Engineering:Electric truck

From HandWiki
Short description: Battery propelled freight motor vehicle
Electric Renault Midlum used by Nestlé in 2015

An electric truck is an electric vehicle powered by batteries designed to transport cargo, carry specialized payloads, or perform other utilitarian work.

Electric trucks have serviced niche applications like milk floats, pushback tugs and forklifts for over a hundred years, typically using lead-acid batteries, but the rapid development of lighter and more energy-dense battery chemistries in the twenty-first century has broadened the range of applicability of electric propulsion to trucks in many more roles.

Electric trucks reduce noise and pollution, relative to internal-combustion trucks. Due to the high efficiency and low component-counts of electric power trains, no fuel burning while idle, and silent and efficient acceleration, the costs of owning and operating electric trucks are dramatically lower than their predecessors.[1][2] According to the United States Department of Energy, the average cost per kWh capacity of battery packs for trucks fell from $500 in 2013 to $200 in 2019, and still further to $137 in 2020, with some vehicles under $100 for the first time.[3][4]

Long-distance freight has been the trucking segment least amenable to electrification, since the increased weight of batteries, relative to fuel, detracts from payload capacity, and the alternative, more frequent recharging, detracts from delivery time. By contrast, short-haul urban delivery has been electrified rapidly, since the clean and quiet nature of electric trucks fit well with urban planning and municipal regulation, and the capacities of reasonably sized batteries are well-suited to daily stop-and-go traffic within a metropolitan area.[5][6][7]

In South Korea , electric trucks hold a noticeable share of the new truck market; in 2020, among trucks produced and sold domestically (which are the vast majority of new trucks sold in the country), 7.6% were all-electric vehicles.[8]

History

Autocar Trucks and several other pioneering American truck manufacturers offered a range of electric trucks for sale in the 1920s.[9] While electric trucks were successful for short-range work, especially in cities, the higher energy-density of non-renewable fuels soon led to the decline of electric-powered trucks until battery technology advanced in the 2000s.

Types

Trolleytruck KTG-1 in Saint Petersburg, Russia

General trucks

A few electric general lorries prototypes or produced by small manufacturers, and often converted Diesel units, have been built until the 2000s. Trials with different companies in real-world conditions, for several months or more, have been conducted, for example with Renault, E Force and Emoss heavy-duty lorries in the 2010s. Renault launched its small electric Maxity in 2010 and Mitsubishi Fuso its slightly larger eCanter in 2017. From 2018, other major manufacturers including MAN, Mercedes-Benz and DAF began deliveries of prototypes or pre-production heavy-duty units to companies for real-world testing. In 2019, the first series production of heavy-duty lorries is expected to begin with notably Renault, Volvo and MAN.

The Futuricum Logistics 18E, first delivered in March 2021[10] to DPD in Switzerland, uses a 680-kWh battery and has a range of "up to" 760 km (472 mi).[11]

Delivery trucks

Last-mile delivery trucks are a growing segment of truck traffic with the increase in e-commerce and direct-to-consumer sales. Also known as Walk-in-Vans and box trucks, these trucks tend to be used on either fixed routes or with a fixed region for deliveries.[12] Large buyers of these trucks include Amazon, UPS, FedEx, Bimbo, Aramark and others. With use from direct-to-consumer sales to things like linen and bread deliveries or beverage distribution, these trucks are very common. Motiv Power Systems has delivered units used by United States Postal Service and Bimbo Bakeries USA based on Ford chassis. These Motiv options have a variety of body styles from conventional manufacturers including Morgan Olson,[13] Utilimaster,[14] and Rockport.[15] Lightning EMotors has delivery trucks built on the Izusu platform [16] BYD Auto has several truck models ranging from class 4 through 8 trucks. GM subsidiary BrightDrop is trying to develop custom solutions for this market. While many large automotive companies have made announcements about their intent to enter this market with showcases of their prototypes,[17] the majority of vehicles on the road today are from smaller manufacturers.

Electric Box truck in 2019
Electric Box truck in 2019

Pickup trucks

A blue pickup truck with a "JAC" badge (large Latin letters) at the front grille. On the license plate, instead of an actual registration, the model name is displayed: Chinese characters for "Shuailing", followed by "T8" (Latin letter and number)
JAC Shuailing i3-T330 is a series production electric pickup with a 67.2 kWh battery (JAC Shuailing T8, its conventional-engine counterpart, used as illustration)

In the late 1990s and early 2000s, Chevrolet produced a small series of an electric S-10 pickup truck while Ford made a certain number of Ranger EVs.

