Engineering:Formula One tyres

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Short description: Tyres designed for Formula One cars
The 2023 Pirelli tyres include (from left to right) the three slicks – called the softs, mediums, and hards – intermediates, and full wets.

Formula One tyres play a significant role in the performance of a Formula One car. The tyres have undergone major changes throughout the history of Formula One with different manufacturers and specifications used in the sport.

Design and usage

Formula One tyres bear only a superficial resemblance to a normal road tyre. Whereas the latter has a useful life of up to 80,000 km (50,000 miles), the tyres used in Formula One are built to last less than one race distance. The purpose of the tyre determines the compound of the rubber to be used. In extremely wet weather, such as that seen in the 2007 European Grand Prix, the F1 cars are unable to keep up with the safety car in deep standing water due to the risk of aquaplaning. In very wet races, such as the 2011 Canadian Grand Prix, the tyres are unable to provide a safe race due to the amount of water, and so the race can be red flagged. The race is either then stopped permanently or suspended for up to a 3-hour period until the cars can race safely again. Both the latter – and successively the former – situations occurred at the 2021 Belgian Grand Prix.

History

During the 1950s and 1960s, Formula One tyres were supplied by Dunlop, Englebert, Firestone, Continental and Goodyear. In 1958, Dunlop introduced its R5 racing tyre, replacing the cotton fabric of the earlier R1 to R4 tyres with nylon fabric, allowing for a reported 12 lb reduction in tyre weight.[1] During the 1960s, Dunlop introduced improved nylon casings, reduced aspect ratio, significantly increased tyre width, and the use of synthetic rubber.[1]

Slick tyres were introduced to Formula One by Firestone at the 1971 Spanish Grand Prix.[2] 1975's Ferrari 312T used a Goodyear 26.0"×16.2"-13" slick tyre (overall diameter × width) in the rear on a 13"×18" rim, with a Goodyear 20.0"×9.2"-13" slick tyre in the front on a 13×10" rim.[3]

For the 1981 season the maximum diameter of the rear tyre was limited to 26.0", while the diameter of the front tyres was increased. Therefore, from 1981 until 1992, Goodyear supplied white sidewall marked Eagle tyres with the sizes of 25.0"×10.0"-13" in the front and 26.0"×15.0"-13" in the rear.[4] For the 1993 season, the complete wheel width of the rear was reduced from 18" to 15".[5] This prompted Goodyear to change to yellow sidewall markings to correspond to the new, narrower rear tyres which were approximately 12.8" wide, down from the previous 15.0".[inconsistent]

For the 1997 F1 season, Bridgestone joined Goodyear in supplying tyres to F1 competitors, creating a tyre war between the two manufacturers. Goodyear would leave the sport following the 1998 season,[6] leaving Bridgestone as the sole tyre provider for the next two seasons.

In 1998, grooved tyres were introduced with three groove lines in the front tyres and four groove lines in the rear tyres.[7] Between 1999 and 2008, regulations required the tyres to feature a minimum of four 14 mm (0.55 in) grooves in them, with the intention of slowing the cars down. This is because a slick tyre, with no indentations, provides the most grip in dry conditions.[8][9] They could be no wider than 355 mm (14 in) at the front and 380 mm (15 in) at the rear, and the maximum diameter was 660 mm (26 in), or 670 mm (26.4 in) for wet tyres.[10]

In 2001, Michelin entered Formula One, once again creating a tyre war after Bridgestone had been the sole tyre provider for the preceding two seasons.[11]

In 2005, tyre changes were disallowed in Formula One, therefore the compounds were harder as the tyres had to last the full race distance of around 300 km (200 miles). Tyre changes were re-instated in 2006, following the dramatic and highly political 2005 United States Grand Prix, which saw Michelin tyres fail on two separate cars at the same turn, resulting in all Michelin runners pulling out of the Grand Prix, leaving just the three teams using Bridgestone tyres to race.

