Engineering:Finial

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Short description: Element marking the top or end of some object; decorative feature
Finial of the dome of the Taj Mahal

A finial (from Latin: finis, end)[1] or hip-knob is an element marking the top or end of some object, often formed to be a decorative feature.[2]

In architecture, it is a small decorative device, employed to emphasize the apex of a dome, spire, tower, roof, or gable or any of various distinctive ornaments at the top, end, or corner of a building or structure.[3] A finial is typically carved in stone. Where there are several such elements they may be called pinnacles. The very top of a finial can be a floral or foliated element called a bouquet.[4]

Smaller finials in materials such as metal or wood are used as a decorative ornament on the tops or ends of poles or rods such as tent-poles or curtain rods or any object such as a piece of furniture. These are frequently seen on top of bed posts or clocks. Decorative finials are also commonly used to fasten lampshades, and as an ornamental element at the end of the handles of souvenir spoons. The charm at the end of a pull chain (such as for a ceiling fan or a lamp) is also known as a finial.

In architecture

On roofs

Decorative roof-finials are a common feature of Malaysian religious and residential architecture.[5] In Malacca, Malaysia, there are 38 mosques with traditional roof finials, with layered and crown-shaped designs, which are known as Makhota Atap Masjid.[5] On mosques built after the 20th century, these finials have been replaced by "bulbous domes".[5] Other terms for roof finials include: Tunjuk Langit and Buah Buton (East Coast) as well as Buah Gutung (Kelantan and Terengganu).[5] The Makhota Atap Masjid finials are made of mixed concrete, and the Buah Buton are made of wood.[5]

In Japanese architecture, chigi are finials that were used atop Shinto shrines in Ise and Izumo and the imperial palace.[6]

In Java and Bali, a rooftop finial is known as mustaka or kemuncak.

In Thailand finials feature on domestic and religious buildings.[7] Hti is a kind of finial found on Burmese Buddhist temples and pagodas. On Buddhist stupas, the layered umbrella (Skt. chhatra; Pali: chhatta) tiers have cosmological significance as representing the realms of heavens or the trunk of a cosmic tree.[8] Even the stupa itself (comparatively smaller) can be a finial to a Stupa or other Buddhist religious structure.

The kalash is a finial on Hindu temples.[9] On Karnata Dravida temples, the kalash is placed on top of a dome with an inverted lotus flower shape in between.[10] There may also be lotus petals at the top, before the kalash narrows to a single point, or bindu.[10]

There are two guldastas, or finials, per facade at Humayun's Tomb.[11]

Finials are decorative elements in a variety of American domestic architectural styles, including French colonial, Georgian, Victorian, and Romanesque Revival.[12]

Roof finials can be made from a variety of materials including clay, metal, or wood.

A folklore tradition in the eastern United States portrays finials as discouraging witches on broomsticks from landing locally.[13]

Flagpoles

See also: glossary of vexillology#Flag elementsA "ball-style" finial is often mounted to the top of a stationary flagpole.[14] The United States Army, Navy, Marine Corps, and Coast Guard employ a variety of different finials depending on the flag in question, the Marines and Coast Guard deferring to the Navy's protocols.[15]

On furniture

Bed posts and curtain rods

Public garden (park) railings often end in finials, and wooden posts tend to have turned wood finials. Turned wood finials are used on various pieces of furniture.[16] While the purpose of finials on bed posts is mostly decorative,[17] they serve a purpose on curtain rods, providing a way to keep a curtain from slipping off the end of a straight rod.

Curtain rod finials can be seen to act much like a barometer of public taste. Many designs hark back to the Gothic and Neogothic of architectural finials, while other contemporary finials reflect minimalist, Art Nouveau, and other traditional styles of decor. The use of different materials is as wide as the range of designs with brass, stainless steel, various woods, and aluminum being employed with a variety of finishes such as 'satin steel' and 'antique brass'. The durability, strength, and machinability of modern alloys have lent themselves to increasingly intricate and dazzling designs.

Use as headgear

During the various dynasties in China, a finial was worn on the tops of the hats civil or military officials wore during formal court ceremonies.[18][19] The finial was changed to a knob for other daily usage (including semi-formal ceremonies). The Pickelhaube is a Central European military helmet with a finial topped by a spike.[20]

Gallery

  • Stone finial at Aachen City Hall

  • Finial Illustration by Viollet-le-Duc, 1856

  • Finials used to decorate the top ends of the rollers of a Torah scroll

  • Yemenite Torah case with finials

  • French Imperial Eagle of a regiment of the Grande Armée

  • Finial shaped like a pineapple

  • Architectural decorations

  • Greek and Cypriot flags being flown on flagpoles with cross finials in front of a church, Paphos.

  • The flagpole on Buckingham Palace, London, here flying the Royal Standard, has a crown-shaped finial.

  • A Balinese kemuncak on top of a thatched roof of a Balinese temple pavilion.

  • Bronze finial for a nomad's tent-pole, Ordos culture, 6th–5th century, Mongolia

  • photograph of the pinnacle of the Mahabodhi temple at the top of a truncated pyramid with a gold metal cone-shaped finial at the top, background is a clear blue sky

    The stupa finial on top of the Mahabodhi Temple.

