Engineering:Embraer C-390 Millennium

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Short description: Brazilian military transport aircraft/tanker
C-390 Millennium
Embraer KC-390, Paris Air Show 2019, Le Bourget (SIAE0824).jpg
C-390 Millennium in flight
Role Medium-sized transport aircraft
National origin Brazil
Manufacturer Embraer[1]
First flight 3 February 2015[2]
Introduction 2019[3]
Status In service[4]
Primary users Brazilian Air Force
Portuguese Air Force
Hungarian Air Force
Produced 2014–present
Number built 9[5][6]

The Embraer C-390 Millennium is a medium-size, twin-engine, jet-powered military transport aircraft designed and produced by the Brazilian aerospace manufacturer Embraer. It is the heaviest aircraft the company has constructed to date.[7][8]

Work on the project began at Embraer during the mid-2000s, with early efforts centred around a conceptual derivative of the E190 jetliner of a similar size to the Lockheed C-130 Hercules. The company was keen to use turbofan jet engines, instead of turboprops. Support for the venture was forthcoming from both the Brazilian government and the Brazilian Air Force ; in May 2008, the government invested R$800 million (US$440M) in the project's development. On 14 April 2009, Embraer was issued a $1.5 billion contract for two prototypes. At the 2011 Paris Air Show, Embraer announced plans to launch a stretched version of the aircraft as a civilian freighter. Partnerships were promptly formed with various other aerospace companies on the programme, including ENAER, OGMA, and Boeing. A joint venture with Boeing was announced in November 2019, but quickly fell apart within six months. Major subcontractors in the aircraft's manufacturing include Aero Vodochody, BAE Systems, and Rockwell Collins.

On 3 February 2015, the first of two prototypes performed its maiden flight. On 4 September 2019, the first production aircraft was delivered to the Brazilian Air Force.[9] On 18 November 2019, during the Dubai Airshow, Embraer announced the aircraft's new name for the global market, C-390 Millennium.[10][11] Several export customers for the C-390 have been secured, including the Portuguese Air Force , Hungarian Air Force , and the Royal Netherlands Air Force . With a load capacity of 26 tonnes (57,000 lb), the aircraft can be configured to perform various conventional operations such as troop, VIP and cargo transportation, and more specialised logistical operations such as aerial refuelling as a tanker. It can carry payloads of up to 26 t (57,000 lb), such as two fully-tracked M113 armored personnel carriers, one Boxer armoured vehicle, a Sikorsky H-60 helicopter, 74 litters with life-support equipment, up to 80 soldiers or 66 paratroopers with full gear, and loads of up to 42,000 lb (19 t) can be air dropped.

Development

Studies

In the early 2000s, the Brazilian aircraft manufacturer became interested in developing its own medium-sized transport aircraft; its initial design study was based around a high-wing derivative of its existing E190 jetliner.[12] Between 2005 and 2007, it investigated the pairing of the wing and GE CF34 engine of the mature Embraer 190 (E190) with a cabin that was modified to function as a cargo hold, complete with a rear ramp, closed-loop fly-by-wire system, and synthetic vision.[13]

By 2006, Embraer was studying a military tactical transport design of a similar size to the Lockheed C-130 Hercules, which was to be powered by 17,000–22,000 lbf (75.6–98 kN) jet engines, such as the Pratt & Whitney PW6000 and Rolls-Royce BR715.[14] In April 2007, Embraer publicly stated that it was studying a medium-size airlifter. Referred to by the company designation C-390, this transport aircraft was said to incorporate many of the technological solutions present on the Embraer E-Jet series and feature a rear ramp for the loading and unloading of a wide range of cargo.[15]

In March 2008, the Brazilian government planned to invest about R$60 million (equivalent to US$33 million) in the aircraft's initial development; simultaneously, the Brazilian Air Force was in the process of finalizing an initial purchase contract for between 22 and 30 aircraft, while Embraer was negotiating with possible partners on the programme.[16] Two months later, the Brazilian Congress released R$800 million (US$440M) to be invested in the project and fund the aircraft's development. Around this time, the media claimed that the aircraft would be operated not only by the Brazilian Air Force, but also by the Army and Navy as well, and that there were unconfirmed sales to other government agencies in the works.[17]

Program launch

The IAE V2500 turbofan was selected to power the C-390.

On 14 April 2009, Embraer was awarded with a $1.5 billion contract to develop and build two prototypes.[18][19] At the programme launch, the design was all-new in terms of its fuselage, wing, flight deck, and engine selection; accordingly, the E-190's wing had been dispensed with, partly due to its limited surface area; it was also stated that the aircraft would be the operational successor to the Brazilian Air Force's C-130 fleet. According to Embraer, the selected jet engine is sufficiently resilient to dust ingestion, whereas propeller tips close to the ground are susceptible to damage. Embraer also chose the IAE V2500 engine for its efficiency under normal conditions, rather than prioritising its performance under unusual conditions, such as on the Antonov An-32.[13]

In March 2010, Embraer drew up a development schedule, upon which the first prototype aircraft was scheduled to be delivered in late 2014.[20] In July of that year, at the Farnborough Airshow, the Brazilian Air Force announced its intent to order 28 C-390s, while Embraer announced an increase in the aircraft's cargo capacity to 21 t (46,000 lb).[7][21] At the 2011 Paris Air Show, Embraer announced plans to launch a stretched version of the C-390 focused on the civil market for freighters sometime around 2018; it estimated that the company would receive 200–250 orders over a 10-year period. To increase internal capacity, two plugs will be added fore and aft of the centre fuselage section, which would also provide a new side cargo door.[22]