For 2007, Bridgestone again became the sole tyre partner and supplier in Formula One with the withdrawal of Michelin,[12] and introduced four compounds of tyre, two of which are made available at each race. The harder tyre (referred to as the "prime" tyre) is more durable but gives less grip, and the softer tyre (referred to as the "option" tyre) gives more grip but is less durable. Both compounds have to be used by each car during a race and the softer tyre had a painted white stripe in the second groove to distinguish between compounds. This was introduced after the first race of the season when confusion occurred because a small dot was put on the sidewall of the tyre, instead of the white stripe. Upon the reintroduction of slicks in 2009, the sidewalls of the softer tyres were painted green to indicate the difference in compound, as there were no longer any grooves in tyres. Each team must use each specification during the race, unless wet or intermediate tyres are used during the race, in which case this rule no longer applies.

BAR 007 driven by Jenson Button at the 2005 Canadian Grand Prix. Notice the four grooves cut into the tread of each tyre.
Reintroduced for the 2009 season, a set of slick F1 tyres

Slick tyres were reintroduced at the beginning of 2009, along with aerodynamic changes intended to shift the balance towards mechanical grip in an attempt to increase overtaking.

On 2 November 2009, Bridgestone announced their withdrawal from Formula One at the end of the 2010 season.[13][14] Michelin, Cooper Avon and Pirelli showed interest in taking over the role of tyre partner and supplier. On 24 June 2010, it was announced that Pirelli would be the sole tyre partner and supplier for 2011 and would receive a three-year contract. They thus ended their programmes for both the Grand-Am Rolex Sports Car Series and FIA World Rally Championship after spending three years as an official tyre partner and supplier (as the Grand-Am Rolex Sports Car Series switched to Continental and the FIA World Rally Championship switched to Michelin tyres in 2011).[15] During August 2010, Pirelli commenced its test programme with the Toyota TF109 at the Mugello Circuit with Nick Heidfeld as the test driver.[16] From 2011, the feeder GP2 Series used identical Pirelli tyres as in F1.[17]

In 2009 with the removal of the four 14 mm (0.55 in) grooves the front tyres gained proportionally larger contact patch. In 2010, the front tyres were narrowed from 270 mm (11 in) to 245 mm (9.6 in), in order to improve the balance of grip between the front and rear.[18] In 2011, with the sole tyre supplier having been changed from Bridgestone to Pirelli,[19] the rules were the same as the 2010 season rules concerning the tyres. All teams still were required to use each type of dry tyre compound supplied in the race, and drivers that made it through to Q3 still had to use the same tyres they used to set their fastest qualifying time with to start the race. However, the way of denoting different tyre specifications was changed. Rather than a green stripe denoting a softer compound, for each tyre specification, the lettering on the tyre would have a specific colour. The hard compound would have silver lettering, the medium compound would have white lettering, the soft tyres would have yellow lettering and the super-soft tyres would have red lettering. For the wet tyres, the intermediate tyres would have light blue lettering and the full wet tyres would have orange lettering.[20]

At the 2011 Malaysian Grand Prix, Pirelli introduced a coloured band around the outside of the tyre on the softer of the two dry compounds. This was due to confusion during the first round of the season. This measure was said to be a stopgap, with a permanent solution due to be implemented at the first European race of the season. The coloured line featured at the Chinese Grand Prix too.[21] From the Turkish Grand Prix, the permanent solution was implemented; the option compound had a new marking.[22] The option tyre had two thick coloured lines between the Pirelli and P Zero logos of each tyre, which made it easier to see the colour of the marking when the tyre rotates. The prime tyre remained the same markings as previously, though later in the season had the sidewall updated with the new markings.

In 2016, new tyre rules were introduced. Pirelli nominated three different compounds of slick tyres to bring to each race. Each team had 13 sets of dry tyres for the race weekend. Of the 13 sets, two sets of tyres were chosen by Pirelli to be reserved for the race. Additionally, one set of the softest compound were set aside for Q3. Teams were free to choose what they liked for their ten remaining sets from the three chosen compounds. Each driver must have used at least two different dry weather compounds during the race (including one set of the mandatory race tyres), and drivers who made it to Q3 must start the race with the tyres they set their fastest Q2 lap on. Teams were mandated to inform the FIA about their tyre choices eight weeks before the start of a European event and 14 weeks before a non-European race.[23][24]

For the 2017 F1 season, significantly wider Pirelli tyres were introduced at both the front and rear axles, while the overall diameter of the tyres was increased by 10mm (660 to 670 mm (26.0 to 26.4 in)). Front tyre size increased to 305/670-R13 up from the previous 245/660-R13, while rear-tyre size increased to 405/670-R13 up from the previous 325/660-R13.[25] In 2017 and 2018, the FIA Formula 2 Championship continued to use the pre-2017 size Pirelli F1 tyres.

