lid, and taillights from the Fifth Generation Chevrolet Monte Carlo.

Engines

  • 1995–1999 3.1 L (191 cu in) L82 V6
  • 1995–1997 3.4 L (207 cu in) LQ1 DOHC V6
  • 1998–1999 3.8 L (231 cu in) L36 V6
  • 2000–2001 3.1 L (191 cu in) LG8 V6

Production

Year Total LQ1 L36
1995 264,688 15,998 N/A
1996 224,553 2,054 N/A
1997 234,626 7 N/A
1998 208,627 N/A 16,679
1999 139,098 N/A 13,869
2000 37,493 N/A N/A
2001 42,803 N/A N/A
Total production 1,151,888

Marketing

Chevrolet signed a deal with The Walt Disney Company to make the 1990 Lumina the official car of the Disney-MGM Studios park, which opened in 1989.[23] As part of this promotion, characters from Disney films were featured in early advertisements for the Lumina.

Safety

Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS)

1995-2001 Lumina IIHS scores[24]
Moderate overlap frontal offset Good
Small overlap frontal offset Not Tested
Side impact Not Tested
Roof strength Not Tested

NHTSA

1995-2001 Lumina NHTSA scores[25][26][27][28][29][30][31]
Year Frontal Driver Frontal Passenger Side Driver Side Passenger 4x2 Rollover 4x4 Rollover
1995 Not Rated Not Rated Not Rated Not Rated
1996 Not Rated Not Rated Not Rated Not Rated
1997 Not Rated Not Rated
1998 Not Rated Not Rated
1999 Not Rated Not Rated
2000 Not Rated Not Rated
2001 Not Rated

Holden-based models

Holden-based models
2000-2001 Chevrolet Lumina SS 01.jpg
2001–2002 Chevrolet Lumina SS sedan
(third generation)
Overview
Production1998–2013
AssemblyElizabeth, South Australia (Holden Elizabeth Plant)
Body and chassis
Body style4-door sedan
LayoutFront-engine, rear-wheel-drive
PlatformGM V platform (1998–2006)
GM Zeta platform (2006–2013)
RelatedHolden Commodore
Chevrolet Omega
Pontiac G8
Chevrolet Lumina LS

The Australian GM subsidiary, Holden, manufactured a third and fourth generation Lumina based on the rear-wheel-drive Commodore (VX, VZ, and VE series) sedan and Ute coupé utility.

This model was exclusively manufactured for export primarily to the Middle East and South Africa. Luxury specifications of these sedans were also exported in Brazil as the Chevrolet Omega. In some Middle Eastern markets, the 3rd gen Commodore-based Lumina acted as the successor to the 2nd gen W-Body Lumina.

High-performance models were powered by Chevrolet V8 engines, including the high specification Pontiac G8 based on the VE Series, exported to the United States.

Philippines model

Philippine-market Lumina
Buick Regal CN 01 China 2012-06-16.jpg
A Chinese market Buick Regal on which the Philippine market Lumina is based on
Overview
Also calledBuick Regal (China and North America)
Production2005–2006
Model years2005–2006
AssemblyChina: Shanghai, Shanghai GM
Body and chassis
Body style4-door sedan
LayoutFF layout
PlatformW-body 2nd Gen
Powertrain
Engine2.5 L LB8 V6
Chronology
PredecessorOpel Omega

The Chinese-built Buick Regal was sold in the Philippines from 2005 to 2006 as the Chevrolet Lumina. GM had withdrawn from the Philippines in 1985 along with Ford, finding the political and economic situation there untenable. This left only Nissan and Mitsubishi operating in the Filipino market. In 1997, GM returned with the Opel brand, and introduced the Opel Vectra, Opel Omega, and, shortly thereafter, the Tigra and Astra. In 2000, Chevrolet returned with the Chevrolet Suburban and Chevrolet Savana, with GM dealerships being rebranded as GM AutoWorld. However, Opel struggled in the Filipino market, with Japanese automakers accounting for 80% of the total market by the year 2000. After the discontinuation of the Omega, the Vectra became Opel's largest sedan offering in the market. The Vectra struggled against rivals like the Nissan Cefiro, Honda Accord and Toyota Camry. GM withdrew the brand in 2003, leaving them without a car in the mid-size segment. In 2005, GM introduced the Chevrolet Lumina as a competitor to the growing mid-size sedan market.[32]

The only engine offered was a 2.5 liter V6, producing 152 hp and 154 lb-ft of torque. Mated to the Lumina's engine was a four-speed automatic. It had a top speed of 173 km/h and a 0-100km/h time of 12.8 seconds. The exhaust system was equipped with a Euro 2 standard catalytic converter.

