Engineering:Coke bottle styling

From HandWiki
Short description: Automotive body design with a narrow center surrounded by flaring fenders
Industrial designer Raymond Loewy pioneered Coke bottle styling in automobiles with the 1962 Studebaker Avanti

Coke bottle styling is an automotive body design with a narrow center surrounded by flaring fenders[1] which bears a general resemblance to a Coca-Cola classic glass contour bottle design.[2] It was introduced by industrial designer Raymond Loewy on the radical 1962 Studebaker Avanti gran turismo.

The design was pioneered in fighter jets as a way of greatly reducing the sharp drag rise that occurs at transonic speed and supersonic speeds. Using this design often results in a pinch-waisted fuselage shape that National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) labeled the design principle 'area rule,' and variously identified as coke bottle, wasp waist, or Marilyn Monroe shape.[3][4] The area rule design technique is most effective between Mach 0.75 and 1.2, or at speeds in excess of 575 mph (925 km/h). The design technique on automobiles provides a visual attraction but negligible performance improvement.[5]

Development

The exotic shapes of early supersonic fighter jets had a dramatic influence on automobile stylists. First the tailfin fad, which appeared in the mid-1950s and was on the decline by the early 1960s, then the "Coke bottle" look of severely wasp-waisted high-performance jet fighters. The initial result was luxury performance automobiles, such as the 1962 Studebaker Avanti and 1963 Buick Riviera, earned this term "by having more rounded body panels with arcs over the wheelwells, making them resemble bottles of Coca-Cola laid on their sides."[6]

United States

Studebaker introduced the Raymond Loewy-designed Avanti gran turismo with pronounced Coke bottle look in 1962.[7] The 1962 Pontiac full-size models also "had a subtle horizontal crease about halfway down [the bodyside] and a slight wasp-waist constriction at the doors which swelled out again in the rear quarters"[8] One of the cleanest examples of the "Coke bottle" styling was the 1963 Buick Riviera,[9] a pioneering personal luxury car. Chevrolet first applied the Coke bottle look on Bill Mitchell's 1963 Corvette Sting Ray.[10]

1963 Buick Riviera "Coke bottle" profile

By 1966, the General Motors A-body sedans received a mid-riff pinch and "hop up" fenders. Intermediates such as the Pontiac Tempest, Dodge Charger, and Ford Torino soon followed suit, as well as compacts such as the Ford Maverick and Plymouth Duster. General Motors also styled their "B" body full-size cars from 1965-68 with this style, which is most prominent on the "fastback" 2-door hardtop models. Chrysler's "interpretation of the Coke-bottle styling treatment to its struggling B-body cars ... [resulted in] ... smooth lines, subtly rounded curves, and near perfect proportions."[11] Notable automobiles with this style include many of the muscle cars during this era, such as the Pontiac GTO, Chevrolet Camaro, and Dodge Charger.[2]

Design "themes" such the "hop up" fenders became so pervasive across the industry that American Motors' all-new 1967 Rebel was criticized because "viewed from any angle, anyone other than an out-and-out car buff would have trouble distinguishing the Rebel from its GM, Ford, and Chrysler Corp. competition."[12] Moreover, AMC discovered that compared to slab styling with deeply sculpted ridges, "the rounded "Coke-bottle" panels would be easier to make and the dies would last longer — an important cost consideration."[13]

Author Clinton Walker described the archetypal product of Australian suburbia, the muscle car, with its "Coke bottle hip bump but the bare midriff of a go-go dancer?"[14] According to automotive historian Darwin Holmstrom, Chevrolet "took it to its illogical extreme with the 1968 Corvette, though that car more closely resembled a prosthetic phallus than a Coke bottle".[15]

By the late-1970s and early-1980s, cars like the Ford Fairmont and Chrysler K-cars moved towards straight lines. The Audi 100 (C3) and Ford Taurus led towards functional aerodynamic styling.