In April 2011, Embraer estimated 695 military transport aircraft will need to be replaced in the following decade.[23]

Partnerships

On 24 August 2010, the defence ministers of Chile and Brazil signed an agreement for the Chilean aircraft company ENAER to join the C-390 industry team.[24] That same month, Argentine Defence Minister Nilda Garré announced that Argentina would also participate in the construction programme.[25] In September 2010, Colombia also signed an agreement to participate in the C-390 programme.[26] On 10 September 2010, the defense minister of Portugal signed an intentions letter to join the programme.[27] On 14 December 2011, Brazil and Portugal agreed to a defense partnership with Empresa de Engenharia Aeronáutica (EEA) for developing the engineering data for the KC-390's components, which will be manufactured by Embraer's Portuguese subsidiary OGMA.[28]

In April 2012, the American aerospace giant Boeing and Embraer signed a cooperation agreement.[29] Two months later, an agreement was signed by the two companies to collaborate on the development of the C-390, and possibly extending to sales as well.[30] In June 2013, Boeing agreed to market the C-390 in the US, UK, and Middle East, building on the June 2012 MoU.[31] On 18 November 2019, it was announced that Boeing and Embraer were to form a new joint venture company to promote and develop new markets for the C-390 Millennium. This new company, Boeing Embraer – Defense, was to have its ownership divided between a 51% stake held by Embraer and 49% by Boeing; it was to commenced operations following the granting of regulatory approvals and the satisfaction of closing conditions.[32] However, on 24 April 2020, it was announced that Boeing had chosen to terminate the planned joint ventures with Embraer.[33]

Major subcontractors include Aero Vodochody for the rear fuselage section,[34] BAE Systems for the fly-by-wire primary flight control system,[35] ELEB for the landing gear,[36] OGMA, involved in the design and manufacturing of the sponsons, including the central fuselage,[37] and development of the landing gear, rear wing elevators, fuselage and part of the rudder with CEiiA,[38][39] with Rockwell Collins for the avionics, cargo handling and aerial delivery system.[40][41] International Aero Engines (IAE) supplies the V2500-E5 turbofans, its use on the C-390 is its first military application.[42] Fábrica Argentina de Aviones supplies the tail cone, cargo door and landing gear doors.[43]

Flight testing

C-390 roll-out on 21 October 2014

It was decided to construct a pair of prototypes to participate in the test programme. On 21 October 2014, the first prototype (PT-ZNF) rolled out from the Embraer subsidiary plant, Embraer Defense and Security, at Gavião Peixoto, São Paulo.[44][45] On 3 February 2015, the first prototype performed its maiden flight.[2]

In July 2015, the company announced a two-year delay in the flight test program, citing the devaluation of the Brazilian currency and government spending cuts. However, a second test flight took place at Gavião Peixoto on 26 October 2015.[46][47] By February 2016, the first prototype had logged more than 100 hours of flight.[48] Following the resumption of flight-testing, the manufacturer expected to certify the C-390 sometime in 2017 and begin deliveries in 2018. The eight months between test flights were used to conduct ground vibration tests to validate aeroelastic models, as well as avionics, mission, landing gear and electric and hydraulic flight control system testing.[49] Embraer reported good availability for testing, sometimes conducting two flights per day. The aircraft was tested to the limits of speed, Mach number, and altitude, as well as all slats, flaps and landing gear positions.[49]

In March 2016, the second prototype (PT-ZNJ) was completed; it conducted its first flight on 28 April 2016.[50][51][52] By then, Richard Aboulafia's Teal Group estimated the C-390's price to be around $50–55 million, which was $15 million below that of the competing Hercules.[53]

Refueling certification test

On 17 October 2017, the first prototype (PT-ZNF) made an uncommanded descent from 20000 ft to 3100 ft at 4500 ft/min.[54] In December 2017, as the two prototypes accumulated over 1,500 flight hours and laboratory testing over 40,000 hours, initial operating capability was reached while full operational capability was expected in 2018.[55] On 5 May 2018, the first prototype (PT-ZNF) ran off the runway during a ground test in Gaviao Peixoto, Brazil.[56][54] The first production C-390, which was the third aircraft to be built including the prototypes, made its first flight on 6 October 2018.[57]

On 23 October 2018, the C-390 was issued with Brazilian civil type certification; by this point, the aircraft has cumulatively attained 1,900 flight hours during testing, while the first production aircraft was set to be delivered to the Brazilian Air Force in the first half of 2019 and should obtain military certification by the end of 2019.[58] The third aircraft (PT-ZNG), originally slated for the first delivery, was instead redirected towards the certification efforts.[12]

In February 2021, Embraer and the Brazilian Air Force dispatched a single KC-390 to the US to undergo testing under extreme cold conditions.[59]

Full operational capability

In the first quarter of 2023, the Brazilian Air Force fleet of C-390 had accumulated more than 8000 flight hours having participated in aviation fairs and carried out missions on all continents including Antarctica where C-390 from the Fat Squadron (1st/1st GT) performed two air resupply missions for the Brazilian Comandante Ferraz Antarctic Station. At the end of March 2023, the aircraft received the Final Type Certificate, reaching full operational capability (FOC).[60][61]