Pirelli introduced two new tyre compounds for the 2018 F1 season – hypersoft (pink) and superhard (orange). The hard tyre became ice blue.[26]

Heading into the 2019 season, Pirelli reduced the tyre range from seven to five dry weather compounds.[27] They also scrapped the tyre naming system such that the tyres were denoted at each Grand Prix independently as hard, medium and soft with white, yellow and red sidewalls respectively rather than having a separate name and colour for each of the five tyres. The change was implemented so that casual fans could better understand the tyre system.

As Formula One wheel rim diameter size will switch from 13 to 18 in (330 to 457 mm), the tyre diameter of 2022-spec Pirelli Formula One tyres will also be altered, from 670 to 720 mm (26.4 to 28.3 in), while the tread width of 2022-spec Pirelli Formula One tyres are expected to be unchanged.

2005 United States Grand Prix controversy

On Friday, 17 June 2005, during the afternoon's practice session, Ralf Schumacher, who was driving for Toyota, crashed heavily in turn 13 of the Indianapolis Motor Speedway road course, as a result of a left-rear tyre failure. Turn 13 on the Indianapolis Motor Speedway road course is a high-speed banked turn, unique in Formula One racing, that causes a greater than usual lateral load.[28] This pressure can cause the side walls of the tyre to bow and wear in abnormal places.[29]

The 2005 United States Grand Prix was plagued by tyre issues. This caused the race to be run with only six competitors.

The following day, Michelin reported that the tyres it had provided for its seven customer teams—BAR, McLaren, Red Bull, Renault, Toyota, Sauber, and Williams—were unsafe for extended high-speed use on this turn, and announced its intention to fly in another set of tyres from its Clermont-Ferrand headquarters.[30] However, the replacement tyres flown in, which were of the type used in the Spanish Grand Prix earlier that year, turned out to have the same problem when tested.[31]

In a letter to FIA Race Director Charlie Whiting, Michelin representatives Pierre Dupasquier and Nick Shorrock revealed that they did not know the cause of Schumacher's tyre failure, and unless the cars could be slowed down in turn 13, Michelin's tyres would be unsafe and unsuitable for use during the race.[32] Whiting replied, expressing his surprise that Michelin had not brought along a second set of tyres. Instead, he suggested that the teams be informed of the maximum safe speed in turn 13, and offered to monitor the turn by penalising any excess speed on the Michelin cars. He also addressed several solutions which had been proposed by the teams, insisting that use of the tyres flown in overnight would result in penalties, and the placement of a chicane in the turn was "out of the question"—the race would not be sanctioned by the FIA (making it a non-championship race) if the track layout was changed. He deemed the Michelin teams' proposals to be "grossly unfair" to the Bridgestone teams.[32] In a second letter, Dupasquier and Shorrock announced that they would not permit their teams to race on Michelin's tyres. The race then took place with only the three Bridgestone teams (Ferrari, Jordan and Minardi) taking part. The race was won by Michael Schumacher.

Make Cars Green campaign

Rubens Barrichello
Nick Heidfeld
Bridgestone used tyres with green grooves for the 2008 Japanese Grand Prix. Rubens Barrichello (top) demonstrates the "prime" compound, whilst Nick Heidfeld (bottom) is running on the "option" compound, distinguished by the fact that one of the grooves is white.

At the 2008 Japanese Grand Prix, the tyres had the grooves painted green, as part of a promotion by the FIA to reduce the impact of motoring on the environment called Make Cars Green. The softer of the two types of tyre still had the second innermost groove painted white, as per normal.[33]

Upon the return of slicks at the beginning of the 2009 season, the white stripe to indicate differences between the tyres was no longer possible due to the lack of grooves on the tyres. Subsequently, in a continuation of the Make Cars Green tyres in Japan, Bridgestone painted the sidewalls of the option tyre green instead.