International markets

This styling "was to be seen right across the marketplace and, before long, around the world".[9] Japanese, European, and Australian automobiles also adopted this style during the 1970s. Japanese automaker Nissan offered this appearance on 1970s era Nissan Cedrics, Nissan Glorias, Nissan Laurels, Nissan Bluebirds, and Nissan Violets. Toyota also offered this appearance on the 1972-1976 Toyota Corona Mark II, the limited production sportscar called the Toyota 2000GT, and the Toyota Celica. Mitsubishi also adopted this appearance on the 1973-1980 Galant, and the 1973-1979 Lancer. The smallest car with this style is usually considered to be the 1967 Suzuki Fronte 360, which was less than 3 m (10 ft) long,[16] while the Subaru 360 also used similar styling elements, notably the curvaceous "belt line". The appearance was even used in popular culture in the Japanese anime Speed Racer's Mach 5.

Not all cars displayed the full "plan-view" Coke bottle styling, with the waist narrowing. Some of them, like the British Ford Cortina Mark III achieved a similar look in their profile with the front wing curving up over the front wheel area and a much more pronounced curve over the rear wheel arch.

Automotive examples

Gallery

References

  1. ↑ "Plymouth Belvedere and Plymouth Satellite". 20 November 2016. https://www.allpar.com/threads/plymouth-belvedere-and-plymouth-satellite.228768/#post-1085222866. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Breitenstein, Jeff; Paiva, Troy (2004). Ultimate Hot Rod Dictionary: A-Bombs to Zoomies. MBI Publishing. p. 53. ISBN 978-0-7603-1823-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=OtKWmLLiuTgC&q=Coke+bottle+styling&pg=PA53. Retrieved 30 March 2016. 
  3. ↑ Algeo, John, ed (1993). Fifty Years Among the New Words: A Dictionary of Neologisms, 1941-1991. Cambridge University Press. p. 146. ISBN 978-0-521-44971-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=3x-umCIwEYQC&q=airplane+shape+known+variously+as+coke+bottle+wasp+waist+and+Marilyn+Monroe&pg=PA146. Retrieved 30 March 2016. 
  4. ↑ Heversi, Dennis (25 October 2009). "Richard T. Whitcomb Is Dead at 88; Revolutionized the Design of Jet Aircraft". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/26/us/26whitcomb.html?_r=0. 
  5. ↑ "What are some advantages over "coke bottle styling" in cars? Is it more aerodynamic than other styling?". https://www.quora.com/What-are-some-advantages-over-coke-bottle-styling-in-cars-Is-it-more-aerodynamic-than-other-styling. 
  6. ↑ Holmstrom, Darwin (2016). American Muscle Cars: A Full-Throttle History. Motorbooks. p. 130. ISBN 978-0-7603-5013-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=zlteCwAAQBAJ&q=Coke-bottle+styling.+Cars+earned+this+nickname+by+having+more+rounded+body+panels+with+arcs+over+the+wheelwells,+making+them&pg=PA130. Retrieved 30 March 2016. 
  7. ↑ Jedlicka, Dan. "1963-64 Studebaker Avanti". http://www.danjedlicka.com/classic_cars/studebaker_avanti.html. 
  8. ↑ Wilson, Paul Carroll (1976). Chrome dreams: automobile styling since 1893. Chilton. p. 269. ISBN 978-0-8019-6352-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=92VMACmtHMcC&q=they+had+a+subtle+horizontal+crease+about+half+way+down+and+a+slight+wasp-waist+constriction+at+the+doors+which+swelled+out+again+in+the+rear+quarters. Retrieved 30 March 2016. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Car: The Definitive Visual History of the Automobile. DK Publishing. 2011. p. 186. ISBN 978-0-7566-8938-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=2dRqgSuHAjgC&q=One+of+the+cleanest+examples+of+the+Coke+bottle+styling+that+swept+across+the+industry&pg=PA186. Retrieved 30 March 2016. 
  10. ↑ Mueller, Mike (2002). Chevelle. MotorBooks. p. 59. ISBN 978-0-7603-1484-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=opulnkVzhVwC&q=the+automotive+world's+copycat+design+actually+followed+correctly+in+the+area+rule's+best+intent&pg=PA59. Retrieved 30 March 2016. 