Design

The Embraer C-390 Millennium is a mid-sized utility transport aircraft. Its design permits flexible operations; both the internal and external configuration of the aircraft can be rapidly interchanged to accommodate different mission roles. It also incorporates modern technology and mission software to aid crews in carrying out operations.[62] The cockpit has head-up displays for the enhanced vision system with four cameras and Rockwell Collins Pro Line Fusion commercial avionics.[63] The C-390 can refuel in flight other aircraft through two wing-mounted probe and drogue pods from Cobham plc; these can deliver fuel at up to 1,500 L (400 US gal) per minute from a 35 t (77,000 lb) total fuel capacity, between 120 and 300 kn (220 and 560 km/h) and from 2,000 to 32,000 ft (610 to 9,750 m).[12][64]

The aircraft is powered by a pair of IAE V2500-E5 turbofan engines, which are mounted forward on the high wing; this wing features an anhedral angle, slats, and High-lift devices able to deflect up to 40°. The landing gear is equipped with low-pressure tires, two 5.9 bar (85 psi) on the nose and four 7.2 bar (105 psi) on either side bogies, which facilitate the aircraft's use upon soft, unpaved ground, such as austere airstrips, or damaged runways.[65] The C-390 has a cruising speed of Mach 0.8 which, according to Embraer, enables payloads to be transported faster than any other airplane in the medium airlift market.[62] It can attain a controlled descend rate of 9,000 ft/min (2,700 m/min) at its 300 kn (560 km/h) maximum IAS through a combination of extended slats, idle thrust, and flight spoilers extended to 40°. When its flaps are fully deployed at 40 degrees, it has a stall speed of 104 kn (193 km/h) IAS.[12]

C-390 glass cockpit preparing for flight

The aircraft is equipped with fully fly-by-wire flight controls combined with active sidesticks, which reduces the crew's workload over conventional counterparts and permits load factors up to 3g.[12][66] An autothrottle system is also installed.[67] The navigation systems, which were largely supplied by Thales Group, include an Inertial Navigation System (INS), GPS, and Collision Avoidance System (TCAS) transponder.[68] It is fitted with SELEX Galileo's Gabbiano tactical radar, capable of GMTI, SAR, ISAR, SART modes amongst others.[69][70] For self-defense purposes, an Elbit Systems-supplied directional infrared countermeasures suite is also typically installed.[71] An integrated onboard maintenance system actively monitors the health of the overall aircraft and various subsystems at all times.[62]

The hold of the C-390 has a length of 18.5 m (61 ft), width of 3.45 m (11.3 ft), and height of 2.95 m (9 ft 8 in), and is primarily accessed via a large rear ramp built into the tail. It can carry payloads of up to 26 t (57,000 lb), this allows for the carriage of either two fully-tracked M113 armored personnel carriers, one Boxer or Brazilian VBTP-MR Guarani wheeled armoured vehicle, a Sikorsky H-60 helicopter, 74 litters with life-support equipment, up to 80 soldiers or 66 paratroopers with full gear, and loads of up to 42,000 lb (19 t) can be air dropped. A cargo handling and aerial delivery system, produced by DRS Defense Solutions, is incorporated.[72] Typical amenities present in the hold include a galley, an accessibility-friendly toilet, automatic temperature control, and noise/vibration mitigation measures; Embraer have stated that the considerable attention was paid to passenger comfort.[62]

Operational history

Brazil

Special Forces in operational free-jump training on a C-390

In 2014 the government of Brazil ordered 28 C-390s;[73] there was the stated intention of progressively replacing the Brazilian Air Force's existing cargo aircraft fleet with the type, including its C-130s.[74] The first C-390 was officially delivered to the Brazilian Air Force on 4 September 2019.[75] The fleet of C-390s will be operated from Anápolis Air Force Base by the 1st Troop Transportation Group (1º GTT) Zeus and in Rio de Janeiro by the 1st/1st GT Gordo.[76]

In the first 3.5 years of operation, the C-390 in the FAB totaled more than 8,200 flight hours with 6,000, technical availability was around 80% and a mission completion rate of 99.5%, according to Embraer data and the FAB.[77]

In January 2021, in the middle of the second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic, the Brazilian city of Manaus, located in the interior of the Amazon rainforest, was left with an overburdened medical service needing medical supplies and help with transferring patients. A major operation was set up by the Brazilian air force, mobilizing all its available transport aviation. The C-390 played a key role in this operation, carrying out an airlift mission connecting the city of Manaus to the rest of the country, taking hospital supplies and removing hundreds of patients from an overloaded Manaus.[78][79]

Following the 2020 Beirut explosion, a C-390 and an Embraer 190 VC-2 were sent with around six tons of medicines, food and health equipment to provide emergency care. It was the first international mission of the aircraft in FAB service.[80][81]

In February 2021, during Operational Exercise "Culminating", in Louisiana, United States, the KC-390 conducted joint flights with US Air Force C-17 and C-130 airlifters. At that time, the combined force launched 4,000 paratroopers in a single night jump.[82] In the same year, after the Haiti earthquake, the C-390 was dispatched to the country with around eleven tons of medicine and specialized firefighting equipment for search and rescue in collapsed structures, search dogs and doctors.[83]

Operation Repatriation - arrival of Brazilians and foreigners from Ukraine

A single C-390 flew to Ushuaia carrying spare parts in support of a FAB C-130 that was on an Antarctic operation. In the Russian-Ukrainian conflict of 2022, a KC-390 and a VC-99B Legacy were sent with a mission to rescue Brazilian nationals and other countries, the mission also brought a total of around 12 tons of humanitarian aid to Ukraine. The mission rescued national, Ukrainian, Argentine and Colombian citizens, all of whom were taken to Brazil.[84][85]

In February 2022, the Brazilian government and Embraer agreed to downsize the former's order for C-390s to 22, which was a reduction from the original order for 28 aircraft. This measure, which was taken as a financial austerity measure due to COVID-19, was less severe than early suggestions for as few as 15. At this point, four C-390s were in FAB service.[86][87]

As of June 2022, a C-390 from the Fat Squadron (1st/1st GT) of the FAB participated for the first time in the Brazilian Antarctic Campaign, dropping supply loads for the Comandante Ferraz Antarctic Station.[60]

Participated in 2022 in Operation Cooperation VII in Colombia, operating on runways of up to 2,100 meters in altitude in simulated missions of humanitarian assistance and paratrooper launches.