Tyre summary

Rain tyres (full wets) as seen on Lewis Hamilton's car during the 2016 Monaco Grand Prix

There are eight tyre compounds available for the 2023 season. Two of these are for wet weather driving, the intermediate (indicated by a green sidewall) for light standing water conditions, and the full wet (indicated by a blue sidewall) for heavy standing water. These are available to all the teams at every Grand Prix. Pirelli announced a change to the available tyre compounds for 2023, with a compound to be inserted between the old C1 and C2 compounds. This change is supposed to provide teams with more flexible strategy options after criticism towards the original C1 compound for a large drop in grip compared to the other tyres.[34] The remaining six tyre compounds are for dry running and are denoted C0 to C5, with C0 being the hardest tyre, meaning it provides the least grip but is the most durable, and C5 being the softest, having the most grip but being the least durable. The six tyre compounds form a sliding scale of durability and grip levels.

Pirelli nominates three of the compounds to be run at each race. Of these three, the hardest compound is named the hard tyre for the weekend and is denoted by a white sidewall, while the softest compound is named the soft and is denoted by a red sidewall, with the third of the nominated tyres named the medium tyre which is denoted by a yellow side wall. Drivers have to use at least two of the dry weather compound tyres during a race, unless the race is affected by wet weather.

With the intention of making tyre usage more sustainable in the future, Formula One will trial a reduction in allocated tyre sets from 13 to 11 at two races in 2023. At these races the use of tyres in qualifying will be mandated as hard in Q1, medium in Q2 and soft in Q3, assuming that the weather is dry. Teams are usually free to choose which tyre compound they run during qualifying.[35]

These are the eight Formula One tyre compounds supplied by Pirelli for the 2023 season
No. Compound details Tread Driving conditions Speed Grip Durability
C0 F1 tire Pirelli PZero White 18.svg Hard
(white)		 Does not appear Slick Dry 6 – Slowest 6 – Least grip 1 – Most durable
C1 F1 tire Pirelli PZero Yellow 18.svg Medium
(yellow)		 Does not appear 5 5 2
C2 F1 tire Pirelli PZero Red 18.svg Soft
(red)		 4 4 3
C3 3 3 4
C4 Does not appear 2 2 5
C5 Does not appear 1 – Fastest 1 – Most grip 6 – Least durable
– F1 tire Pirelli Cinturato Green 18.svg Intermediate
(green)		 Treaded Wet
(light standing water)		 N/A
– F1 tire Pirelli Cinturato Blue 18.svg Wet
(blue)		 Wet
(heavy standing water)		 N/A
Source:[36]

Manufacturers

From 2011 onwards, the Italian manufacturer Pirelli is the sole tyre supplier.[12] The deal is currently set to last until the 2027 season.[37]

Past manufacturers include:

  • Avon
  • Bridgestone
  • Continental
  • Dunlop
  • Englebert
  • Firestone
  • Goodyear
  • Michelin

Tyre manufacturers by season

The manufacturer that is competing in 2023 is shown in bold. These results are correct as of the 2023 Abu Dhabi Grand Prix.