In early 2009, Phoenix Motorcars introduced a test fleet of their all-electric SUT (Sports Utility Truck) to Maui. Miles Electric Vehicles imported the Chinese-designed ZX40ST electric small pick-up in the United States in the late 2010s.[18]

A Canadian company named Ecotuned offers an all-electric conversion of the Ford F-150; these vehicles are used by the electricity provider Hydro Quebec and Montreal Airport.

As of 2022, Ford is manufacturing the all-electric F-150 Lightning (in a new factory built next to the existing one in Dearborn) while Rivian is making the R1T all-electric pickup truck in Normal, Illinois. General Motors is making the GMC Hummer EV and has announced the Silverado EV.

Models in production include:[19]

Announced models include:

Additionally, many Neighborhood Electric Vehicles are, or were, available as light pickup trucks.

Semi-trailer and tractor trucks

Top: BYD 8TT, bottom: Tesla Semi

As of 2020, electric semi-trucks are in limited commercial use in California at Anheuser-Busch, GSC Logistics, Golden State Express (all using the BYD 8TT semi-tractor), Penske, and NFI (both using the Freightliner eCascadia semi-tractor).

These trucks are not limited to operation within seaports or drayage operations; their range (in the case of the BYD 8TT, 124 miles at full load and 167 miles at half load) allows use on regional routes. GSC Logistics demonstrated this by hauling cargo from the Port of Oakland, over the Altamont Pass, to Tracy, CA and back. After returning, the truck still had 40% of its battery remaining.[21]

Volvo, DAF, MAN, Freightliner plan to begin series production of electric articulated lorries between 2019 and 2020.[needs update] Tesla joined in 2022 with the Tesla Semi. Such vehicles are manufactured by BYD Auto (e.g., BYD 8TT).

PACCAR-owned DAF Trucks have opened a dedicated 5,000 m2 electric truck assembly line for their XF and XD range of electric trucks in Eindhoven, the Netherlands with series production from mid-2023.[22]

On 13 May 2021, Autocar Trucks announced the launch of the E-ACTT, a fully electric terminal tractor. 98 years earlier, Autocar was the first major truck manufacturer to introduce electric trucks, in 1923.[23]

The Kenworth T680E also became available in 2021.[24]

History

The Port of Los Angeles and South Coast Air Quality Management District have demonstrated a short-range heavy-duty all-electric truck capable of hauling a fully loaded 40-foot (12.2 m) cargo container. The current design is capable of pulling a 60,000 lb (27,000 kg) cargo container at speeds up to 10 mph (16 km/h) and has a range of between 30 and 60 miles (48 and 97 km). It uses 2 kilowatt-hours per mile (1.2 kW⋅h/km; 4.5 MJ/km), compared to 5 miles per US gallon (47 L/100 km; 6.0 mpg‑imp) for the hostler semi tractors it replaces.[25]

Economics

Cargo vans

As of 2022, the following models (among others) are available in Europe:

  • Ford E-Transit
  • Fiat E-Ducato
  • Peugeot e-Boxer/Citroen e-Jumper
  • Renault Master E-Tech Electric
  • Mercedes eSprinter
  • Maxus eDeliver 3
  • Maxus eDeliver 9
  • Peugeot e-Expert/Citroen e-Jumpy/Opel Vivaro-e/Toyota ProAce Electric/Fiat E-Scudo

Milk float

A Dairy Crest Smith's Elizabethan milk float

A common example of the battery electric trucks is the milk float. Because such vehicles make many stops, it is more practical to use an electric vehicle than a combustion truck, which would be idling much of the time; it also reduces noise in residential areas. For most of the 20th century, the majority of the world's battery electric road vehicles were British milk floats.[26]

Garbage truck

Futuricum, fully electric refuse collection vehicle from Designwerk, used by the city of Basel.
The first all-electric refuse truck in the United States built for the City of Chicago

With a similar driving pattern of a delivery vehicle like the milk float, garbage trucks are excellent candidates for electric drive.[citation needed][attribution needed] Most of their time is spent stopping, starting or idling. These activities are where internal combustion engines are their least efficient. These and other factors such as ease of driver training resulted in Birmingham City Council opting to use electric dustcarts to start replacing its horse driven carts in 1918.[27] Its use of electric vehicles continued through a number of models including Electricar DV4s until 1971.[27][28] Electric Dustcarts were also operated by Sheffield and Glasgow.[29]

