Engineering:Hwasong-11D

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The Hwasong-11D[lower-alpha 1] (Korean: 《화성포-11라》형; lit. Mars Artillery Type 11D) is a North Korean single-stage, solid-fueled tactical ballistic missile. First unveiled in April 2022 with a flight test, Hwasong-11D is a smaller version of Hwasong-11A (KN-23), with a smaller size and a shorter range. Hwasong-11D is reported to be entered mass production.

Description

Images of the Hwasong-11D
3-axle TEL
Launch of the missile

Missile

Hwasong-11D is the smaller variant of Hwasong-11A, with a shorter range and smaller size.[6][7] It has the same general structure as its baseline version and Hwasong-11B.[8] It is also claimed to be the ground-based version of a submarine-launched ballistic missile first tested on 19 October 2021,[9] later identified as Hwasong-11S.[10] Its range, which is estimated to be 100–300 km (62–186 mi),[11] led Hwasong-11D to be classified as a close-range ballistic missile (CRBM).[12] It is smaller than the operational range of Hwasong-11A and similar to the Hwasong-11 (KN-02). It is assessed that Hwasong-11D could be a counterpart to the South Korean's KTSSM, especially the role. The launches were accompanied with a statement, associating them with the development of tactical nuclear weapons.[13] Hwasong-11D follows a near-ballistic trajectory, with approximately 50 km (31 mi) apogee. This low apogee, combined with its short flight time and terminal maneuverability, makes it difficult for traditional missile defense systems to detect and intercept. Moreover, the missile’s improved accuracy reduces the number of missiles required to attack the target. Also, Hwasong-11D can have better survivability against missile defenses if the missile is equipped with smaller and lighter tactical nuclear warheads and retaining the Hwasong-11A's maneuverability, thus allowing it to threaten shorter range targets.[14]

As a missile that was developed to "enhance the effectiveness of tactical nuclear operation", Hwasong-11D is claimed to be capable of carrying a 250–500 kg (550–1,100 lb) payload. The payload can be a conventional, high-explosive or chemical warhead. The missile can also be armed with the Hwasan-31 tactical nuclear warhead.[3][9][15]

Assuming a weight of 1,500 kg (3,300 lb), it is possible that Hwasong-11D can be carried by Korean People's Army Air Force's Harbin H-5/Ilyushin Il-28 after necessary modifications.[16]

Launcher

Basic type

According to North Korea, the Hwasong-11D missile system, including the launcher, was personally designed by Kim Jong Un as a "new pivotal attack weapon" of North Korean forces.[11][17] The launcher is a three-axle truck,[18] estimated to be 8.5 m (28 ft) long and 3 m (9.8 ft) wide.[19] Each basic-type launcher can deploy up to four Hwasong-11D missiles.[14]

Modular type

During a military parade held on 10 October 2025, North Korea unveiled a modular three-axle launcher of Hwasong-11D.[20] A HIMARS-like vehicle,[21] it has two modules, each of which can carry a single Hwasong-11D missile, or multiple rocket launchers.[20]

History

Hwasong-11D made its public debut on 16 April 2022, with a flight test. At the time of debut, the missile's official designation was unknown. Nine days later, on 25 April 2022, North Korea displayed Hwasong-11D during a military parade; however, North Korea also did not name the missile.[18][22]

Further test-fires of Hwasong-11D occurred on 2 November 2022 and on 9 March 2023.[10][23] Between these test-fires, North Korea displayed Hwasong-11D during a military parade on 8 February 2023.[24]

The missile’s official name was revealed in the KCNA's report on the new Hwasan-31 nuclear warhead in late March 2023.[25][26] Despite this, in its 2024 appearances, North Korea only described Hwasong-11D as "tactical ballistic missile" without mentioning official name directly.[27][28]

List of tests

According to the International Institute for Strategic Studies, since 2022, Hwasong-11D has been test-fired at least nine times.[7]