Season Manufacturer 1 Wins Manufacturer 2 Wins Manufacturer 3 Wins Manufacturer 4 Wins Manufacturer 5 Wins Manufacturer 6 Wins
1950 Pirelli 6 Firestone 1 Dunlop 0 Englebert 0
1951 Pirelli 7 Firestone 1 Dunlop 0 Englebert 0
1952 Pirelli 7 Firestone 1 Dunlop 0 Englebert 0
1953 Pirelli 8 Firestone 1 Dunlop 0 Englebert 0
1954 Pirelli 4 Continental 4 Firestone 1 Englebert 0 Dunlop 0 Avon 0
1955 Continental 5 Englebert 1 Firestone 1 Pirelli 0 Dunlop 0
1956 Englebert 5 Pirelli 2 Firestone 1 Dunlop 0 Avon 0
1957 Pirelli 7 Firestone 1 Englebert 0 Dunlop 0 Avon 0
1958 Dunlop 7 Englebert 2 Continental 1 Firestone 1 Pirelli 0 Avon 0
1959 Dunlop 8 Firestone 1 Avon 0
1960 Dunlop 9 Firestone 1
1961 Dunlop 8
1962 Dunlop 9
1963 Dunlop 10
1964 Dunlop 10 Goodyear 0
1965 Dunlop 9 Goodyear 1
1966 Goodyear 4 Dunlop 3 Firestone 2
1967 Firestone 6 Goodyear 5 Dunlop 0
1968 Firestone 6 Goodyear 3 Dunlop 3
1969 Dunlop 6 Goodyear 3 Firestone 2
1970 Firestone 10 Dunlop 2 Goodyear 1
1971 Goodyear 7 Firestone 4
1972 Firestone 7 Goodyear 5
1973 Goodyear 15 Firestone 0
1974 Goodyear 15 Firestone 0
1975 Goodyear 14 Firestone 0
1976 Goodyear 16 Dunlop 0 Bridgestone 0
1977 Goodyear 17 Dunlop 0 Bridgestone 0 Michelin 0
1978 Goodyear 11 Michelin 5
1979 Goodyear 8 Michelin 7
1980 Goodyear 11 Michelin 3
1981 Michelin 13 Goodyear 2 Avon 0 Pirelli 0
1982 Goodyear 8 Michelin 8 Pirelli 0 Avon 0
1983 Michelin 9 Goodyear 6 Pirelli 0
1984 Michelin 14 Goodyear 2 Pirelli 0
1985 Goodyear 15 Pirelli 1
1986 Goodyear 15 Pirelli 1
1987 Goodyear 16
1988 Goodyear 16
1989 Goodyear 16 Pirelli 0
1990 Goodyear 16 Pirelli 0
1991 Goodyear 15 Pirelli 1
1992 Goodyear 16
1993 Goodyear 16
1994 Goodyear 16
1995 Goodyear 17
1996 Goodyear 16
1997 Goodyear 17 Bridgestone 0
1998 Bridgestone 9 Goodyear 7
1999 Bridgestone 16
2000 Bridgestone 17
2001 Bridgestone 13 Michelin 4
2002 Bridgestone 15 Michelin 2
2003 Bridgestone 9 Michelin 7
2004 Bridgestone 15 Michelin 3
2005 Michelin 18 Bridgestone 1
2006 Michelin 9 Bridgestone 9
2007 Bridgestone 17
2008 Bridgestone 18
2009 Bridgestone 17
2010 Bridgestone 19
2011 Pirelli 19
2012 Pirelli 20
2013 Pirelli 19
2014 Pirelli 19
2015 Pirelli 19
2016 Pirelli 21
2017 Pirelli 20
2018 Pirelli 21
2019 Pirelli 21
2020 Pirelli 17
2021 Pirelli 22
2022 Pirelli 22
2023 Pirelli 22

Records

Ordered by number of races won. The manufacturer that is competing in 2023 is shown in bold. These results are correct as of the 2023 Abu Dhabi Grand Prix.

Pos Manufacturer Seasons[38] Starts Wins % Sole
supplier 		First win Last win World Championships
Drivers Constr.
1 United States Goodyear 1964–1998 494 368 74.49% 113[39] 1965 Mexican Grand Prix 1998 Italian Grand Prix 24 26
2 Italy Pirelli 1950–1958
1981–1986
1989–1991
2011–present 		461[40] 306 66.38% 261[41] 1950 British Grand Prix 2023 Abu Dhabi Grand Prix 19 13
3 Japan Bridgestone 1976–1977
1997–2010[42] 		244 175 71.72% 116[43] 1998 Australian Grand Prix 2010 Abu Dhabi Grand Prix 11 11
4 France Michelin 1977–1984
2001–2006 		215 102 47.44% 0 1978 Brazilian Grand Prix 2006 Japanese Grand Prix 6 4
5 United Kingdom Dunlop 1950–1970
1976–1977 		175 83 47.42% 37[44] 1958 Monaco Grand Prix 1970 Belgian Grand Prix 8 9
6 United States Firestone 1950–1960
1966–1975 		121 48 40.49% 11[45] 1950 Indianapolis 500 1972 Italian Grand Prix 4 3
7 Germany Continental 1954–1955
1958 		13 10 76.92% 0 1954 French Grand Prix 1958 Argentine Grand Prix 2 0
8 Belgium Englebert 1950–1958 61 8 13.11% 0 1955 Monaco Grand Prix 1958 British Grand Prix 2 0
9 United Kingdom Avon 1954–1958
1981–1982 		29 0 0.00% 0 N/A N/A 0 0

