Engineering:Karakurt-class corvette

From HandWiki
Short description: Russian naval corvette
Schiff «Burya» 03.jpg
Burya
Class overview
Name: Karakurt class
Builders:
  • Pella Shipyard, Saint Petersburg
  • More Shipyard, Feodosia
  • Zalyv Shipbuilding yard, Kerch
  • Zelenodolsk Shipyard, Zelenodolsk
  • Amur Shipyard, Komsomolsk-on-Amur
  • Vostochnaya Verf, Vladivostok
Operators:  Russian Navy
Preceded by: Buyan class
Cost: approx. RUB2 billion (2017)[1] (US$34.3 million)
Built: 2015–present
In service: 2018–present
Planned: 16[2][3]
Building: 3
Completed: 13
Active: 4
General characteristics
Type: Guided-missile corvette
Displacement: 800 tons (860 tons after first two vessels)
Length: 67 m (219 ft 10 in)
Beam: 11 m (36 ft 1 in)
Draft: 3.3 m (10 ft 10 in)
Propulsion:
  • CODAD:
    • 3 Zvezda M-507D1 112 c or 16D49 16D500 12V ZE1600KZ diesel engine with 3 diesel generators DGAS-315
Speed: 30 knots (56 km/h; 35 mph)
Range: 2,500 nmi (4,600 km; 2,900 mi)
Endurance: 15 days
Complement: 50–70
Sensors and
processing systems:
  • Mineral-M radar
  • Pozitiv-M 1.2 3D radar
  • AESA type radar
  • Pal-N-4
  • 5P-10-03 Laska Fire-control radar (for naval gun and AK-630 CIWS)
  • SP-520
  • Lanzor KT-216
  • PK-10
  • MP-405-1
  • Satellite communication station Tsentavr-NM
Armament:
  • 1 × 76.2 mm 59-caliber AK-176MA or 100 mm A-190 automatic dual-purpose guns
  • 1 × Pantsir-M CIWS with Hermes-K missiles or 1 × 3M89 Palash/ Palma CIWS with Sosna-R missiles (4+4 SAM in total 8 plus under reload units) or 2 × AK-630M-2 CIWS (on first 2 vessels)
  • 2 × 4 UKSK VLS cells for Kalibr or Oniks anti-ship cruise missiles
  • 2 x 12.7x108 mm Kord machine gun
Aircraft carried: Launcher for Orlan-10 UAV[4]

The Karakurt class, Russian designation Project 22800 Karakurt (Russian: Каракурт, lit. 'Latrodectus tredecimguttatus' European Black Widow), is a new class of Russian corvettes (small missile ships in Russian classification) which have been entering service with the Russian Navy since 2018.

The class is intended as a more seaworthy, blue-water complement to the Buyan-M-class corvettes, designed for the littoral zone and which (As of 2015 ) serve in Russia's Caspian Flotilla, Baltic Fleet and Black Sea Fleet.[5] The ships are designed to be armed with Kalibr or Oniks anti-ship cruise missiles and have an endurance of 15 days.[citation needed] They are also to be a cheap alternative for larger Admiral Grigorovich-class frigates, for which construction was delayed due to the suspended military cooperation with Ukraine, and because of Russia's intention to continue the modernization of its navy until all necessary tasks for construction of larger vessels domestically are solved.[6][failed verification] Nevertheless, delays in the supply of domestically-produced engines for the Karakurt class have held up the completion of several units.[7] Additionally, the threat of international sanctions reportedly disrupted construction of this class of vessel at the More shipyard in Feodosia, in Crimea, Ukraine.[8]

History

Project 22800 was first publicly presented by Almaz during the International Military-Technical Forum «ARMY-2015», held in Kubinka. At the time, the class was presented yet as "Project 12300". During the exhibition, it was also announced 18 ships are planned for construction.[2]

The first two ships, Uragan ("hurricane", now Mytishchi) and Taifun ("typhoon", now Sovetsk), were laid down at the Pella Shipyard in Saint Petersburg on 24 December 2015.[9][10]

In August 2016, it was reported that a total of seven ships have been ordered from the Pella Shipyard (one of which would be built at More Shipyard, Feodosia), and that five more ships have been ordered from the Zelenodolsk Shipyard.[11] Three of the five ordered ships, Tsiklon ("cyclone"), Askold and Amur, previously planned to be built by the Zelenodolsk Shipyard, were later laid down at the Zalyv Shipbuilding yard in Kerch, in occupied Crimea, Ukraine.