  • A Baroque finial on the top of the first pillar of some stairs from Palais Landauer (Ellingen, Germany)

  • Pineapple finial atop corner post of an ornate metal stair railing, Town Hall, Birkenhead, England

See also

References

  1. ↑ Chisholm, Hugh, ed (1911). "Finial". Encyclopædia Britannica. 10 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 376. 
  2. ↑ Curl, James Stevens; Wilson, Susan (2015) (in en). The Oxford Dictionary of Architecture. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-967498-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=4Lu6BwAAQBAJ. 
  3. ↑ Ching, Francis D. K. (13 October 2014) (in en). Architecture: Form, Space, and Order. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-118-74513-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=yBzVBAAAQBAJ. 
  4. ↑ Harris, Cyril M. (1 January 1983) (in en). Illustrated Dictionary of Historic Architecture. Courier Corporation. ISBN 978-0-486-24444-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=6n4JLmyooTwC. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 Zakaria, Ros Mahwati Ahmad; Ismail, Nurfarahhanna; Ramli, Zuliskandar; Ali, Muhammad Shafiq Mohd (14 July 2019). "Mapping the "Mahkota Atap Masjid" or Decorative Roof Finial of Traditional Mosques in Malacca" (in en). Environment-Behaviour Proceedings Journal 4 (1 1): 129–136. doi:10.21834/e-bpj.v4i11.1760. ISSN 2398-4287. https://ebpj.e-iph.co.uk/index.php/EBProceedings/article/view/1760. 
  6. ↑ Waterson, Roxana (22 May 2012) (in en). Living House: An Anthropology of Architecture in South-East Asia. Tuttle Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4629-0601-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=wDjRAgAAQBAJ. 
  7. ↑ Sthapitanond, Nithi; Mertens, Brian (2012) (in en). Architecture of Thailand: A Guide to Tradition and Contemporary Forms. Editions Didier Millet. ISBN 978-981-4260-86-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=hC5TMZ5QTV0C&pg=PP1. 
  8. ↑ Conway, Hazel; Conway, Rowan; Roenisch, Rowan (2005) (in en). Understanding Architecture: An Introduction to Architecture and Architectural History. Psychology Press. ISBN 978-0-415-32059-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=FtvqA0_Id3sC&pg=PP10. 
  9. ↑ Dhaky, M. A. (1974). "The "Ākāśaliṅga" Finial". Artibus Asiae 36 (4): 307–315. doi:10.2307/3249703. ISSN 0004-3648. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3249703. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Hardy, Adam (1995) (in en). Indian Temple Architecture: Form and Transformation : the Karṇāṭa Drāviḍa Tradition, 7th to 13th Centuries. Abhinav Publications. ISBN 978-81-7017-312-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=aU0hCAS2-08C&pg=PR9. 
  11. ↑ ASHER, CATHERINE; Asher, Catherine Blanshard; Asher, Catherine Ella Blanshard; Asher, Catherine B. (24 September 1992) (in en). Architecture of Mughal India. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-26728-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=3ctLNvx68hIC. 
  12. ↑ Carley, Rachel (15 March 1997) (in en). The Visual Dictionary of American Domestic Architecture. Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-8050-4563-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=c8aiSslZKFoC. 
  13. ↑ Weiss, Robinne (6 June 2016). "A Fondness for Finials". https://robinneweiss.com/2016/06/06/a-fondness-for-finials/. "Folklore in the eastern U.S. suggests that finial posts were not just attractive, but also prevented witches from landing their broomsticks on the roof." 
  14. ↑ Koppes, Wayne F.; Roehm, Jack M., eds (1980). Metal Flagpole Manual. Chicago, Illinois: National Association of Architectural Metal Manufacturers. p. 21. 
  15. ↑ Army Regulation 840-10 Flags, Guidons, Streamers, Tabards, and Automobile and Aircraft Plates, Chapter 8 "Flagstaffs and Flagstaff Heads (Finials)", § 8-2, 1 November 1998
  16. ↑ Dunbar, Mike (2 March 2017) (in en). Woodturning Techniques – Furniture & Cabinetmaking. Penguin. ISBN 978-1-4403-4957-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=fBtjDwAAQBAJ. 
  17. ↑ Gilbert, Christopher; Thornton, Peter (1980). "The Furnishing and Decoration of Ham House". Furniture History 16: i–194. ISSN 0016-3058. https://www.jstor.org/stable/23404800. 
  18. ↑ "Hat finial, China". https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/60889. 
  19. ↑ Garrett, Valery (28 April 2020) (in en). Chinese Dress: From the Qing Dynasty to the Present Day. Tuttle Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4629-0694-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=dhPRAgAAQBAJ. 
  20. ↑ Herr, Ulrich; Nguyen, Jens; Kozeluh, Anne (2016). The German artillery from 1871 to 1914 : uniforms and equipment. Vienna. ISBN 978-3-902526-80-9. OCLC 1017095569. https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1017095569. 

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