Safety features included a four-wheel disc brake system with ABS, an onboard vehicle diagnosis system, a tire pressure monitor, integrated turn signal/headlight housing, five seatbelts and dual front airbags. The Lumina's body featured an integrated steel body structure with side impact protection. To prevent theft, the Lumina featured an engine immobilizer and a central locking system.

Standard features included keyless entry, an eight-way power-adjustable driver's seat, remote trunk opener, power side mirrors, and a tilt adjustable leather-wrapped steering wheel with hydraulic power steering. The interior also featured leather seats, faux wood trim, a rear armrest, electronic climate control system, and a six speaker CD system.[33] It was only available in three colors: white, silver, and black.

The Lumina is one out of two rebadged Chinese-market Buicks sold in the Philippines, the other being the Buick GL8-based Chevrolet Venture. Both are sourced from Shanghai GM. The car cost around P1.290M at the time and was quite a bit larger than the Vectra, measuring 20 inches longer and around 5 inches wider. This made it the largest car in its class, larger and wider than its main competitors, the Honda Accord and the Toyota Camry. The car was praised for being comfortable, spacious, and well-equipped, yet its design was criticized for being a "bit too bland".[34]

The Lumina was short-lived. It was discontinued in 2006, with production of the Chinese market Regal halting in 2008. Sales were poor, making the Lumina a rare car in the Philippines. In 2013, Chevrolet Philippines introduced the Chevrolet Malibu as the successor to the Lumina. It would eventually be discontinued in 2021.