Launching of Burya at the Pella Shipyard

On 29 July 2017, the lead ship of the class was launched.[12]

The Russian Defence Ministry signed a contract for several more vessels during the International ARMY-2017 Military-Technical Forum.[citation needed]

In May 2018, it was reported Mytishchi is undergoing sea trials in Lake Ladoga and the Baltic Sea.[13]

During the International Military-Technical Forum «ARMY-2018», the Russian Defence Ministry signed two contracts for construction of another six vessels. Two ships of the order would be built by the Vostochnaya Verf, Vladivostok and four ships by the Amur Shipyard, Komsomolsk-on-Amur.[14][15]

On 16 October 2018, Mytishchi began state tests in the White Sea,[16] and was officially accepted into service on 17 December 2018.[17]

Ukrainian forces targeted the Zalyv shipyard with cruise missiles on 4 November 2023. Russian forces stated that a ship was hit.[18] Subsequent imagery appeared to show Askold had been badly damaged.[19][20] The brand new ship was probably hit by a SCALP-EG air-launched cruise missile launched from a Sukhoi Su-24 and may be damaged beyond repair.[21]

Design

AK-176MA on Tsiklon

Project 22800 derives from Project 12300 Skorpion, a proposed 1990s Almaz design for a 500-ton displacement missile boat,[22] and was also heavily influenced by Project 21631, the Buyan-M corvettes.[2] Ships of the class have a stealth shaped superstructure with an integrated mast carrying four phased array radar panels.[2] The primary armament consists of Kalibr cruise missiles or P-800 Oniks supersonic anti-ship missiles carried in eight UKSK VLS cells in the rear part of the superstructure, behind the bridge.[2] The corvettes built for the Russian Navy will be equipped with a 76.2 mm AK-176MA automatic dual-purpose gun, a modernized version of the AK-176. However, at least on the first ship, the 100 mm A-190 was installed.[23] A proposed export version may carry the Italian OTO Melara 76 mm gun.[24] For anti-missile defense, the first two ships will only carry a pair of AK-630M gun-based CIWS.

Starting from the third ship, they will be equipped with Pantsir-M, a navalized version of the Pantsir surface-to-air missile system.[1] The third vessel of the class, Odintsovo, entered service in the Baltic Fleet with the Pantsir-M system in November 2020.[25] The project 22800 is not designed for anti-submarine warfare.

Ships

Italics indicate estimates

Name Yard No. Builders Laid down Launched Commissioned Fleet Status
Mytishchi (ex-Uragan) 251 Pella Shipyard 24 December 2015[9] 29 July 2017[12] 17 December 2018[26] Baltic Active
Sovetsk (ex-Taifun) 252 Pella Shipyard 24 December 2015[9] 24 November 2017[27] 12 October 2019[28] Baltic Active
Kozelsk (ex-Shtorm) 254 More Shipyard 10 May 2016[29][30] 9 October 2019[31] 2026[32] Baltic[33] Launched
Tsiklon 801 Zalyv Shipbuilding yard 26 July 2016 24 July 2020[34] 12 July 2023[35] Black Sea Active
Odintsovo (ex-Shkval) 253 Pella Shipyard 29 July 2016[36] 5 May 2018[37] 21 November 2020[38] Baltic Active
Russian corvette Askold (ru) (ex-Musson) 802 Zalyv Shipbuilding yard 18 November 2016 21 September 2021[39] Black Sea Hit by a Ukrainian cruise missile strike on 4 November 2023.[40] The ship was claimed to have been damaged beyond repair.[41]
Kaluga (ex-Burya) 257 Pella Shipyard 24 December 2016[42][43] 23 October 2018[44][45] early 2024[46] Baltic Sea trials[47]
Okhotsk 255 More Shipyard 17 March 2017[48] 29 October 2019[31] 2028[32] Black Sea Launched
Amur (ex-Passat) 803 Zalyv Shipbuilding yard 30 July 2017 26 December 2022[49] Black Sea Launched
Vikhr 256 More Shipyard 19 December 2017[50] 13 November 2019[51] 2030[32] Black Sea Launched
Tucha 804 Zelenodolsk Shipyard 26 February 2019[52] 30 June 2023[53] Black Sea[54] Launched
Rzhev 201 Amur Shipyard 1 July 2019[55] 27 September 2023[56][57] 2026[58][59] Pacific Launched
Udomlya 202 Amur Shipyard 1 July 2019[55] 27 September 2023[56][57] 2026[60][59] Pacific Launched
Taifun 805 Zelenodolsk Shipyard 11 September 2019[61] Baltic [62] Under construction [63]
Ussuriysk 204 Amur Shipyard 26 December 2019[64] Pacific Under construction
Pavlovsk 203 Amur Shipyard 29 July 2020[65] Pacific Under construction
? Vostochnaya Verf Pacific Cancelled[3]
? Vostochnaya Verf Pacific Cancelled[3]