In 2023, aircraft participate in Operation Surucucu delivering supplies by air to the indigenous Yanomami peoples who live between the Orinoco and Amazon rivers. In the same year, they also participated in the Salitre IV exercise, in Chile, where a KC-390 and six F-5s carried out 50 combat missions with the tanker aircraft performing the first combat refueling in an international mission.[88]

On 25 April 2023, in a joint announcement by Brazilian President Lula and the Prime Minister of Portugal, Costa stated that the KC-390 could be built or assembled in Portugal OGMA for European customers along with the new A-29N.[89]

Portugal

C-390 of the Portuguese Air Force

In February 2010 Embraer proposed the C-390 to the Portuguese Ministry of Defense as a replacement option for the Portuguese Air Force (FAP)'s aging fleet of C-130s.[90] In July 2017 the Portuguese government authorized the purchase of five C-390 airlifters, with the option for a sixth.[91] The deal, which includes not only five C-390s but also a flight simulator for pilot training, was reportedly costed at €827 million. The first aircraft was delivered to Portugal in February 2023 and achieved operational status in October 2023,[92] while the final C-390 is scheduled to be delivered by February 2027.[93]

Among its first missions in the Portuguese Air Force in October 2023, the C-390 transported military personnel and cargo to Canary Island, Spain, in support of the multinational Spanish-led exercise Ocean Sky 2023. It then progressed to the United States where it picked up one of the Black Hawk helicopters procured by Portugal and on its return flight it crossed the Atlantic Ocean on a direct flight from Providence, Rhode Island to Ovar.[94]

Hungary

On 17 November 2020, almost six months after the Hungarian Air Force retired its last Soviet-era An-26 military cargo plane, Embraer announced that Hungary had signed an order for two KC-390s, along with full training, support and maintenance.[95] The first aircraft is to be delivered to Hungary in 2023, with the second following in 2024. The configurations that the Hungarian Defence Forces ordered include the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) kit, enabling Hungary to provide intensive care medicine in humanitarian missions abroad.[96]

On 19 November 2021, Embraer started assembly of the first Hungarian KC-390 at its Gavião Peixoto facility.[97]

Netherlands

On 16 June 2022 the Netherlands Ministry of Defense announced that it had found a successor to the Royal Netherlands Air Force 's (RNLAF) C-130H Hercules, which were becoming increasingly maintenance-hungry due to their advanced age. Instead of being phased out by 2031, their replacement would commence in 2026. As suggested through operational experiences in Kabul in the summer of 2021 and events along NATO's eastern flank in the spring of 2022, an increased need for the transport mission had been identified. Furthermore, the C-390 Millennium was found to surpass the requirements. Instead of the anticipated four aircraft, the RNLAF expects to receive five aircraft from 2026 onwards, allowing annual flight hours to rise from the required 2,400 to 4,000.[98][99]

Austria

On 20 September 2023, Austrian Defense Minister Klaudia Tanner announced the C-390 as the successor to the Austrian Air Force 's C-130 Hercules, stating that "Embraer's aircraft system is the only one in the 20 ton class that meets all our requirements." The order is planned to be for 4 units and the delivery of the first plane, following the outcome of negotiations, will take place between 2026 and 2027.[100]

South Korea

On 4 December 2023, the South Korean Defense Acquisition Program Administration (DAPA) decided to introduce three KC-390s by 2026 with a budget of KRW 710 billion (US$540M). A DAPA official explained that the reason for choosing the C-390 was that there was no significant difference in cost and performance compared to other competitors such as Lockheed Martin and Airbus, but there was a meaningful difference in contract terms such as offset requirements and allowing South Korean companies to participate in production.[101][102][103]

Marketing and potential orders

The C-390 has been marketed as a jet-powered alternative to the Lockheed C-130. On 4 May 2023, the commander of the Brazilian Air Force, Brigadier Marcelo Kanitz Damasceno, pointed to Austria, the Czech Republic, Egypt, India, Rwanda, South Africa, South Korea, and Sweden as potential buyers for the KC-390.[104]

  • Angola: National Air Force of Angola mentioned ordering four C-390s to replace its Antonov An-12 and other transport aircraft during a visit of the Brazilian president Lula.[105][106]
  • Colombia: Colombian Aerospace Force is in discussion for ordering up to 12 C-390s as of August 2023.[107][108]
  • Egypt: Following collaboration agreements between Embraer and Egypt, there is a hope for a purchase of the C-390 for the Egyptian Air Force .[106][108][109]
  • Greece: Hellenic Air Force has a need to replace the C-130H; potential successors are second hand C-130J, or C-390, with 6 aircraft being considered.[106] It evaluated the C-390 in November 2023 as a potential replacement for the ageing C-130s in service.[110]
  • India: In September 2023, it was reported that India is interested in procuring up to 40 units
  • Rwanda: Rwandan Air Force is cited as a potential client for two C-390s.[106]
  • South Africa: South African Air Force is in discussion for six C-390s as of September 2023.[106][108]
  • Sweden: Swedish Air Force is in discussion as of September 2023 with a possible order for 3, 4 or 6 aircraft under consideration, both negotiations with the possibility of exchange between defence systems, with more Saab JAS 39 Gripen fighters for the Brazilian Air Force, and Akash surface-to-air missiles and Dhanush 155mm howitzer for the Brazilian Army.[106][108][111][112][113][114]