  11. ↑ Leffingwell, Randy; Holmstrom, Darwin (2006). Muscle: America's Legendary Performance Cars. MBI Publishing. p. 229. ISBN 978-0-7603-2284-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=0SG1yOw4edUC&q=Coke+bottle+styling+automobiles&pg=PA229. Retrieved 30 March 2016. 
  12. ↑ Kilpatrick, Bill (October 1966). "1967: The Showdown Year". Popular Mechanics 126 (4): 101. https://books.google.com/books?id=ydMDAAAAMBAJ&q=A+case+in+point+is+AMC's+all-new+Rebel+Viewed+from+any+angle+All+current+styling&pg=PA101. Retrieved 24 February 2022. 
  13. ↑ Mitchell, Larry (2000). AMC Muscle Cars. Motorbooks. pp. 31–32. ISBN 978-0-7603-0761-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=JHVaQFDrx_MC&q=The+rounded+%22Coke-bottle%22+panels+would+be+easier+to+make+and+the+dies+would+last+longer+—+an+important+cost+consideration.&pg=RA1-PA1950. Retrieved 24 February 2022. 
  14. ↑ Walker, Clinton (2009). Golden Miles: Sex, Speed and the Australian Muscle Car (Revised ed.). Wakefield Press. p. 42. ISBN 978-1-86254-854-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=dmVQc0XKjVUC&q=Coke+bottle+hip+bump+but+the+bare+midriff+of+a+go-go+dancer&pg=PA42. Retrieved 24 February 2022. 
  15. ↑ Holmstrom, p. 130.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Ozeki, Kazuo (2007) (in ja). Suzuki Story: Small Cars, Big Ambitions. Miki Press. p. 30. ISBN 978-4-89522-503-8. 
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 Quella, Chad (16 November 2020). "The Spirit Is Still Alive: American Motors Corporation 1954-1987: 1967". https://www.allpar.com/threads/the-spirit-is-still-alive-american-motors-corporation-1954-1987.229785/#post-1085223883. "Rebel, Marlin and the new, larger Ambassador wore sleek "Coke bottle" styling that was the fad at the time." 
  18. ↑ Strohl, Daniel (July 2005). "Attack of the Welterweight". Hemmings Muscle Machines. http://www.hemmings.com/mus/stories/2005/07/01/hmn_feature4.html. Retrieved 24 February 2022. "... in profile, it had a real Coke-bottle effect.". 
  19. ↑ Flammang, James M. (1994). Chronicle of the American automobile: over 100 years of auto history. Publications International. p. 424. ISBN 978-0-7853-0778-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=9Z5TAAAAMAAJ&q=%22coke+bottle%22+fenderlines+'+67+Ambassador+AMC's+fastback+Marlin+looked+miles+better+for+1967,+thanks+to+curvy+new+lower-body+lines. Retrieved 9 January 2020. "'coke bottle' fender lines of the Ambassador and AMC's fastback Marlin looked miles better for 1967, thanks to curvy new lower-body line" 
  20. ↑ Cranswick, Marc (2012). The cars of American Motors: an illustrated history. McFarland. p. 73. ISBN 978-0-7864-4672-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=r9j7MWLE_jMC&q=Cars+with+Coke+bottle+styling&pg=PA74. Retrieved 24 February 2022. "Coke-bottle styling was being used on cars everywhere; AMC was staying abreast of fashion and came up with their first family car with style that rivaled function." 
  21. ↑ Cheetham, Craig (2006). Ultimate American Cars. MotorBooks/MBI. p. 74. ISBN 978-0-7603-2570-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=NFA0DwAAQBAJ&q=Coke+bottle+styling+Corvair&pg=PA74. Retrieved 30 March 2016. "...with smooth Coke-bottle contours..." 
  22. ↑ "1967 Chevrolet Impala". oldride.com. https://www.oldride.com/library/1967_chevrolet_impala.html. "The Impala was redesigned and had a "coke bottle" shape that similar to the 1963 Buick Riviera." 
  23. ↑ "1963-1964 Studebaker Avanti". 17 December 2007. https://auto.howstuffworks.com/1963-1964-studebaker-avanti.htm. "A coke-bottle waist formed the base for a thin-section roof with a huge rear window and a built-in rollbar." 



Retrieved from "https://handwiki.org/wiki/index.php?title=Engineering:Coke_bottle_styling&oldid=3258478"