Controversy

In November 2022, an arbitration court in Moscow held the first preliminary hearing for a lawsuit against Pella Shipyard (Pella) of St Petersburg, in which the Russian Defence Ministry is seeking 1.4 billion Rubles (US$23.1 million) over allegations the company was "failing to fulfill supply contracts."[66]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Герман Костринский (31 July 2017). ""Каракурты" размажут по верфям" (in ru). Kommersant. https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/3371787. Retrieved 1 August 2017. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 "В Зеленодольске начнется строительство первого МРК проекта 22800 "Каракурт"" (in ru). 24 September 2016. http://www.arms-expo.ru/news/novye_razrabotki/v_zelenodolske_nachnetsya_stroitelstvo_pervogo_mrk_proekta_22800_karakurt/. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 "Восточная верфь готовится к неполной рабочей неделе из-за расторжения контракта с Минобороны" (in ru). Sudostroenie.info. 17 September 2020. http://sudostroenie.info/novosti/31223.html. 
  4. ↑ "Судьба "Каракурта": распределена первая партия малых ракетных кораблей" (in ru). 21 May 2020. https://iz.ru/1013506/aleksei-ramm-bogdan-stepovoi/sudba-karakurta-raspredelena-pervaia-partiia-malykh-raketnykh-korablei. 
  5. ↑ "Через тернии… к здравому смыслу" (in ru). 30 July 2015. http://www.oborona.ru/includes/periodics/navy/2015/0730/153716373/detail.shtml. 
  6. ↑ "Минобороны заявило, что ОПК "немножко сорвал" срок сдачи двух фрегатов" (in ru). 24 December 2015. https://ria.ru/20151224/1348076684.html. 
  7. ↑ "Analysis: Russia to change laws to renew Navy strength". 22 January 2020. https://www.navyrecognition.com/index.php/focus-analysis/naval-technology/7968-analysis-russia-to-change-laws-to-renew-navy-strength.html. 
  8. ↑ "BlackSeaNews | the Real Impact of Crimean Sanctions (4). Missed Deadlines for the Production of Karakurt Missile Corvettes at the Morye Shipyard in Feodosia". https://www.blackseanews.net/en/read/163310. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 "Осуществлена торжественная закладка двух малых ракетных кораблей проекта 22800 стр. № 251 "Ураган" и стр. № 252 "Тайфун"" (in ru). 24 December 2015. http://www.pellaship.ru/zakladka-dvuh-malih-korablei-proekta-22800-24-12-2015.html. 
  10. ↑ "2 New Project 22800 Corvettes Uragan & Typhoon Laid Down by Pella Shipyard for Russian Navy". http://www.navyrecognition.com/index.php/news/defence-news/year-2015-news/december-2015-navy-naval-forces-defense-industry-technology-maritime-security-global-news/3401-2-new-project-22800-corvettes-uragan-a-typhoon-laid-down-by-pella-shipyard-for-russian-navy.html. 
  11. ↑ "Говорят, замминистра обороны Юрий Борисов сильно любит завод имени Горького…" (in ru). 2 August 2016. http://www.business-gazeta.ru/article/318577. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 "Корабль "Ураган" проекта 22800 передадут Минобороны до конца года" (in ru). 29 July 2017. https://ria.ru/arms/20170729/1499395686.html. 
  13. ↑ "Головной малый ракетный корабль проекта 22800 "Ураган" вышел на заводские ходовые испытания" (in ru). 18 May 2018. https://bmpd.livejournal.com/3202770.html. 
  14. ↑ "Дальневосточные верфи построят для Минобороны шесть "Каракуртов"" (in ru). 22 August 2018. https://tass.ru/armiya-i-opk/5480253. 