Confirmed tests

Attempt Date (Pyongyang Standard Time) Location Number of missiles tested Outcome Additional notes References
1 16 April 2022 Hungnam, Hamhung, South Hamgyong Province 2 Success Both missiles were test-fired with 21-minute interval between launches, flew for only 60 seconds and achieved 25 km (16 mi) apogee, 110 km (68 mi) range. Kim Jong Un oversaw the launch. It is the first appearance of Hwasong-11D, but North Korea called the missile as "new-type tactical guided weapon" without revealing its official designation in this test. [9][10][22][29]
2 2 November 2022 Unknown Unknown Unknown On 7 November 2022, North Korea released photos of missile launches from 2 to 5 November, including the images of a Hwasong-11D test fire occurred on 2 November 2022. A photo from the April 2022 test was reused to refer to the November test. North Korea also did not reveal the missile's official name. [23][30]
3 9 March 2023 Taesong Lake, South Pyongan Province 6 Success The launch was supervised by Kim Jong Un and his daughter. Like the 2022 appearances, North Korea also did not reveal the missile's official name. It is possible that at the time of the launch, the missile had already received the official designation, but North Korea did not announce it. [10][31][32]
4 17 May 2024 Wonsan 1 (North Korea)
"Several" (South Korea) 		Success Kim Jong Un supervised the launch. According to North Korean state media, the missile employed a new autonomous navigation system. North Korea did not name Hwasong-11D directly in this test. South Korean's Joint Chiefs of Staff detected the launch of several Hwasong-11D missiles, at 3:10 p.m. (local time). These missiles flew 300 km (190 mi) before landing in waters between South Korea and Japan. [27][33][34]

Unconfirmed tests

According to member states of the United Nations Security Council, some of the eight ballistic missiles fired on 5 June 2022 could be the then-unnamed Hwasong-11D.[9]

Operational usage

At least 45 Hwasong-11D TELs were visible in the KCNA report of Kim Jong Un's inspection to an unnamed missile launcher factory on 8 and 9 January 2024. The report said that the factories had "deployed new weapon types and equipment to the first-line large combined units and major missile units", suggests that Hwasong-11D is operational.[35][36]

On 14 May 2024, Kim Jong Un visited another unnamed factory. Around 99 Hwasong-11D TELs were visible. Three days after the inspection, North Korea conducted another test-fire of Hwasong-11D.[14][37][38]

North Korea held a ceremony to send 250 Hwasong-11D launchers to the frontline military units at the Inter-Korean border on 4 August 2024.[4][11][39][40]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Also known as Hwasong-11Ra, Hwasong-11La, Hwasongpho-11Ra, Hwasongpho-11D and KN-35 (reported external designation).[1][2][3][4][5]