BAE Systems signed an agreement with Embraer to market the C-390 to Kuwait, Qatar, Oman, Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates.[115]

In November 2023 it was reported that Embraer and Saudi Arabia's SAMI have partnered to pitch the C-390 transport to the Saudi Arabian government, including the potential for local assembly and support.[116]

Operators

C-390 orders as of December 2023

In service

 Brazil
Brazilian Air Force – 19 C-390 ordered,[117][75] 6 delivered.[5]
1st Troop Transportation Group Zeus[76][6]
1st Squadron of the 1st Transportation Group (1°/1°GT) Galeão Air Force Base [118]
 Portugal
Portuguese Air Force – 5 C-390 ordered in 2019 to replace its C-130.[119] The first aircraft was delivered on 16 October 2022, at Beja Airbase,[120] and entered service in October 2023.[121]

Future operators

 Austria
Austrian Air Force – 4 C-390 Millenniums ordered in 2023 to replace the ageing C-130K with deliveries expected to begin in 2026.[122][123]
 Czech Republic
Czech Air Force – 2 C-390s selected in October 2023 for its future aerial refuelling and fixed-wing medium-lift transport requirements.[124][125]
 Hungary
Hungarian Air Force – 2 C-390s ordered in 2020[126]
 Netherlands
Royal Netherlands Air Force - selected the C-390 in 2022 with 5 airlifters ordered to replace its C-130H with deliveries expected to begin in 2026.[127][128]
 South Korea
Republic of Korea Air Force – 3 C-390s ordered in 2023 and to be introduced by 2026.[129][102][103]

Specifications (C-390 Millennium)

Embraer KC-390 3-view line drawing.svg
Approximate operating radius with different load weights.

Data from Aviation Week,[12] Embraer[130]

General characteristics

  • Crew: Three (two pilots, one loadmaster)
  • Capacity: 26,000 kg (57,000 lb) / 80 troops / 74 stretchers and 8 attendants / 66 paratroopers / 7 463L master pallets / 6 463L master pallets and 36 troops
  • Length: 35.2 m (115 ft 6 in)
  • Wingspan: 35.05 m (115 ft 0 in)
  • Height: 11.84 m (38 ft 10 in)
  • Max takeoff weight: 86,999 kg (191,800 lb)
  • Fuel capacity: 23,000 kg (50,700 lb) – 35,000 kg (77,160 lb) with 3 aux. fuel tanks
  • Useful lift: 26,000 kg (57,320 lb)
  • Hold length × height × width: 18.5 m × 3.0 m × 3.4 m (60.6 ft × 9.8 ft × 11.3 ft)
  • Powerplant: 2 × IAE V2500-E5 turbofan, 139.4 kN (31,330 lbf) thrust each

Performance

  • Maximum speed: 988 km/h (614 mph, 533 kn)
  • Cruise speed: 870 km/h (540 mph, 470 kn) Mach 0.8
  • Stall speed: 193 km/h (120 mph, 104 kn) IAS
  • Range: 5,020 km (3,120 mi, 2,710 nmi) with 14,000 kg (31,000 lb) payload
    • 2,720 km (1,470 nmi; 1,690 mi) with 23,000 kg (51,000 lb) payload
    • 2,000 km (1,080 nmi; 1,240 mi) with 26,000 kg (57,000 lb) payload
  • Ferry range: 6,240 km (3,880 mi, 3,370 nmi) – 8,460 km (4,570 nmi; 5,260 mi) max. with aux. fuel tanks
  • Service ceiling: 11,000 m (36,000 ft)

Armament

  • Hardpoints: 3 with a capacity of POD Optical / IR Rafael Litening II / IFR Cobham 900E,

Avionics

  • Rockwell Collins Pro Line Fusion
Systems and equipment
  • RWR / chaff & flare (self-defense systems)
  • DIRCM - Directional Infrared Countermeasures (self-defense systems)
  • In-flight refueling system
  • Dual HUD system
  • Cabin lighting compatible with night vision systems
  • CCDP - Continuously Computed Drop Point, an automated, accurate drop point calculation system[131]
  • CDS - Container Delivery System[132]
  • LVAD - Low Velocity Airdrop Delivery[132]
  • EEPGS – Emergency Electric Power Generator System (type RAT or Ram Air Turbine)