  15. ↑ "Новые контракты Министерства обороны России" (in ru). 23 August 2018. https://bmpd.livejournal.com/3316485.html. 
  16. ↑ "Головной малый ракетный корабль "Ураган" проекта 22800 начал Государственные испытания" (in ru). 20 October 2018. https://bmpd.livejournal.com/3383817.html. 
  17. ↑ "Малый ракетный корабль "Ураган" все-таки стал "Мытищами"" (in ru). 18 December 2018. https://bmpd.livejournal.com/3460521.html. 
  18. ↑ "One of Russia's 'most modern ships' target of Ukraine's successful Storm Shadow strike on Kerch shipyard — UA Air Force" (in en). https://english.nv.ua/nation/ukrainian-af-commander-hints-kalibr-missile-carrier-was-hit-with-storm-shadow-cruise-missiles-50365856.html. 
  19. ↑ "Russians take 'operational pause' after Ukrainian army strikes Kerch shipyard" (in en). https://english.nv.ua/nation/ukrainian-military-strike-on-shipyard-in-occupied-kerch-forces-russian-navy-operational-pause-50365887.html. 
  20. ↑ "New Russian naval corvette damaged in Ukraine cruise missile attack on Crimea base" (in en). 2023-11-09. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/russia-cruise-missile-carrier-askold-crimea-b2444270.html. 
  21. ↑ "Damaged Beyond Repair! 1st Image Of Russian Missile Cruiser Obliterated By Ukraine Surfaces Online". 8 November 2023. https://www.eurasiantimes.com/1st-image-of-russian-warship/. 
  22. ↑ One Project 12300 boat was laid down in 2001 in Rybinsk, but never completed.
  23. ↑ "Экипажи морской авиации БФ обеспечили проведение завершающего этапа госиспытаний МРК "Мытищи"" (in ru). http://www.armstrade.org/includes/periodics/news/2018/1207/095049990/detail.shtml. 
  24. ↑ "Индии предложат МРК "Каракурт" с итальянской 76-мм артустановкой" (in ru). 25 May 2017. http://flotprom.ru/2017/ТорговляОружием69/. 
  25. ↑ "Analysis 1/5: Review about Pantsir-M Russian-made medium-range naval air defense missile system". 24 November 2020. http://www.navyrecognition.com/index.php/focus-analysis/naval-technology/9318-analysis-1-2-review-about-pantsir-m-russian-made-medium-range-naval-air-defense-system.html. 
  26. ↑ "Russian Navy gets lead cruise missile corvette". TASS. 17 December 2018. http://tass.com/defense/1036416. 
  27. ↑ "Малый ракетный корабль "Тайфун", оснащенный крылатыми ракетами "Калибр", спустили на воду в Петербурге" (in ru). Interfax. 24 November 2017. http://www.militarynews.ru/story.asp?rid=1&nid=467485. 
  28. ↑ "В Балтийске торжественно поднят Военно-морской флаг на новейшем малом ракетном корабле "Советск"" (Press release) (in русский). Ministry of Defence of Russian. 12 October 2019. Retrieved 12 October 2019.
  29. ↑ "В Феодосии на ССЗ "Море" заложен малый ракетный корабль "Шторм"" (in ru). 10 May 2016. http://www.sdelanounas.ru/blogs/77465/. 
  30. ↑ "Morye Shipyard Lays Down 3rd Project 22800 Shtorm Missile Craft in Crimean City of Feodosiya". Navy Recognition. 11 May 2016. https://www.navyrecognition.com/index.php/news/defence-news/2016/may-2016-navy-naval-forces-defense-industry-technology-maritime-security-global-news/3951-morye-shipyard-lays-down-3rd-project-22800-shtorm-missile-craft-in-crimean-city-of-feodosiya.html. 