References

  1. ↑ Uyên Phương (15 May 2024). "Ông Kim Jong Un thăm kho vũ khí, nói về quá trình chuẩn bị cho chiến tranh". https://tuoitre.vn/ong-kim-jong-un-tham-kho-vu-khi-noi-ve-qua-trinh-chuan-bi-cho-chien-tranh-20240515144038842.htm. 
  2. ↑ "北朝鮮のファサン31戦術核弾頭の量産とその影響". 4 April 2023. https://news.yahoo.co.jp/expert/articles/ceada2fe6fd0461ab527a25c9c8140f104bf9fb7. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Brandon J. Weichert (2025-04-16). "North Korea’s New Close-Range Ballistic Missile Could Be a Game Changer". https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/north-koreas-new-close-range-ballistic-missile-could-be-a-game-changer. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 "Şimali Koreya Ordusuna çox sayda “Hwasong-11D” raket kompleksi tədarük edilib" (in az). 5 August 2024. https://poliqon.az/simali-koreya-ordusuna-cox-sayda-hwasong-11d-raket-kompleksi-tedaruk-edilib/. 
  5. ↑ "[단독美, 北 CRBM에 코드명 ‘KN-35’ 붙였다…KN-25 이후 30번대 넘버링 첫 확인"] (in ko). 2025-04-13. https://www.joongang.co.kr/article/25328185. 
  6. ↑ Tianran Xu (8 August 2023). "Brief on 27 July 2023 Parade of the DPRK". p. 6. https://opennuclear.org/sites/default/files/2023-08/Xu-Brief%20on%2027%20July%202023%20Parade%20of%20the%20DPRK-8%20Aug%202023_1.pdf. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Gwadera, Zuzanna (24 August 2024). "North Korea doubles down on short-range ballistic-missile production" (in en). https://www.iiss.org/online-analysis/missile-dialogue-initiative/2024/08/north-korea-doubles-down-on-short-range-ballistic-missile-production/. 
  8. ↑ "DPRK Military Parade Viewbook 2022". 2022-04-21. p. 14. https://opennuclear.org/sites/default/files/2022-04/DPRK%20Parade%20ViewBook%2020220421.pptx_.pdf. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 "S/2022/668". 7 September 2022. pp. 24, 29-30, 143. https://www.securitycouncilreport.org/atf/cf/%7B65BFCF9B-6D27-4E9C-8CD3-CF6E4FF96FF9%7D/N2260853.pdf. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 "The CNS North Korea Missile Test Database". https://www.nti.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/north_korea_missile_test_database.xlsx. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 Abhishek Bhardwaj (5 August 2024). "North Korea deploys 250 nuclear-capable missile launchers near South Korea". https://interestingengineering.com/military/north-korea-ballistic-missile-launcher. 
  12. ↑ Kim Hwan-yong (5 August 2024). "Error: no |title= specified when using {{Cite web}}". https://www.voakorea.com/a/7730149.html. "북한 매체들이 공개한 사진을 보면 인도된 무기체계는 사거리가 110km 가량인 근거리 탄도미사일(CRBM) ‘화성-11-라’의 발사대인 것으로 추정됩니다. (Photos released by North Korean media suggest the delivered weapon system is believed to be a launcher for the Hwasong-11D close-range ballistic missile (CRBM), with a range of approximately 110 km.)" 
  13. ↑ Vann H. Van Diepen (25 April 2022). "North Korea's New Short-Range Ballistic Missile". https://www.38north.org/2022/04/north-koreas-new-short-range-ballistic-missile/. 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 Quỳnh Như (17 May 2024). "Triều Tiên tăng cường sản xuất tên lửa đạn đạo". https://tienphong.vn/trieu-tien-tang-cuong-san-xuat-ten-lua-dan-dao-post1637929.tpo. 
  15. ↑ Yang Uk (29 June 2023). "북한의 최신 핵무기 개발 현황: 핵그림자를 드리우는 북한의 인지전 시도". https://www.asaninst.org/bbs/board.php?bo_table=s1_1&wr_id=397. 
  16. ↑ Tianran Xu (21 September 2023). "Nuclearization of the KPAN: Expansion of the DPRK's Sea-Based Nuclear Capabilities". https://opennuclear.org/sites/default/files/2023-09/Xu-Nuclearization%20of%20the%20KPAN-Expansion%20of%20the%20DPRKs%20Sea-Based%20Nuclear-21%20Sep%202023%20Capabilities.pdf. "The DPRK has developed a small aero-ballistic missile referred to as the Hwasong-11Ra [Hwasong-11D]. Assuming that the Hwasong-11Ra has a weight comparable to that of its ROK counterpart, the KTSSM (1.5 tons), it may be possible for the Harbin H-5/Il-28 of the KPAF to carry at least one Hwasong-11Ra after necessary modifications [...]" 
  17. ↑ Micah McCartney (26 August 2024). "North Korea Missile Launchers Pose Fresh Threat". https://www.newsweek.com/north-korea-missile-launchers-fresh-threat-1944359. 
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 "Overview of the DPRK's 25 April 2022 Military Parade". 2 May 2022. p. 18. https://opennuclear.org/sites/default/files/2022-05/25%20April%202022%20DPRK%20parade_0_0.pdf. 
  19. ↑ Jasmine Laws (13 August 2024). "North Korea Satellite Images Show Huge Weapons Factory: Report". https://www.newsweek.com/north-korea-satellite-images-reportedly-show-weapons-factory-1938582. "The launchers are believed to be designed for Hwasong-11D short-range ballistic missiles (SRBM) because they measure around 8.5 meters in length and 3 meters in width [...]" 