See also

Related development

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration and era

References

  1. ↑ "The KC 390". Embraer Defense & Security. http://www.embraerds.com/kc-390.html. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Parsons, Dan (3 February 2015). "Embraer KC-390 takes maiden flight". Flightglobal (Washington, DC). https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/embraer-kc-390-takes-maiden-flight-408635/. 
  3. ↑ "Embraer entrega primeiro avião multimissão KC-390 à Força Aérea Brasileira" (in pt). 4 September 2019. https://www.aereo.jor.br/2019/09/04/embraer-entrega-primeiro-aviao-multimissao-kc-390-a-forca-aerea-brasileira. 
  4. ↑ "Operação Covid-19: KC-390 Millennium e C-105 Amazonas realizam Transporte Aéreo Logístico" (in pt). 11 April 2020. https://www.aereo.jor.br/2020/04/11/operacao-covid-19-kc-390-millennium-e-c-105-amazonas-realizam-transporte-aereo-logistico. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 "Embraer apresenta o sexto KC-390 da Força Aérea Brasileira". 3 April 2023. https://www.airway.com.br/embraer-apresenta-o-sexto-kc-390-da-forca-aerea-brasileira/. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 "Presidente Bolsonaro participa da cerimônia de recebimento do quinto KC-390 da FAB". 2 December 2021. https://www.defesaaereanaval.com.br/aviacao/presidente-bolsonaro-participa-da-cerimonia-de-recebimento-do-quinto-kc-390-da-fab. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 "FAB and Embraer Announce Plan for KC 390 Initial Acquisition" (Press release). São José dos Campos: Embraer. 21 July 2010. Retrieved 25 May 2016.
  8. ↑ "Inside Embraer's KC-390 Tanker/Transport". Aviation Week. 25 February 2011. http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/blogs/defense/index.jsp?plckController=Blog&plckBlogPage=BlogViewPost&newspaperUserId=27ec4a53-dcc8-42d0-bd3a-01329aef79a7&plckPostId=Blog%3A27ec4a53-dcc8-42d0-bd3a-01329aef79a7Post%3Aa740522f-7aae-40d7-a7cd-a643073898a8&plc. 
  9. ↑ O'Connor, Kate (5 September 2019). "Embraer Delivers First KC-390". Avweb. https://www.avweb.com/aviation-news/military-aviation/embraer-delivers-first-kc-390/. 
  10. ↑ "Embraer divulga nome e designação de seu avião de transporte multimissão: C-390 Millennium". Embraer. 18 November 2019. https://embraer.com/br/pt/noticias?slug=1206666-embraer-divulga-nome-e-designacao-de-seu-aviao-de-transporte-multimissao-c-390-millennium. 
  11. ↑ "Boeing-Embraer joint venture: KC-390 becomes C-390 Millennium". 18 November 2019. https://www.aerotime.aero/clement.charpentreau/24208-boeing-embraer-joint-venture-kc-390-becomes-c-390-millenium. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 Wuerfel, Tim (19 April 2019). "Pilot Report: Putting Embraer's KC-390 Through Its Paces". Aviation Week & Space Technology. https://aviationweek.com/commercial-aviation/pilot-report-putting-embraer-s-kc-390-through-its-paces. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Trimble, Stephen (8 July 2014). "Redesign transforms KC-390 into all-new market threat". Flightglobal. https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/farnborough-redesign-transforms-kc-390-into-all-new-market-threat-400462/. 
  14. ↑ Norris, Guy (13 November 2006). "Embraer studies C-130-sized tactical airlifter". Flightglobal (Los Angeles). https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/embraer-studies-c-130-sized-tactical-airlifter-210524/. 
  15. ↑ Warwick, Graham (19 April 2007). "Embraer reveals details of C-390 military airlifter". Flightglobal. https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/picture-embraer-reveals-details-of-c-390-military-a-213344/. 
  16. ↑ "Governo investirá no cargueiro C-390 da Embraer" (in pt). http://defesabrasil.com/site/index.php/Noticias/Defesa/Governo-investira-no-cargueiro-C-390-da-Embraer.html. 
  17. ↑ "Câmara aprova verba de R$800 milhões para cargueiro militar" (in pt). 7 November 2007. http://www.alide.com.br/noticias/embraer04/. 
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  19. ↑ Trimble, Stephen (14 April 2009). "Brazilian Air Force signs deal launching Embraer KC-390 tanker-transport". Flightglobal (Washington DC). https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/brazilian-air-force-signs-deal-launching-embraer-kc-325113/. 
  20. ↑ Trimble, Stephen (13 May 2010). "Embraer reveals KC-390 schedule, design changes". Flightglobal (Washington DC). https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/embraer-reveals-kc-390-schedule-design-changes-341893/. 
  21. ↑ Wall, Robert (21 July 2010). "KC-390 advances, F-X2 doesn't". Aviation Week. http://www.aviationweek.com/Blogs.aspx?plckController=Blog&plckBlogPage=BlogViewPost&newspaperUserId=af81e61b-7188-4a72-8f39-d3869b7980c2&plckPostId=Blog:af81e61b-7188-4a72-8f39-d3869b7980c2Post:fb85660f-c92b-4f3e-9b7b-65bcf54c82cb&plckScript=blogScript&plckElementId=blogDest. 
  22. ↑ Trimble, Stephen (21 June 2011). "Embraer reveals plan for KC-390 civil stretch". Flightglobal (Paris). https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/paris-embraer-reveals-plan-for-kc-390-civil-stretch-358531/. 