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "The Evolution of Race Tyres". https://www.stuckey.com.au/News-and-Info/ArtMID/462/ArticleID/14/The-Evolution-of-Race-Tyres. 
  2. ↑ Ernst, Kurt (12 August 2013). "Montjuic, 1971: When Formula 1 met racing slicks". https://www.hemmings.com/blog/2013/08/12/montjuic-1971-when-formula-1-met-racing-slicks/. 
  3. ↑ "Ferrari 312T - F1technical.net". https://www.f1technical.net/f1db/cars/335/ferrari-312t. 
  4. ↑ "Ferrari F1 87-88 - F1technical.net" (in en-gb). https://www.f1technical.net/f1db/cars/615/ferrari-f1-87-88. 
  5. ↑ "F1 rules and stats 1990-1999" (in en-gb). https://www.f1technical.net/articles/62. 
  6. ↑ "Motor Racing: Goodyear to leave F1 after 30 years" (in en). 1997-11-20. https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/motor-racing-goodyear-to-leave-f1-after-30-years-1295171.html. 
  7. ↑ De Groote, Steven (3 July 2008). "Tyre use in Formula One". f1technical.net. http://www.f1technical.net/articles/1. 
  8. ↑ FIA (2007-07-13). "Formula One - Sporting Regulations - 2007". Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile. https://argent.fia.com/web/fia-public.nsf/1754DB4574B7A2C0C1257329003642F0/$FILE/2007-F1-SPORTING_REG_13-07-2007.pdf?Openelement. 
  9. ↑ FIA (2008-02-22). "Formula One - Technical Regulations - 2008". Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile. https://argent.fia.com/web/fia-public.nsf/115F0A1E47E0A282C12573FB0042CB0D/$FILE/1-2008%20F1%20TECHNICAL%20REGULATIONS%2022-02-2008.pdf. 
  10. ↑ FIA (11 July 2008). "Formula One - Technical Regulations - 2009". Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile. http://argent.fia.com/web/fia-public.nsf/90D889BE20961303C1257483004B8AC0/$FILE/1-2009%20F1%20TECHNICAL%20REGULATIONS%2011-07-2008.pdf. 
  11. ↑ "Michelin to return to F1 in 2001" (in en). https://www.autosport.com/f1/news/michelin-to-return-to-f1-in-2001-5038546/5038546/. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 "Officially Official: Bridgestone signs exclusive deal with F1" (in en). https://www.autoblog.com/2007/12/26/officially-official-bridgestone-signs-exclusive-deal-with-f1/. 
  13. ↑ "Bridgestone to Drop Formula One Pact". The Wall Street Journal. https://pitfirst.com/bridgestone-the-legendary-f1-tyre-supplier/. 
  14. ↑ English, Steven (2 November 2009). "Bridgestone to quit F1 after 2010". Autosport. http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/79968. 
  15. ↑ Staff (23 June 2010). "Pirelli tyres, adjustable rear wings among 2011 changes". http://www.formula1.com/news/headlines/2010/6/10935.html. 
  16. ↑ "Tyre Blog". tyreblog.co.uk. http://www.tyreblog.co.uk/2010/pirelli-begin-tyre-testing-for-new-f1-season-549. 
  17. ↑ GMM (6 September 2010). "GP2 series to use Pirelli's F1 tyres in 2011" (in en-AU). Motorsport.com. https://www.motorsport.com/au/f1/news/gp2-series-to-use-pirelli-s-f1-tyres-in-2011/2493664/. 
  18. ↑ "Règlements 2010: technique et sportif - ZoneF1.com" (in fr). 2010. http://www.zonef1.com/2010/reglements.php. 
  19. ↑ "Pirelli extend their Formula 1 contract with the FIA until 2019" (in en). https://www.skysports.com/f1/news/12433/10317123/pirelli-extend-their-formula-1-contract-with-the-fia-until-2019. 
