Engineering:Instamatic

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Short description: Film camera brand from Kodak
For the film formats associated with the Instamatic and Pocket Instamatic camera ranges, see 126 film and 110 film respectively.

The Instamatic is a series of inexpensive, easy-to-load 126 and 110 cameras made by Kodak beginning in 1963.[1] The Instamatic was immensely successful, introducing a generation to low-cost photography and spawning numerous imitators.

During its heyday, the range was so ubiquitous that the Instamatic name is still frequently used as a generic trademark to refer to any inexpensive point-and-shoot camera. It is also frequently used incorrectly to describe Kodak's Kodamatic line of instant-picture cameras.

The Instamatic name was also used by Kodak on some Super 8-based home-cine cameras.[2]

History

Early Instamatics

  • Instamatic 50 with Kodacolor-X 126 film cartridge

  • Hawkeye Instamatic, functionally equivalent to the 50[3]

  • The Instamatic 100, the first Instamatic sold in the US

  • Instamatic 104, equivalent to the 100 with flashcube interface

  • Instamatic 300

  • Instamatic 404, with selenium meter-controlled aperture, Cooke triplet lens and spring wind

  • German-built Instamatic 500 with Schneider Kreuznach Xenar lens

  • Instamatic 714

The lead designer for the Instamatic program was Dean M. Peterson (original design by Alexander Gow), also later known for most of the innovations in the point-and-shoot camera revolution of the 1980s. They were the first cameras to use Kodak's new 126 format. The easy-load film cartridge made the cameras very inexpensive to produce, as it provided the film backing plate and exposure counter itself and thus saved considerable design complexity and manufacturing cost for the cameras. A wide variety of print and slide film was sold by Kodak in the 126 format.

The first Instamatic to be released was the Instamatic 50, which appeared in the United Kingdom in February 1963. The first model released in the US was the basic Instamatic 100, approximately one month later, which included a built-in flashgun for single-use AG-1 "peanut" bulbs, a feature lacking in the 50. With non-adjustable aperture, focus, and shutter speed (​1⁄90 sec.),[4] it continued in the tradition of Kodak's earlier Brownie cameras, providing a simple snapshot camera anyone could use.

The first Instamatics went on sale for $16 in early 1963[5] and were soon followed by the 300 (which had a light meter), the 400 (which had a light meter and a spring driven film advance), and the 700 (which had a light meter and adjustable focus and shutter speeds).[6] Early fixed-focus Instamatics used either a 43 mm f/11 plastic lens or a 41 mm f/8 Kodar glass lens;[3] the 700 was equipped with a marginally wider and much faster 38 mm Ektar/Ektanar f/2.8 lens.[7] The final digit in the model designation (e.g., 100 or 104) refers to the type of flash used: models ending in 0 had a built-in flashgun, while those ending in 4 (introduced in 1965)[8] used flashcubes.

The lineup was soon expanded to include a variety of models from the basic but popular 100/104 to the automatic exposure 800/804, which featured an aluminum chassis, rangefinder, selenium light meter, and clockwork spring wind. The best model made in the USA was the 814, which had a four-element lens and a coupled range-finder.[9][10] The top-of-the-line model was the Instamatic Reflex (1969), a single-lens reflex camera which was made in Germany and could accept a variety of Retina S-mount lenses.[11] Some German-built Instamatic cameras such as the 250 and 500 included fixed lenses made by Rodenstock and Schneider Kreuznach.[12]:16–17

  • 126-format SLR cameras

  • Kodak Instamatic Reflex

  • Ricoh 126C-flex

  • Rollei SL26

  • Zeiss Ikon Contaflex 126

Commercial success

Instamatic 277-X, a later model with a "Magicube" flashbulb cartridge attached

The Instamatic was an instant success; more than 50 million Instamatic cameras were produced between 1963 and 1970.[1] Kodak even gave away a considerable number in a joint promotion with Scott paper towels in the early 1970s in order to generate a large number of new photographers and stimulate lasting demand for its film business.