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Colin Zwirko (10 October 2025). "North Korea showcases new long-range nukes at rain-soaked military parade". https://www.nknews.org/2025/10/north-korea-showcases-long-range-nukes-at-rain-soaked-military-parade/. "Photos show North Korea also unvelied a new three-axle missile launch vehicle with two interchangeable modules, which can each hold a single Hwasong-11D short-range ballistic missile (SRBM), a nine-tube 240mm MLRS or a shorter canister for 122mm rockets." 
  21. ↑ Hoàng Vũ (14 October 2025). "HIMARS phiên bản Triều Tiên xuất hiện tại Bình Nhưỡng". https://1thegioi.vn/himars-phien-ban-trieu-tien-xuat-hien-tai-binh-nhuong-238822.html. 
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 "Respected Comrade Kim Jong Un Observes Test-fire of New-type Tactical Guided Weapon". 17 April 2022. http://kcna.co.jp/item/2022/202204/news17/20220417-01ee.html.  For images, see 1, 2, 3.
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 "S/2023/171". 7 March 2023. p. 182. https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/gen/n23/037/94/pdf/n2303794.pdf. 
  24. ↑ Vann H. Van Diepen (15 February 2023). "North Korea's Feb. 8 Parade Highlights ICBMs and Tactical Nukes". https://www.38north.org/2023/02/north-koreas-feb-8-parade-highlights-icbms-and-tactical-nukes/. 
  25. ↑ Colin Zwirko (3 April 2023). "North Korea reveals internal names for several missile systems: Analysis". https://www.nknews.org/pro/north-korea-reveals-internal-names-for-several-missile-systems-analysis/. 
  26. ↑ "Respected Comrade Kim Jong Un Guides Work for Mounting Nuclear Warheads on Ballistic Missiles". 28 March 2023. http://kcna.co.jp/item/2023/202303/news28/20230328-01ee.html. 
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 "DPRK Missile Administration Conducts Test Fire of Tactical Ballistic Missile That Employs New Technology". 18 May 2024. http://kcna.kp/en/article/q/a3ea1d7ef982835b7c338fa11697282e.kcmsf. 
  28. ↑ "Commissioning Ceremony of Ultimate Weaponry Demonstrating Sure Victory of Cause of Building Powerful Army - Ceremony for Celebrating Transfer and Receiving of New-Type Tactical Ballistic Missile System Takes Place with Splendour". 5 August 2024. http://kcna.kp/en/article/q/a713c2df6798b0f051a4fac14e5953be.kcmsf. 
  29. ↑ "S/2024/215". 7 March 2024. p. 127. https://www.securitycouncilreport.org/atf/cf/%7B65BFCF9B-6D27-4E9C-8CD3-CF6E4FF96FF9%7D/S%202024%20215.pdf. "The Hwasong 11Ra, also designated Hwasong 11D, is a smaller variant of the Hwasong 11Ga (KN-23). It was first seen when fired on 16 April 2022." 
  30. ↑ "Escalating Tensions on the Korean Peninsula". 11 November 2022. https://opennuclear.org/open-nuclear-network/publication/escalating-tensions-korean-peninsula. 
  31. ↑ "Respected Comrade Kim Jong Un Watches Fire Assault Drill". 10 March 2023. http://kcna.co.jp/item/2023/202303/news10/20230310-01ee.html.  For images, see 1, 2 and 3.
  32. ↑ "北朝鮮が新型小型短距離弾道ミサイル6発同時発射" (in ja). 10 March 2023. https://news.yahoo.co.jp/expert/articles/044f2f8810d583c967db7827d1fc6cc2f6d4da39. "新型小型短距離弾道ミサイルは火星砲の名称が与えられているようですが、型番はまだ発表されていません。 (The new small, short-range ballistic missile appears to receive the Hwasongpho designation, but the number has not yet been announced.)" 
  33. ↑ Mahadzir, Dzirhan (2024-05-22). "North Korea Launches Ballistic Missile Following U.S. Air Force Drills" (in en-US). https://news.usni.org/2024/05/22/north-korea-launches-ballistic-missile-following-u-s-air-force-drills. 
  34. ↑ "North Korea confirms missile launch, Kim Jong Un vows bolstered nuclear force" (in en-US). 2024-05-18. https://www.france24.com/en/asia-pacific/20240518-n-korea-confirms-missile-launch-vows-bolstered-nuclear-force. 
  35. ↑ Colin Zwirko (10 January 2024). "Kim Jong Un visits missile launcher factory, demands 'flaws' in production fixed". https://www.nknews.org/2024/01/kim-jong-un-visits-missile-launcher-factory-demands-flaws-in-production-fixed/. 
  36. ↑ "Respected Comrade Kim Jong Un Inspects Major Munitions Factories". 10 January 2024. http://kcna.kp/en/article/q/4fcc783b186596b53a1304d2c2701419.kcmsf. 
  37. ↑ Vann H. Van Diepen (29 May 2024). "North Korea Claims "Autonomous" Guidance and Big Deployments of Its New Small Solid SRBM". https://www.38north.org/2024/05/north-korea-claims-autonomous-guidance-and-big-deployments-of-its-new-small-solid-srbm/. 
  38. ↑ "Respected Comrade Kim Jong Un Learns about Production of Major Weapons and Equipment". 15 May 2024. http://kcna.kp/en/article/q/0d6c4118f4b28ff52983d60358458c07.kcmsf. 
  39. ↑ "North Korea claims it's sending 250 new missile launchers toward the South Korean border". 4 August 2024. https://edition.cnn.com/2024/08/04/asia/north-korea-new-missile-launchers-border-intl-hnk/index.html. 
  40. ↑ Colin Zwirko (5 August 2024). "North Korea says it deployed nuclear-capable missiles to South Korean border". https://www.nknews.org/2024/08/north-korea-hands-over-250-tactical-missile-systems-to-units-on-rok-border/. 

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