  23. ↑ "Argentina joins manufacturing of Brazil's KC 390 jet powered military transport". MercoPress. 19 April 2011. http://en.mercopress.com/2011/04/19/argentina-joins-manufacturing-of-brazil-s-kc-390-jet-powered-military-transport. 
  24. ↑ "Embraer Reveals Discussions on a Partnership with Chilean Aeronautics Industry for the KC-390" (Press release). Embraer. 24 August 2010.
  25. ↑ "Garré brindó una charla a suboficiales de base naval de Mar del Plata" (in es). República Argentina – Ministerio de Defensa. 10 August 2010. http://www.mindef.gov.ar/info.asp?Id=1577. 
  26. ↑ Croft, John (1 September 2010). "Colombia formalises Embraer KC-390 interest". Flightglobal. https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/colombia-formalises-embraer-kc-390-interest-346892/. 
  27. ↑ "Defence Ministers of Portugal and Brazil Sign Memorandum of Understanding on the KC-390" (Press release). defense-aerospace.com. 10 September 2010. Archived from the original on 11 September 2010. Retrieved 12 September 2010.
  28. ↑ "Brazil and Portugal Sign Defense Partnership for KC-390 Program" (Press release). Embraer. 14 December 2011.
  29. ↑ "Boeing and Embraer Sign Agreement for Broad Business Cooperation to Benefit Customers and Support Industry Growth" (Press release). Washington DC: Boeing. 9 April 2012.
  30. ↑ "Boeing and Embraer Sign Agreement to Collaborate on KC-390 Program" (Press release). São Paulo: Boeing. 26 June 2012.
  31. ↑ "Embraer's Multinational KC-390 Tactical Air Transport Program". Defense Industry Daily. 22 October 2014. https://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/embraer-launches-kc-390-tactical-air-transport-program-05380/. 
  32. ↑ "Boeing Embraer - Defense Joint Venture to Develop New Markets for the C-390 Millennium" (Press release). Boeing. 18 November 2019.
  33. ↑ "Boeing Terminates Agreement to Establish Joint Ventures with Embraer" (Press release). Boeing. 25 April 2020.
  34. ↑ Trimble, Stephen (14 April 2011). "Embraer signs two new suppliers for KC-390". Flightglobal (Rio de Janeiro). https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/laad11-embraer-signs-two-new-suppliers-for-kc-390-355559/. 
  35. ↑ "BAE Systems selected for Embraer KC-390 primary flight control system" (Press release). BAE Systems. 27 July 2011.
  36. ↑ "KC-390 cargo jet will have landing gear by ELEB" (Press release). Embraer. 8 April 2011.
  37. ↑ Carregueiro, Nuno (4 July 2016). "KC-390. O maior projecto aeronáutico português" (in pt). Jornal de Notícias (Lisbon). https://www.jornaldenegocios.pt/empresas/industria/detalhe/kc_390_maior_projecto_aeronautico_portugues_e_apresentado_hoje. 
  38. ↑ "KC390: O maior projecto aeronáutico português" (in pt). EuroDefense Portugal (Lisbon). 4 July 2016. https://eurodefense.pt/kc-390-o-maior-projecto-aeronautico-portugues-apresentado-na-ogma/. 
  39. ↑ "OGMA produziu primeiro painel do KC-390 para entregar à Força Aérea". Jornal de Notícias (Lisbon). 23 January 2020. https://www.jornaldenegocios.pt/empresas/transportes/detalhe/ogma-produziu-primeiro-painel-do-kc-390-para-entregar-a-forca-aerea. 
  40. ↑ "Embraer selects Rockwell Collins advanced avionics system for Brazilian Air Force KC-390 fleet" (Press release). Rockwell Collins. 4 May 2011.
  41. ↑ "Embraer selects Rockwell Collins to provide KC-390 Cargo Handling and Aerial Delivery Control System" (Press release). São José dos Campos: Rockwell Collins. 11 November 2015.
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  43. ↑ "Para Rossi, es un "hito histórico" la asociación de Argentina con Embraer en la frabricación de un nuevo avión militar". 21 October 2014. http://www.telam.com.ar/notas/201410/82390-rossi-san-pablo-embraer.html. 
  44. ↑ Bianconi, César; Haynes, Brad (21 October 2014). "Embraer apresenta protótipo de cargueiro KC-390 e espera acelerar vendas" (in pt). Reuters. http://br.reuters.com/article/topNews/idBRKCN0IA22420141021. 
  45. ↑ "EMBRAER Rolls Out KC-390 Military Airlift". http://www.defesanet.com.br/kc390/noticia/17180/Embraer-rolls-out-KC-390-military-airlift-/. 
  46. ↑ Carey, Bill (8 November 2015). "Embraer's KC-390 Returns to Flight Test". AINonline. http://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/defense/2015-11-08/embraers-kc-390-returns-flight-test. 
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  48. ↑ "KC-390 já ultrapassou a marca de 100 horas de voo" (in pt). Defesanet. 18 February 2016. http://www.defesanet.com.br/kc390/noticia/21602/KC-390-ja-ultrapassou-a-marca-de-100-horas-de-voo/. 
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  50. ↑ "Embraer conclui o segundo protótipo do cargueiro militar KC-390" (in pt). Defesanet. 15 March 2016. http://www.defesanet.com.br/kc390/noticia/21833/Embraer-conclui-o-segundo-prototipo-do-cargueiro-militar-KC-390/. 
  51. ↑ "KC-390's Flight Test Campaign Progresses". Embraer Defense & Security. http://www.kc-390.com/documents/Progress-Report-01-KC-390.pdf. 
  52. ↑ KC-390 Flight Campaign Status (Motion picture). Embraer Defense & Security. 2016.
  53. ↑ Patterson, Thom (20 July 2017). "Brazilian aircraft takes on an American military icon". CNNMoney. https://money.cnn.com/2017/07/20/news/companies/embraer-kc390-military-transport-lockheed-c130-super-hercules/index.html. 