Many other manufacturers attempted to capitalize on the popularity of the Instamatic with their own 126 cameras, including Canon, Olympus, Minolta, Ricoh, Zeiss Ikon, and even Rollei. Some of these models were far more sophisticated and expensive than the majority of the Kodak cameras: the Rollei SL26, for instance, featured interchangeable lenses (28mm, 40mm, and 80mm), TTL metering, and a rangefinder, and retailed for $300.[11]

A new series of Instamatics was introduced in 1970 to take advantage of the new Magicube flash technology. Magicubes used mechanically triggered pyrotechnic detonators for each bulb, eliminating the need to carry batteries. Instamatics with Magicube sockets were denoted by an "X" in the model number (e.g. X-15 or 55X).[8]

Instamatic lenses[12]:16–17
Focal length Aperture range Construction Focus Cameras
43 mm f/11–11 1e 15 ft (4.6 m) (fixed) 104, 154
41 mm Kodar f/8–32 3e 15 ft (4.6 m) (fixed) 304, 404
38 mm Ektanar f/2.8–64 3e 3 ft (0.91 m)–∞ 704, 804
38 mm Reomar (Rodenstock) f/2.8–22 3e 2.5 ft (0.76 m)–∞ 250
38 mm Xenar (Schneider) f/2.8–22 4e 2.5 ft (0.76 m)–∞ 500
45 mm Xenar f/2.8–? 4e 3.3 ft (1.0 m)–∞ Instamatic Reflex
50 mm Xenon f/1.9–? 6e 2 ft (0.61 m)–∞

Pocket Instamatic (110 format)

Kodak Pocket Instamatic 60 using 110 film.

In 1972, Kodak introduced the Pocket Instamatic series for its new 110 format.[13] The 110 cartridge had the same easy-load cartridge design with an integral take-up spool as the 126 format, but was much smaller, allowing the cameras to be very compact (hence the "Pocket" designation). Many of the cameras carry a four-character date code inside the film compartment or on the film door.[14]

At launch in the United States, there were five models: in ascending order of sophistication, the Pocket Instamatic 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60. The top-of-the-line model was the Pocket Instamatic 60, which featured a stainless steel body, rangefinder, and automatic exposure with a four-element 26 mm f/2.7 Ektar lens. Programmed autoexposure selected an appropriate combination of aperture, with shutter speeds ranging from ​1⁄250 to 10 seconds. The 50 shared the same lens and autoexposure system, but dropped the rangefinder for scale focusing. The 40 had a much slower 25 mm f/8 three-element lens and two-position focusing, and the 30 had an even slower 25 mm f/9.5 fixed-focus lens; both carried a similar programmed autoexposure system. The 20 shared the same 25 mm f/9.5 fixed-focus lens as the 30 and offered a single shutter speed of ​1⁄100 second, which automatically changed to ​1⁄40 when a flashcube was inserted.[15] An entry-level Pocket Instamatic 10 was launched by 1973, with a fixed-focus 25 mm f/11 lens and operation similar to the 20.[16]

Kodak Tele-Instamatic 608

By 1977, the initial lineup had been replaced by the Trimlite Instamatic and Tele-Instamatic lines for the United States. The Trimlite Instamatic 48 was a rebadged Pocket Instamatic 60, carrying the same features as the previous top-line model, and other Trimlites included the 38 (similar to the Pocket 40), 28 (Pocket 30), and 18 (Pocket 10). The Tele-Instamatics featured a sliding teleconverter switch. That line included the 708, which offered a new "multi-element" (three-element 25 mm f/5.6 or four-element 43 mm) lens with scale focusing and programmed autoexposure, similar to the prior Pocket 50, and the 608, which switched the single-element lens from 25 mm to 43 mm, both f/11, with a fixed shutter speed similar to the prior Pocket 20; engaging the teleconverter also would switch the viewfinder.[17]

Kodak introduced a mass-produced aspheric lens for still photography in October 1978 with the Ektramax 110 camera.[18] The lens is a four-element, 25 mm f/1.9 design with scale focusing.[19][20] Three of the elements, including the aspheric one, are molded plastic.[21]

More than 25 million Pocket Instamatics were produced in under three years, and the 110 format remained popular into the 1990s. However, the small negative size (13×17 mm) limited quality when using the film emulsion of the period; in practice most prints were small, so the poor quality was not apparent unless the prints were enlarged beyond postcard size.

Mid-1970s to late 1980s

Loading film cartridge in a Kodak X-15

In 1976, the Instamatic X line was updated for use with the new Flipflash system. These cameras were designated by the addition of the suffix "F" to the model number of the corresponding Magicube model. The basic X-15F was the last Instamatic sold in the United States, remaining on sale until 1988.[8]

Contemporary influence

Detail of Photo Session (Johnson, 1984)

In 1984, Photo Session, a group of four bronze statues created by J. Seward Johnson, Jr., was installed in Queen Elizabeth Park of Vancouver, British Columbia. The statues depict three people posing in front of a mountainous backdrop with a fourth photographing the group using an Instamatic X-35.[22] One of the three statues posing for the photograph was stolen in June 2008;[23] it was recovered without damage two months later.[24]