In preparation for the 2008 Olympic Games, 3,000 of the internal combustion engine garbage trucks in Beijing were replaced with lithium ion polymer battery pack electric drive trucks.[30] The batteries were procured for about $3,300 each.[31] In France, some all-electric garbage trucks produced by Power Vehicle Innovation have been operating since 2011 in the city of Courbevoie, the first local authorities in France to acquire them.[32]

In September 2014, an electric garbage truck, called the ERV (electric refuse vehicle), was deployed in the US city of Chicago . It was the first of an up to $13.4 million purchase order for up to 20 trucks.[33] The PO was won in a competitive bid by Motiv Power Systems in 2012, but only one truck was ever delivered. Chicago sued Motive in 2019, alleging the truck was inoperable more than 60% of the time.[34]

In Europe, as of 2020, electric garbage trucks have been ordered by Geneva,[35] Basel,[36] Frankfurt,[37] Duisburg[38] and other cities.[39] Traditional garbage trucks have extremely high fuel consumption, higher than American 18 wheelers achieve on most routes. Using an electric drive instead of a diesel engine dramatically lowers energy consumption, yet it is still around 1,900 Wh/km or 3,060 Wh/mi. With a 340-kWh battery,[35] such a truck can still achieve a range of over 177 km (110 miles) before it needs recharging.

Off-road and mining truck

Some attempts to produce such lorries have been made; for example, one by PapaBravo. Electric mining trucks have the benefit of not polluting underground. In case of high-altitude mines, the downhill trip with ore recharges the batteries due to regenerative braking.[40][41]

Solar assist

Solar panels on tractors typically support the HVAC system, or power devices used by the driver (hotel loads). Solar panels on trailers can be used for refrigeration batteries, for liftgate batteries, or for telematics. Small solar panels mounted on a refrigeration unit can serve as trickle chargers for the refrigeration unit's starting battery.[42][43]

Heemskerk Dairy combines vehicle-integrated photovoltaics with electric forklifts, to ensure quiet operations that keep livestock relaxed.[44]

In 2022, DHL announced that installation of solar panels on the roofs of 67 of its trucks would result in cost savings and a 100 kg/year reduction in carbon emissions per vehicle.[45]

Makers and models

Retrofits

Main page: Engineering:Electric vehicle conversion

Some companies retrofits combustion trucks to electric, because it can be cheaper than buying a new electric one and brings the benefits of an all electric power train.[46]

Contributions

California

In California, 70% of the smog pollution and 80% of carcinogenic diesel soot comes from the two million trucks out of 30 million registered in that state. As a remedy, California has decided to begin the clean truck standard. California has started its zero emission truck program in which they accelerate the production and deployment of electric trucks.[47] At the end of 2021, California had 738 ZEV trucks, mostly battery powered.[48]

An Electrified Charging Corridor Project, with 5 charging stations for medium and heavy EVs, will be completed by 2023. Chargers are already available at TEC Fontana and TEC La Mirada.[49]

California wants 300,000 electric trucks of which 17,000 are semi trucks by 2035. By 2045, all trucks have to be electric.

South Korea

In South Korea , electric trucks hold a noticeable share of the new truck market; in 2020, among trucks produced and sold domestically (which are the vast majority of new trucks sold in the country), 7.6% were all-electric vehicles.[8]

China

In China, by the end of 2020, there were around 466,000 New Energy Buses (NEB) in operation, of which 378,700 buses are Battery Electric Buses (BEB), accounting for 66% and 53.8% of the total amount of buses, respectively. It is expected that 72% of China's urban public buses are expected to be electric by 2025.[50]

Incentives

California Hybrid and Zero-Emission Truck and Bus Voucher Incentive Project (HVIP for short) offers up-front discounts on medium and heavy duty electric trucks. Additionally, discounts will be increased for public transit agencies, school buses for public school districts, and vehicles operating in disadvantaged communities. For example, a public school district could receive up to $198,000 off the price of a new electric bus; a public transit agency could receive $69,000 off the price of a new Class 4 electric shuttle.[51] Launched by the California Air Resources Board in 2009, the project is part of California Climate Investments.[52]

The New York Truck Voucher Incentive Program (NYTVIP) provides vouchers, or discounts, to fleets across New York State that purchase or lease medium- and heavy-duty zero-emission battery-electric vehicles (BEV). Administered by the New York State Energy Research and Development Authority (NYSERDA), NYTVIP helps make it easier for fleets to adopt zero-emission vehicle technologies by significantly reducing upfront costs. For example, purchases of the Nikola Tre BEV can qualify for an incentive valued at up to $185,000 per truck, with a scrappage requirement.[53]