  20. ↑ Pirelli tyres to have six different colours for 2011 Formula 1 season [1][yes|permanent dead link|dead link}}]. Retrieved 28 March 2011
  21. ↑ Pirelli tweak ahead of Malaysia [2][yes|permanent dead link|dead link}}] 7 April 2011
  22. ↑ "New markings for Pirelli's tyres | Planet F1 | Formula One News". http://www.planetf1.com/driver/3213/6889405/New-markings-for-Pirelli-s-tyres. 
  23. ↑ Parkes, Ian. "How the 2016 Formula 1 tyre rules will work". http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/122220. 
  24. ↑ "Tyres". https://www.formula1.com/en/championship/inside-f1/understanding-f1-racing/Tyres.html. 
  25. ↑ "GP2 series to use Pirelli's F1 tyres in 2011 - Formula 1 News" (in en-AU). https://www.motorsport.com/au/f1/news/gp2-series-to-use-pirelli-s-f1-tyres-in-2011/2493664/. 
  26. ↑ "Pink hypersoft and orange superhard join Pirelli's 2018 tyre line-up". https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/headlines/2017/11/pink-hypersoft-and-orange-superhard-join-pirellis-2018-tyre-line.html. 
  27. ↑ "Pirelli reveal design tweak for 2019 testing compounds | Formula 1®" (in en). https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article.pirelli-reveal-tyre-markings-for-2019-testing-compounds.U32qSAUWN4TjyN6kCMZWr.html. 
  28. ↑ Michelin: Tyres not flawed, just unsuitable. www.crash.net . Retrieved 2 December 2006
  29. ↑ Bridgestone take pop at Michelin over USGP '05. www.crash.net . Retrieved 2 December 2006
  30. ↑ Michelin looking to fly in new tyres www.-itv-f1.com . Retrieved 5 August 2006
  31. ↑ Stoddart comments on US Grand Prix www.motorsport.com . Retrieved 5 August 2006
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 Letters between representatives of Michelin and Charlie Whiting, the FIA Formula One Race Director www.newsonf1.net. Retrieved 5 August 2006
  33. ↑ F1 tyres to promote 'green' push. Retrieved 8 October 2008
  34. ↑ "Pirelli expand 2023 tyre F1 range with sixth compound 'C0'". 20 November 2022. https://www.racefans.net/2022/11/20/racefans-round-up-20-11-5/. 
  35. ↑ "F1 to trial tweaked qualifying format in 2023". 2 May 2022. https://www.autosport.com/f1/news/f1-to-trial-tweaked-qualifying-format-in-2023/10264787/. 
  36. ↑ "F1® tires". Pirelli. 6 March 2021. https://www.pirelli.com/tires/en-us/motorsport/f1/tires. 
  37. ↑ "Pirelli to continue as Formula 1’s exclusive tyre supplier until 2027". Formula 1 Press Release. https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article.pirelli-to-continue-as-formula-1s-exclusive-tyre-supplier-until-2027.7xJIxJyMe84N3p7k4iIMjK.html. 
  38. ↑ In depth tyre manufacturers history in F1 www.statsf1.com. Retrieved 17 August 2007
  39. ↑ Goodyear was sole tyre supplier in F1 in 1987–1988 and 1992–1996.
  40. ↑ "Pirelli". https://www.statsf1.com/en/pirelli/grand-prix.aspx. 
  41. ↑ Pirelli has been the sole tyre supplier in F1 from the start of the 2011 season.
  42. ↑ Bridgestone provided tyres in a limited capacity at the 1976 and 1977 Japanese Grand Prix, then for the full season from 1997 through 2010.
  43. ↑ Bridgestone was sole tyre supplier in F1 in 1999–2000 and 2007–2010.
  44. ↑ Dunlop was sole tyre supplier in F1 in 1960–1963.
  45. ↑ Firestone was sole tyre supplier at the Indianapolis 500 races in 1950–1960.

External links



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