Hipstamatic, an automated photograph post-processing application for mobile devices released in 2009, used an interface inspired by the Instamatic to produce similar toy camera-like images and was meant to evoke "a simpler-is-better past, an age where cheap, mass-produced plastic cameras were built to last".[25] It was named as one of the top iPhone application "award winners" by Apple in 2010.[26] A few years later, the Instagram social media network included filters "designed to make digital photographs look like snapshots taken with the toy cameras of yesteryear: the Kodak Brownie, the Instamatic, the Polaroid".[27] The simple, geometric physical Instamatic camera design and square image format captured on 126 film directly inspired the updated Instagram logo and aesthetic.[28] Like Hipstamatic, Instagram was named the "iPhone App Of The Year" by Apple in 2011.[29] The two services were combined in 2012 as the inadvertently circular portmanteau Instamatic in Slate.[30]

Instamatic cameras

126 film Instamatic cameras
Generation Made in United States Germany
Lens unbranded 43 mm Kodar 41 mm Ektar & Ektanar 38 mm Reomar & Xenar 38 mm Reomar 38 mm unbranded 43 mm Reomar 41 mm
Focus fixed adjustable fixed
Aperture fixed, f/11 automatic, f/8–32 f/2.8–64 f/5.6 fixed, f/11 f/6.6
Shutter ​1⁄90 ​1⁄60 – ​1⁄250 ​1⁄30 – ​1⁄250 (​1⁄500) ​1⁄80
1 c. 1963–66
AG-1 flashbulb or Magicube 		50, 100/104, 150/154, Hawkeye 300/304, 400/404 700/704, 800/804 250, 500
1.1 c. 1966–68
AG-1 flashbulb or Magicube 		  324 220/224
1.5 c. 1968–71
Magicube 		124, 134, 174 314, 414 714, 814   133, 333[lower-alpha 1] 233
2 c. 1970–77
Magicube 		55X, 77X, 155X, 255X, 355X,[lower-alpha 1] X-15, X-25, X-30 X-35, X-45 X-90   133X, 333X[lower-alpha 1] 233X
Notes
  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 300-series cameras had automatically-controlled shutter speeds ranging from 10s to ​1⁄300