See also


References

  1. ↑ "Calculating the total cost of ownership for electric trucks" (in en-US). https://www.transportdive.com/news/electric-truck-total-cost-ownership-tco/585690/. 
  2. ↑ "Electric trucking offers fleets ergonomic efficiency potential | Automotive World". 11 January 2021. https://www.automotiveworld.com/articles/regulatory-push-and-societal-pressure-will-nurture-electric-truck-market/. 
  3. ↑ Adler, Alan (8 March 2019). "2019 Work Truck Show: Adoption of Electrification Won't be Fast". https://www.trucks.com/2019/03/08/2019-work-truck-show-adoption-electrification-wont-be-fast/. 
  4. ↑ Edelstein, Stephen (2020-12-17). "EV battery pack prices fell 13% in 2020, some are already below $100/kwh". Green Car Reports. https://www.greencarreports.com/news/1130681_ev-battery-pack-prices-fell-13-in-2020-some-are-already-below-100-kwh. "Electric-car battery-pack prices have fallen 13% in 2020, in some cases reaching a crucial milestone for affordability, according to an annual report released Wednesday by Bloomberg New Energy Finance. Average prices have dropped from $1,100 per kilowatt-hour to $137 per kwh, decrease of 89% over the past decade, according to the analysis. At this time last year, BNEF reported an average price of $156 per kwh—itself a 13% decrease from 2018. Battery-pack prices of less than $100 per kwh were also reported for the first time, albeit only for electric buses in China, according to BNEF. The $100-per-kwh threshold is often touted by analysts as the point where electric vehicles will achieve true affordability. Batteries also achieved $100 per kwh on a per-cell basis, while packs actually came in at $126 per kwh on a volume-weighted average, BNEF noted." 
  5. ↑ Domonoske, Camila (2021-03-17). "From Amazon To FedEx, The Delivery Truck Is Going Electric". National Public Radio. https://www.npr.org/2021/03/17/976152350/from-amazon-to-fedex-the-delivery-truck-is-going-electric. "All major delivery companies are starting to replace their gas-powered fleets with electric or low-emission vehicles, a switch that companies say will boost their bottom lines, while also fighting climate change and urban pollution. UPS has placed an order for 10,000 electric delivery vehicles. Amazon is buying 100,000 from the start-up Rivian. DHL says zero-emission vehicles make up a fifth of its fleet, with more to come. And FedEx just pledged to replace 100% of its pickup and delivery fleet with battery-powered vehicles." 
  6. ↑ Joselow, Maxine (2020-01-11). "Delivery Vehicles Increasingly Choke Cities with Pollution". Scientific American. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/delivery-vehicles-increasingly-choke-cities-with-pollution/. "Electric vehicles, delivery drones and rules on when delivery trucks can operate are some solutions proposed in a new report. The report provides 24 recommendations for policymakers and the private sector, including mandating that delivery vehicles are electric. The report notes that if policymakers care about sustainability, they may want to impose aggressive new electric vehicle regulations." 
  7. ↑ Gies, Erica (2017-12-18). "Electric Trucks Begin Reporting for Duty, Quietly and Without All the Fumes". Inside Climate News. https://insideclimatenews.org/news/18122017/electric-truck-urban-package-delivery-ups-tesla-semi-daimler-byd-china-battery/. "Replacing fleets of medium- and heavy-duty trucks can help cut greenhouse gas emissions and make cities quieter and cleaner. Because trucks need so much hauling power, they have eluded electrification until recently; a battery that could pull significant weight would itself be too hefty and too expensive. But now, improvements in battery technology are paying off, bringing down both size and cost. The number of hybrid-electric and electric trucks is set to grow almost 25 percent annually, from 1 percent of the market in 2017 to 7 percent in 2027, a jump from about 40,000 electric trucks worldwide this year to 371,000." 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Hyundai Porter/Porter II Electric: 9037. Kia Bongo EV: 5357. Domestically produced trucks sold in the country: 188222. mk.co.kr autoview.co.kr zdnet.co.kr