References

  1. ↑ "Chevrolet Lumina". http://www.automotive.com/chevrolet/lumina/t3-13-3/. 
  2. ↑ "Chevrolet Monte Carlo model history". NADAguides. http://www.nadaguides.com/Cars/chevrolet/monte-carlo/Model-History. 
  3. ↑ Nunez, Alex. "Chevrolet Special Vehicles debuts in Middle East with the CR8". Autoblog. http://www.autoblog.com/2007/11/02/chevrolet-special-vehicles-debuts-in-middle-east-with-the-cr8/. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 "Lumina reaches end of the line". Automotive News. April 30, 2001. https://www.autonews.com/article/20010430/ANA/104300757/lumina-reaches-end-of-the-line. 
  5. ↑ "Curbside Classic: 1990-94 Chevrolet Lumina – Not Quite Saving The Best 'Til Last". Curbside Classic. http://www.curbsideclassic.com/curbside-classics-american/curbside-classic-1990-94-chevrolet-lumina-not-quite-saving-the-best-til-last/. 
  6. ↑ Krebs, Michelle (1996-06-23). "Behind the Wheel: Ford Taurus G vs. Chevrolet Lumina; Some Cheap Shots In the Price Fight". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. https://www.nytimes.com/1996/06/23/automobiles/behind-wheel-ford-taurus-g-vs-chevrolet-lumina-some-cheap-shots-price-fight.html. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Snitkoff, Edward. "Curbside Classic: 1986 Ford Taurus/Mercury Sable – At This Moment, You Mean Everything". Curbside Classics. http://www.curbsideclassic.com/curbside-classics-american/curbside-classic-1986-ford-taurusmercury-sable-at-this-moment-you-mean-everything/. 
  8. ↑ "Seatbelts In The 1990s Were Completely Absurd" (in en-us). 2017-01-31. https://jalopnik.com/seatbelts-in-the-1990s-were-completely-absurd-1791819322. 
  9. ↑ "Why didn't we recommend the Chevy Lumina to Brenda? Safety concerns, that's why." (in en). 1993-03-01. https://www.cartalk.com/content/my-questions-what-happened-loyal-reader-i. 
  10. ↑ "New Chevrolet Lumina". http://www.thenewautos.net/new-chevrolet-lumina/. 
  11. ↑ "Lumina To Make Its Nascar Finale". tribunedigital-dailypress. http://articles.dailypress.com/1994-11-09/sports/9411090010_1_monte-carlo-rear-downforce-rear-wheel. 
  12. ↑ Antoine, Arthur St (2021-04-14). "Tested: 1991 American Performance Sedan Comparison" (in en-US). https://www.caranddriver.com/reviews/comparison-test/a36053183/1991-american-performance-sedan-comparison-test/. 
  13. ↑ Bows, Autumn (2021-01-12). "A Detailed Look Back At The Chevrolet Lumina Z34" (in en-US). https://www.hotcars.com/lumina-z34-chevrolet-detailed-look-back/. 
  14. ↑ The Encyclopedia of American Cars, 2006 Edition
  15. ↑ "Historical Newspapers". http://newjerseyhills.newspapers.com/newspage/95535345/. 
  16. ↑ "1995 Chevrolet Lumina Vehicle Information Kit". 10 April 1995. https://www.gmheritagecenter.com/docs/gm-heritage-archive/vehicle-information-kits/Lumina/1995-Chevrolet-Lumina.pdf. 
  17. ↑ "1998 Chevrolet Lumina". The Old Car Manual Project Brochure Collection. http://www.oldcarbrochures.org/July%202019/1998%20Chevrolet%20Lumina/slides/1998%20Chevrolet%20Lumina-28-29.html. 
  18. ↑ Rosa, Mike (2014-01-05). "Design Notes: 1995 Chevrolet Lumina Sedan". Autos of Interest. p. 2. Archived from the original on 2015-01-13. https://web.archive.org/web/20150113065954/http://autosofinterest.com/2014/01/05/design-notes-1995-chevrolet-lumina-sedan/2/. 
  19. ↑ Lienert, Paul. "Big Three Hope Makeovers Will Win Converts". Chicago Tribune. http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1993-02-07/business/9303176480_1_chrysler-concorde-sedans-model-years. 
  20. ↑ Levin, Doron P.. "Fast-Paced World Of Family Sedans Passing GM By". The New York Times. http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1993-06-06/travel/9306060421_1_gm-general-motors-corp-designs. 
  21. ↑ Dean, Paul (13 January 1994). "In 2000: Future Stock: Sorry, cars won't fly or walk on water. And they'll still slurp up gas. But look for more luxury, lighter frames and better value". Los Angeles Times. http://articles.latimes.com/1994-01-13/news/vw-11485_1_city-car. 
  22. ↑ "Chevrolet Rolls Out Its Comeback Cars: Monte Carlo, Lumina Lead Mid-Sized Assault". Automotive News. February 21, 1994. https://www.autonews.com/article/19940221/ANA/402210747/chevrolet-rolls-out-its-comeback-cars-monte-carlo-lumina-lead-mid-sized-assault. 
  23. ↑ Okulski, Travis (30 January 2013). "The 1990 Chevrolet Lumina Is The Official Car Of Disney-MGM Studios". jalopnik.com. http://jalopnik.com/5980334/the-1990-chevrolet-lumina-is-the-official-car-of-disney-mgm-studios. 
  24. ↑ "IIHS-HLDI: Chevrolet Lumina". Iihs.org. http://www.iihs.org/ratings/rating.aspx?id=42&seriesid=367. 
  25. ↑ "1995 Chevrolet Lumina 4-DR. | Safercar - NHTSA". http://www.safercar.gov/Vehicle+Shoppers/5-Star+Safety+Ratings/1990-2010+Vehicles/Vehicle-Detail?vehicleId=3438. 
  26. ↑ "1996 Chevrolet Lumina 4-DR. | Safercar - NHTSA". http://www.safercar.gov/Vehicle+Shoppers/5-Star+Safety+Ratings/1990-2010+Vehicles/Vehicle-Detail?vehicleId=3558. 
  27. ↑ "1997 Chevrolet Lumina 4-DR. | Safercar - NHTSA". http://www.safercar.gov/Vehicle+Shoppers/5-Star+Safety+Ratings/1990-2010+Vehicles/Vehicle-Detail?vehicleId=3686. 
  28. ↑ "1998 Chevrolet Lumina 4-DR. | Safercar - NHTSA". http://www.safercar.gov/Vehicle+Shoppers/5-Star+Safety+Ratings/1990-2010+Vehicles/Vehicle-Detail?vehicleId=3917. 
  29. ↑ "1999 Chevrolet Lumina 4-DR. | Safercar - NHTSA". http://www.safercar.gov/Vehicle+Shoppers/5-Star+Safety+Ratings/1990-2010+Vehicles/Vehicle-Detail?vehicleId=4012. 
  30. ↑ "2000 Chevrolet Lumina 4-DR. | Safercar - NHTSA". http://www.safercar.gov/Vehicle+Shoppers/5-Star+Safety+Ratings/1990-2010+Vehicles/Vehicle-Detail?vehicleId=4042. 
  31. ↑ "2001 Chevrolet Lumina 4-DR. | Safercar - NHTSA". http://www.safercar.gov/Vehicle+Shoppers/5-Star+Safety+Ratings/1990-2010+Vehicles/Vehicle-Detail?vehicleId=4234. 
  32. ↑ Stopford, William (November 21, 2018). "Obscure Rebadges From Around The World: Part 6". Curbside Classic. https://www.curbsideclassic.com/automotive-histories/obscure-rebadges-from-around-the-world-part-6/. 
  33. ↑ "GM illuminates midsize sedan market with new Chevy Lumina - Auto News". February 22, 2005. https://www.autoindustriya.com/auto-industry-news/gm-illuminates-midsize-sedan-market-with-lumini.html. 
  34. ↑ de los Reyes, Manny N. (July 6, 2005). "Driving the Chevrolet Lumina". https://www.philstar.com/business/motoring/2005/07/06/285189/driving-chevrolet-lumina. 

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