See also

  • List of defunct consumer brands

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Tobin, Tom (2013-03-29). "Kodak Instamatic camera turns 50". Usatoday.com. https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/2013/03/29/instamatic-camera-50-years/2034585/. 
  2. ↑ Kodak Movie Cameras, nwmangum.com. Article retrieved 2006-11-09.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Grey, Jim (17 February 2014). "Kodak Instamatic 104 and Kodak Hawkeye Instamatic". https://blog.jimgrey.net/2014/02/17/kodak-instamatic-104-and-kodak-hawkeye-instamatic/. 
  4. ↑ "Instamatic Retro : Kodak Instamatic 100". Instructables.com. 2008-07-27. http://www.instructables.com/id/Instamatic-Retro/step5/Kodak-Instamatic-100/. 
  5. ↑ Gustavson, Todd (2011). 500 Cameras 170 years of photographic innovation. Sterling Signature. ISBN 978-1-4027-8086-8. 
  6. ↑ Brown, Kevin (October 1963). "Comparing the new quick loaders". Popular Mechanics (Hearst Magazines): 112–115;208;212. https://books.google.com/books?id=CeMDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA208. 
  7. ↑ "Kodak Instamatic 700 camera". Science Museum Group. https://collection.sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk/objects/co8085559/kodak-instamatic-700-camera-camera. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Lothrop, Jr., Eaton S. (January 1988). "Eastman Kodak marks 25 years of foolproof film loading". Popular Photography (Los Angeles, California: Diamandis Communications Inc.) 95 (1): 14. ISSN 0032-4582. https://books.google.com/books?id=r9C54oBQRLgC&pg=PP150. Retrieved 2 March 2023. 
  9. ↑ Durniak, John (December 1969). "Photo gifts for Christmas". Boys' Life (Boy Scouts of America): 32–33;79. https://books.google.com/books?id=ZKRtQ5ap1vQC&pg=PA32. Retrieved 2 March 2023. 
  10. ↑ "Meet the sharper shooter (advertisement)". Popular Mechanics (Hearst Magazines) 132 (1): 193. July 1969. https://books.google.com/books?id=N9gDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA193. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Gallagher, Sheldon M.. "The drop-in film cartridge has come to stay". Popular Mechanics (The Hearst Corporation) 131 (2): 148–150. https://books.google.com/books?id=I9gDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA148. Retrieved 2 March 2023. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Kemp, Weston (1975). Better Pictures with Your KODAK Instamatic Camera. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc.. ISBN 0-13-075994-5. https://archive.org/details/betterpictureswi0000kemp/. Retrieved 2 March 2023. 
  13. ↑ Berger, Ivan (June 1972). "New from Kodak: World's smallest pocket camera for under $30!". Popular Mechanics (The Hearst Corporation) 137 (6): 74–75. https://books.google.com/books?id=MdQDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA74. Retrieved 2 March 2023. 
  14. ↑ "Kodak 110 Instamatic Cameras". https://kodak.3106.net/index.php?p=211. 
  15. ↑ "Kodak Picture-Taking Equipment and Supplies Price Catalog". Eastman Kodak Corporation. 1972. https://www.pacificrimcamera.com/rl/02319/02319.pdf. 
  16. ↑ "Kodak Picture-Taking Equipment and Supplies Price Catalog". Eastman Kodak Corporation. 1973. https://www.pacificrimcamera.com/rl/02433/02433.pdf. 
  17. ↑ "Kodak Picture-Taking Equipment and Supplies Price Catalog". Eastman Kodak Corporation. June 24, 1977. https://www.pacificrimcamera.com/rl/02433/02433.pdf. 
  18. ↑ Ruben, Paul L. (1985). "Design and use of mass-produced aspheres at Kodak". Applied Optics 24 (11): 1682–1688. doi:10.1364/AO.24.001682. 
  19. ↑ Sahagian, Tom (January 1979). "11 new snapshot cameras". Popular Mechanics (The Hearst Corporation) 151 (1): 30;32. https://books.google.com/books?id=i88DAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA32. Retrieved 4 April 2023. 
  20. ↑ "New Cameras, Faster Films, Handy Books". The Washington Post. October 27, 1978. https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1978/10/27/new-cameras-faster-films-handy-books/dfa757e8-73c4-4336-ae89-b2e0cea29253/. "The Ektramax takes 110-size, 400 ASA film and has a fast shutter speed for action and a slower shutter speed and wide f/1.9 lens aperture for available-light photography. The lens, a newly designed, four-element lens incorporating one aspheric-shaped element, achieves improved quality at a high aperture with fewer lens elements, according to the manufacturer." 
  21. ↑ Ortner, Everett H. (October 1978). "Through the Viewfinder". Popular Science 213 (4): 30. https://books.google.com/books?id=HgEAAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA30. Retrieved 4 April 2023. 
  22. ↑ Bollwitt, Rebecca (April 21, 2016). "Vancouver Icons: Photo Session Statues in Queen Elizabeth Park". https://miss604.com/2016/04/photo-session-statues-in-queen-elizabeth-park.html. 
  23. ↑ "Life-size statue stolen from Vancouver park". CBC News. June 20, 2008. https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/life-size-statue-stolen-from-vancouver-park-1.755460. 
  24. ↑ "Police find life-size bronze statue stolen from Vancouver park". CBC News. August 13, 2008. https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/police-find-life-size-bronze-statue-stolen-from-vancouver-park-1.724863. 
  25. ↑ "Disposable Hip". March 2012. https://thebaffler.com/odds-and-ends/disposable-hip. 
  26. ↑ Siegler, MG (December 9, 2010). "Apple's Apps Of Year: Hipstamatic, Plants Vs. Zombies, Flipboard, And Osmos". TechCrunch. https://techcrunch.com/2010/12/09/apple-top-apps-2010/. 
  27. ↑ Rosenberg, Karen (April 21, 2012). "Everyone's Lives, in Pictures". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/22/sunday-review/everyones-lives-in-pictures-from-instagram.html. 
  28. ↑ Smith, Thomas (February 8, 2021). "These Are the Analog Cameras That Inspired Instagram". Medium. https://debugger.medium.com/these-are-the-analog-cameras-that-inspired-instagram-867f2accd86b. 
  29. ↑ Perez, Sarah (December 8, 2011). "Apple Picks Instagram As The 'iPhone App Of the Year'". TechCrunch. https://techcrunch.com/2011/12/08/apple-picks-instagram-as-the-iphone-app-of-the-year/. 
  30. ↑ Murphy, Heather (March 5, 2012). "In Defense of Instagram: Why News Photography Goes Well With Vintage-Filtered Cat Pics". Slate. http://www.slate.com/blogs/browbeat/2012/03/05/in_defense_of_instagram_news_photography_goes_well_with_vintage_cats.html. "I was there five months ago, telling friends to shut up about "Instamatic." (I assumed the app Instagram was the same as another popular photo app, Hipstamatic.)" 

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