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 "В Феодосии спущены на воду малые ракетные корабли «Козельск» и «Охотск» проекта 22800" (in ru). 5 November 2019. https://bmpd.livejournal.com/3827424.html. 
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 32.2 ""Судостроительный завод "Пелла" намерен через суд продлить сроки сдачи трёх малых ракетных кораблей "Каракурт". Передать заказчику последний из них предлагается в октябре 2030 года."" (in ru). 14 December 2023. https://www.dp.ru/a/2023/12/14/pella-hochet-cherez-sud-prodlit. 
  33. ↑ "Не хватало малого: ракетный "Каракурт" отправят на Балтику" (in ru). Izvestia. 6 April 2021. https://iz.ru/1146957/roman-kretcul-aleksei-ramm/ne-khvatalo-malogo-raketnyi-karakurt-otpraviat-na-baltiku. 
  34. ↑ "Crimean Shipyard floats out advanced cruise missile corvette". TASS. 24 July 2020. https://tass.com/defense/1182153. 
  35. ↑ "Latest Karakurt-class missile corvette joins Russian Navy". TASS. 12 July 2023. https://tass.com/defense/1645805. 
  36. ↑ "В Ленобласти заложили малый ракетный корабль "Шквал" для ВМФ" (in ru). RIA Novosti. 29 July 2016. https://ria.ru/20160729/1473164289.html. 
  37. ↑ "Состоялась торжественная церемония спуска на воду второго серийного малого ракетного корабля проекта 22800 "Шквал", стр. № 253" (Press release) (in русский). Pella Shipyard. 5 May 2018. Archived from the original on 7 May 2018. Retrieved 5 May 2018.
  38. ↑ "Малый ракетный корабль "Одинцово" с зенитным комплексом "Панцирь-М" приняли в состав ВМФ" (in ru). ТАSS. 21 November 2020. https://tass.ru/armiya-i-opk/10063645. 
  39. ↑ "Crimean Shipyard floats out advanced missile corvette for Russian Navy". TASS. 21 September 2021. https://tass.com/defense/1340759. 
  40. ↑ Starkova, Maria; Monaghan, Elaine (2023-11-04). "Ukraine hits Russian shipyard in Crimea port, damages ship" (in en). Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/ukraine-military-says-it-hit-zalyv-plant-port-city-kerch-crimea-2023-11-04/. 
  41. ↑ "Russia ‘unable to repair missile ship Askold’ after precision missile strike by Ukraine" (in en). The New Voice of Ukraine. 2023-12-08. https://english.nv.ua/nation/russians-unable-to-repair-missile-ship-askold-hit-by-a-ukrainian-missile-50374818.html/. 
  42. ↑ "Малый ракетный корабль "Буря" заложен на верфи в Санкт-Петербурге" (in ru). TASS. 24 December 2016. https://tass.ru/armiya-i-opk/3903401. 
  43. ↑ "Pella Shipyard Laid Keel of 4th Project 22800 Karakurt-class Corvette for Russian Navy". Navy Recognition. 28 December 2016. https://www.navyrecognition.com/index.php/news/defence-news/2016/december-2016-navy-naval-forces-defense-industry-technology-maritime-security-global-news/4734-pella-shipyard-laid-keel-of-4th-project-22800-karakurt-class-corvette-for-russian-navy.html. 
  44. ↑ "Small missile ship floated out in northwest Russia". TASS. 23 October 2018. http://tass.com/defense/1027331. 
  45. ↑ http://files.balancer.ru/forums/attaches/2023/09/05-11726429-pereimenovaniya.jpg
  46. ↑ https://ria.ru/20240103/vmf-1919582196.html?in=t
  47. ↑ "Новый "Каракурт" с "Калибрами" приступил к ходовым испытаниям на Балтике" (in ru). 17 October 2022. https://flotprom.ru/2022/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B02/. 
  48. ↑ "В Феодосии заложили малый ракетный корабль проекта "Каракурт"" (in ru). 17 March 2017. https://ria.ru/20170317/1490260198.html. 