  9. ↑ "AutoCar Archives". https://www.chuckstoyland.com/category/automotive/early-electric-cars/trucks/truck-auto-car/. 
  10. ↑ "Designwerk Group". 5 March 2021. https://www.facebook.com/designwerkgroup/posts/1717142301826350. 
  11. ↑ "DPD Switzerland gets electric truck with 680-kWh battery". June 14, 2020. https://www.electrive.com/2020/06/14/dpd-switzerland-gets-electric-truck-with-680-kwh-battery/. 
  12. ↑ Crissey, Alex (2021-06-14). "The Role For Electric Vans In Last Mile Delivery". Managing Editor of Fleet Equipment Magazine (US). https://www.fleetequipmentmag.com/electric-vans-last-mile-delivery/. 
  13. ↑ "StackPath". https://www.fleetowner.com/equipment/article/21692996/morgan-olson-motiv-power-systems-provide-allelectric-delivery-trucks. 
  14. ↑ "StackPath". https://www.fleetowner.com/refrigerated-transporter/refrigerated-vehicles-equipment/article/21232142/bimbo-bakeries-orders-motiv-utilimaster-allelectric-step-vans. 
  15. ↑ "Motiv Power Delivers 9 Box Trucks to Non-Profit". https://www.worktruckonline.com/10119077/motiv-power-delivers-9-box-trucks-to-non-profit. 
  16. ↑ "Lightning ZEV6 class 6 electric truck". https://lightningemotors.com/zev6-box-truck/. 
  17. ↑ "We drove all of Daimler's electric trucks and want to see them everywhere". 25 May 2021. https://electrek.co/2021/05/25/we-drove-daimlers-electric-trucks-and-want-them-everywhere/. 
  18. ↑ David Levine (June 17, 2009). "Creating a Buzz; A Sullivan County firm leads the way by selling alternative-power cars and trucks". Hudson Valley. http://www.hvmag.com/Hudson-Valley-Magazine/July-2009/Creating-a-Buzz/. 
  19. ↑ "锐骐6电动上市 国内还有哪些电动皮卡可选-皮卡行情导购-皮卡资讯-中国皮卡网". https://www.cnpickups.com/news/789606.html. 
  20. ↑ "Australia's first fully electric ute is built right here in Adelaide (2mins) - YouTube". https://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=youtu.be&v=1W4q3AYJWLw. 
  21. ↑ "BYD Electric Semi Hauls the First Commercial Cargo Over the Diablo Mountain Range". October 29, 2019. https://gsclogistics.com/byd-electric/. 
  22. ↑ "New DAF Electric Truck Assembly Plant Opened". Truckpages. UK. 2023-05-02. https://www.truckpages.co.uk/information/alternative-fuels/new-daf-electric-truck-assembly-plant-opened/. 
  23. ↑ "Autocar, LLC Launches the E-ACTT, an Emissions-Free, All-Electric Terminal Tractor". https://currently.att.yahoo.com/att/autocar-llc-launches-e-actt-170000137.html. 
  24. ↑ "Kenworth T680E eligible for $120,000 CARB HVIP voucher incentive in California". US. 2021-03-03. https://www.fleetowner.com/emissions-efficiency/press-release/21156832/kenworth-t680e-eligible-for-120000-carb-hvip-voucher-incentive-in-california. 
  25. ↑ Theresa Adams Lopez (2008). "Electric Truck Demonstration Project Fact Sheet". Port of Los Angeles. http://www.portoflosangeles.org/DOC/Electric_Truck_Fact_Sheet.pdf. 
  26. ↑ "Escaping Lock-in: the Case of the Electric Vehicle". Cgl.uwaterloo.ca. http://www.cgl.uwaterloo.ca/~racowan/escape.html. 
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 De Boer, Roger F (1990). Birmingham's Electric Dustcarts. Birmingham & Midland Motor Omnibus Trust. pp. 8–10. ISBN 978-0905586076. 
  28. ↑ De Boer, Roger F (1990). Birmingham's Electric Dustcarts. Birmingham & Midland Motor Omnibus Trust. p. 21. ISBN 978-0905586076. 
  29. ↑ De Boer, Roger F (1990). Birmingham's Electric Dustcarts. Birmingham & Midland Motor Omnibus Trust. p. 25. ISBN 978-0905586076. 
  30. ↑ "Electric Drive Garbage Trucks in Beijing". Jcwinnie.biz. http://jcwinnie.biz/wordpress/?p=2082. 
  31. ↑ "Advanced Battery Technologies, Inc. Signs Contract to Supply PLI Battery Cells for Electric Sanitation Trucks for 2008 Olympics". Marketwire.com. http://www.marketwire.com/press-release/Advanced-Battery-Technologies-Inc-726087.html. 