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  56. ↑ "Embraer reports KC-390 runway excursion in Gaviao Peixoto". Flightglobal. 5 May 2018. https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/embraer-reports-kc-390-runway-excursion-in-gaviao-pe-448359/. 
  57. ↑ "First Production KC-390 Takes to the Air". AIN online. 10 October 2018. https://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/defense/2018-10-10/first-production-kc-390-takes-air. 
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  79. ↑ "KC-390 flies on a new mission against the COVID-19 crisis in Manaus". 14 January 2021. https://www.aeroin.net/kc-390-voa-em-nova-missao-contra-a-crise-da-covid-19-em-manaus/. 
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  110. ↑ "Hellenic Air Force meets with Embraer again to discuss the C-390 Millennium". Air Data News. https://www.airdatanews.com/hellenic-air-force-meets-with-embraer-again-to-discuss-the-c-390-millennium/. 
  111. ↑ "Brazil to negotiate sale of Embraer C-390 aircraft to Sweden" (in en). Reuters. 2023-09-26. https://www.reuters.com/business/aerospace-defense/brazil-negotiate-sale-embraer-c-390-aircraft-sweden-2023-09-26/. 
  112. ↑ "Brasil negocia venda de cargueiros para a Índia" (in pt). 29 September 2023. https://www.aereo.jor.br/2023/09/29/brasil-negocia-venda-de-cargueiros-para-a-india/. 
  113. ↑ "Artilharia indiana para o Brasil?: comandante do Exército Brasileiro faz visita industrial à Índia" (in pt). 4 September 2023. https://www.infodefensa.com/texto-diario/mostrar/4420577/artilharia-indiana-brasil-comandante-do-exercito-brasileiro-realiza-visita-seis-dias-india. 
  114. ↑ "Brasil agora quer 50 caças Gripen e acordo da Embraer com Suécia" (in pt). 29 September 2023. https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/poder/2023/09/brasil-agora-quer-50-cacas-gripen-e-acordo-da-embraer-com-a-suecia.shtml. 
  115. ↑ Thomas, Richard (2022-07-21). "Embraer and BAE Systems sign MoU to market C-390" (in en-US). https://www.airforce-technology.com/news/embraer-and-bae-systems-sign-mou-to-market-c-390-in-the-middle-east/. 
  116. ↑ https://www.flightglobal.com/defence/embraer-sami-pitch-c-390-final-assembly-to-saudi-arabia/156036.article
  117. ↑ "Brazil cuts three Embraer KC-390s, reducing order to 19". https://www.flightglobal.com/fixed-wing/brazil-cuts-three-embraer-kc-390s-reducing-order-to-19/150664.article. 
  118. ↑ "FAB celebra Dia do Especialista e incorpora aeronaves - Força Aérea Brasileira". https://www.fab.mil.br/noticias/mostra/38808/CERIM%C3%94NIA%20MILITAR%20-%20FAB%20celebra%20Dia%20do%20Especialista%20e%20incorpora%20aeronaves. 
  119. ↑ "Portugal confirms purchase of military freighter KC-390". 11 July 2019. https://www.airway1.com/portugal-confirms-purchase-of-military-freighter-kc-390/. 
  120. ↑ "First Portuguese KC-390 has arrived". https://www.airrecognition.com/index.php/news/defense-aviation-news/2022-news-aviation-aerospace/october/8764-first-portuguese-kc-390-has-arrived.html. 
  121. ↑ https://www.flightglobal.com/defence/portugal-puts-first-nato-standard-c-390-transport-into-service/155467.article
  122. ↑ Meier, Ricardo. "Austria to replace C-130 Hercules with Embraer KC-390 – report". Air Data News. https://www.airdatanews.com/austria-to-replace-c-130-hercules-with-embraer-kc-390-report/. 
  123. ↑ "Entscheidung über C-130 "Hercules"-Nachfolge ist gefallen" (in de). https://www.bundesheer.at/aktuelles/detail/entscheidung-ueber-c-130-hercules-nachfolge-ist-gefallen. 
  124. ↑ https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/czech-republic-selects-kc-390-tanker-transport-aircraft
  125. ↑ Pascal, Kümmerling (2023-10-17). "La République tchèque sélectionne le C390 !" (in fr). https://www.avianews.ch/post/la-r%C3%A9publique-tch%C3%A8que-s%C3%A9lectionne-le-c390. 
  126. ↑ "Hungary Signs Contract For Acquisition of Two Multi-Mission KC-390 Millennium Airlifters". 17 November 2020. https://embraer.com/global/en/news?slug=1206809-hungary-signs-contract-for-acquisition-of-two-multi-mission-kc-390-millennium-airlifters. 
  127. ↑ Defensie, Ministerie van (16 June 2022). "Defensie vindt opvolger voor C-130 Hercules - Nieuwsbericht - Defensie.nl" (in nl-NL). https://www.defensie.nl/actueel/nieuws/2022/06/16/defensie-vindt-opvolger-voor-c-130-hercules. 
  128. ↑ https://aviationweek.com/defense-space/aircraft-propulsion/netherlands-selects-c-390-hercules-replacement
  129. ↑ "South Korea selects the Embraer C-390 Millennium" (Press release). Embraer. 4 December 2023. Archived from the original on 5 December 2023.
  130. ↑ "Embraer: C-390 millennium". https://defense.embraer.com/global/en/c-390. 
  131. ↑ Embraer's Continuously Computed Drop Point (CCDP) (video). Embraer. Retrieved 25 January 2021.
  132. ↑ 132.0 132.1 "Embraer KC-390 Millennium airlifter successfully concludes airdrop testing campaign". https://embraer.com/global/en/news?slug=1206680-embraer-kc-390-millennium-airlifter-successfully-concludes-airdrop-testing-campaign. 

External links

External image
Large cutaway diagram



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