  49. ↑ "Малый ракетный корабль-корвет проекта 22800 "Каракурт" (267/271) [Форумы Balancer.Ru]". http://forums.airbase.ru/2023/06/t91586_267--malyj-raketnyj-korabl-korvet-proekta-22800-karakurt.491.html. 
  50. ↑ "Малый ракетный корабль "Вихрь" проекта 22800 "Каракурт" заложат в Феодосии" (in ru). 19 December 2017. http://tass.ru/armiya-i-opk/4823143. 
  51. ↑ "В Феодосии спущен на воду малый ракетный корабль «Вихрь» проекта 22800" (in ru). 2 December 2019. https://bmpd.livejournal.com/3859795.html. 
  52. ↑ "Закладка корпуса малого ракетного корабля проекта 22800" (Press release) (in русский). Zelenodolsk Shipyard. 26 February 2019. Archived from the original on 6 March 2019. Retrieved 28 February 2019.
  53. ↑ "В Зеленодольске спустили на воду МРК "Туча"" (in ru). 30 June 2023. https://flotprom.ru/2023/%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B43/. 
  54. ↑ "Zelenodolsk Shipyard Launches Project 22800 Tucha". 3 July 2023. https://seawaves.com/2023/07/03/zelenodolsk-shipyard-launches-project-22800-tucha/. 
  55. ↑ 55.0 55.1 "На Амурском судостроительном заводе заложили два малых ракетных корабля проекта 22800" (Press release) (in русский). United Shipbuilding Corporation. 11 September 2019. Retrieved 11 September 2019.
  56. ↑ 56.0 56.1 "Первые два корабля серии «Каракурт» готовятся к спуску на воду на Амурском судостроительном заводе" (in ru). 18 July 2023. https://vestidv.ru/news/2023/07/19/64610. 
  57. ↑ 57.0 57.1 "Первую пару "Каракуртов" для Тихоокеанского флота подготовили к спуску на воду" (in ru). 21 September 2023. https://flotprom.ru/2023/%D0%90%D1%81%D0%B713/. 
  58. ↑ "Small Missile Ships - Project 22800". http://russianships.info/eng/warships/project_22800.htm. 
  59. ↑ 59.0 59.1 "Корабелы АСЗ спустят на воду первую пару "Каракуртов" до июля 2023 года" (in ru). 19 January 2023. https://flotprom.ru/2023/%D0%90%D1%81%D0%B72/. 
  60. ↑ "Small Missile Ships - Project 22800". http://russianships.info/eng/warships/project_22800.htm. 
  61. ↑ "Торжественная церемония закладки МРК проекта 22800 «Тайфун»" (Press release) (in русский). Zelenodolsk Shipyard. 11 September 2019. Archived from the original on 19 September 2019. Retrieved 19 September 2019.
  62. ↑ Степовой, Богдан; Рамм, Алексей (2020-05-21). "Судьба "Каракурта": распределена первая партия малых ракетных кораблей" (in ru). https://iz.ru/1013506/aleksei-ramm-bogdan-stepovoi/sudba-karakurta-raspredelena-pervaia-partiia-malykh-raketnykh-korablei. 
  63. ↑ "Зеленодольский завод намерен завершить серию "Каракуртов" к октябрю 2022 года" (in ru). http://flotprom.ru/2020/%C7%E5%EB%E5%ED%EE%E4%EE%EB%FC%F1%EA%E8%E9%C7%E0%E2%EE%E41/. 
  64. ↑ "На Амурском судостроительном заводе заложили малый ракетный корабль" (Press release) (in русский). United Shipbuilding Corporation. 26 December 2019. Retrieved 27 December 2019.
  65. ↑ "На Амурском судостроительном заводе заложили малый ракетный корабль" (Press release) (in русский). United Shipbuilding Corporation. 29 July 2020. Retrieved 29 July 2020.
  66. ↑ Russian shipyard and Defence Ministry tangle over ship price in court, DefenseNews.com, 2022-11-24

External links

simple:Karakurt-class (since 2018)



Retrieved from "https://handwiki.org/wiki/index.php?title=Engineering:Karakurt-class_corvette&oldid=3254105"