  32. ↑ Sage, Alexandria (2011-05-05). "All-electric garbage trucks to sweep French streets". Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-france-garbage-idUKTRE7445LF20110505. 
  33. ↑ "Chicago Picks Motiv for Electric Garbage Trucks". https://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/chicago-picks-motiv-for-electric-garbage-trucks. 
  34. ↑ Bilyk, Jonathan. "Chicago sues electric truck maker Motiv, says $1.3M electric garbage truck has been a lemon". https://cookcountyrecord.com/stories/512308363-chicago-sues-electric-truck-maker-motiv-says-1-3m-electric-garbage-truck-has-been-a-lemon. 
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 Bosshard, Miriam (September 4, 2020). "Elektrisches Müllfahrzeug für Genfs Strassen | Futuricum". https://www.designwerk.com/elektrisches-muellfahrzeug-fuer-genfs-strassen/. 
  36. ↑ "Futuricum bringt elektrische Müllfahrzeuge in Basel auf die Straße". January 28, 2020. https://www.elektroauto-news.net/2020/futuricum-elektrische-muellfahrzeuge-basel. 
  37. ↑ "Frankfurter Müllabfuhr mit Collect 26 E aus der Schweiz rein elektrisch unterwegs". February 5, 2019. https://www.elektroauto-news.net/2019/frankfurt-muellabfuhr-collect-26-e-schweiz-rein-elektrisch. 
  38. ↑ ONLINE, RP (September 25, 2020). "Elektromobilität in Duisburg: In der Stadt ist jetzt der erste E-Müllwagen unterwegs". https://rp-online.de/nrw/staedte/duisburg/duisburg-erster-e-muellwagen-in-der-stadt-unterwegs_aid-53580473. 
  39. ↑ "Ein elektrischer Müllwagen für die Strassen Winterthurs". https://www.toponline.ch/news/winterthur/detail/news/ein-elektrischer-muellwagen-fuer-die-strassen-winterthurs-00137905/. 
  40. ↑ "See 40-Ton Electric Mining Truck In Motion". 18 April 2018. https://insideevs.com/40-ton-electric-mining-truck-debuts/. 
  41. ↑ "eMining's eDumper is the world's largest electric truck". 23 April 2018. https://www.electrive.com/2018/04/23/empas-edumper-is-the-worlds-largest-electric-truck/. 
  42. ↑ Brentano, Barbara. "Solar Panels for Trucks and Trailers, the Time has Come" (in en-US). https://www.act-news.com/news/solar-panels-support-trucking-industry/. 
  43. ↑ Lockridge, Deborah (2017-09-20). "How Fleets are Using Solar Power". https://www.truckinginfo.com/157690/how-fleets-are-using-solar-power. 
  44. ↑ "Heemskerk Dairy keeping it calm with SolarOnTop and MOFFETT". https://imefficiency.com/feed/2022/heemskerk-dairy-solarontop. 
  45. ↑ "DHL installing TRAILAR solar technology on 67 trucks in US". 28 February 2022. https://www.greencarcongress.com/2022/02/20220228-dhl.html. 
  46. ↑ "Retrofit diesel truck to electric truck - pepper" (in en-US). https://www.peppermotion.com/en/products-solutions/retrofitting-truck/. 
  47. ↑ Lambert, Fred (June 26, 2020). "Electric trucks get real boost from California with new zero-emission truck program". Electrek. https://electrek.co/2020/06/26/california-electric-trucks/. 
  48. ↑ "White House accelerates plans for zero-emission trucks". https://www.utilitydive.com/news/White-House-plans-zero-emission-trucks-2022/620005/. 
  49. ↑ "Volvo Trucks constructing electrified charging corridor in California for medium- and heavy-duty EVs". 15 July 2022. https://www.greencarcongress.com/2022/07/202207154-volvo.html. 
  50. ↑ Yiyang, Chenzi; Fremery, Vincent (2022-01-29). "E-Bus Development in China: From Fleet Electrification to Refined Management". Transition China (Germany). https://transition-china.org/mobilityposts/e-bus-development-in-china-from-fleet-electrification-to-refined-management/. 
  51. ↑ "California HVIP reopens voucher program offering discounts for hybrid and zero emission vehicles". Via. https://ridewithvia.com/resources/articles/california-hvip-reopens-voucher-program-offering-discounts-for-hybrid-and-zero-emission-vehicles/. 
  52. ↑ "About Us" (in en-US). https://californiahvip.org/about/. 
  53. ↑ "Nikola Tre BEV NYTVIP". Nikola Motor. https://promotions.nikolamotor.com/nytvip. 

External links



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