Engineering:List of high-speed trains

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The following is a list of high-speed trains that have been, are, or will be in commercial service.

A high-speed train is generally defined as one which operates at or over 125 mph (200 km/h) in regular passenger service, with a high level of service, and often comprising multi-powered elements.

In these tables, two or three maximum speeds are given: the column "Operated" refers to the maximum speed reached by the train in commercial operations, while the column "Design" refers to the theoretical maximum speed in commercial operations as announced by the manufacturer. Finally, a third "Record" speed may also be listed if there is an independently verified speed record.

Multiple units

High-speed trains currently or soon in service

Name Operators Family Manufacturer Power
distribution
Power supply Maximum speed (km/h) In
Service
Picture
Operated Designed Record
Acela Express
(1st generation)
United States Amtrak TGV & LRC derived Alstom
Bombardier
concentrated (2 power cars) 25 kV 60 Hz AC
12 kV 60 Hz AC
12 kV 25 Hz AC
240 (150 mph) 266 (165 mph) 266 (165 mph) 2000 Acela Express 2034 - BWI Amtrak (cropped).jpg
Afrosiyob Uzbekistan Uzbekistan Railways Talgo 250 Talgo concentrated (2 power cars) 25 kV 50 Hz AC 250 250 210


2011 Talgo 250 Afrosiyob 05-06, Bukhara station (cropped).jpg
AGV 575 Italy NTV AGV Alstom distributed 25 kV 50 Hz AC
3 kV DC
300 360 360


2012 NTV ETR 575 04 (22467847965).jpg
Alfa Pendular Portugal CP Pendolino Fiat Ferroviaria
Adtranz
Siemens
distributed 25 kV 50 Hz AC 220[1] 250 210


1999[1] Alfa Pendular (4008) at Santa Apolónia train station (49562641467).jpg
Alvia Class 120, 121
(variable gauge)
Spain Renfe CAF
Alstom
distributed 25 kV 50 Hz AC
3 kV DC
250 250 250


2004 Alvia 120-861 Madrid-Hendaya.jpg
Alvia Class 130 (variable gauge) Talgo 250 Talgo
Bombardier
concentrated (2 power cars) 25 kV 50 Hz AC
3 kV DC
250 250 250


2007 130 - Vallecas - Andres Gomez-Club Ferroviario 241.jpg
730
(variable gauge)
concentrated (2 electric power cars, 2 diesel-generator trailers) 25 kV 50 Hz AC
3 kV DC
Diesel (electric transmission)
2012 Talgo Serie 730 Híbrido Madrid - Ferrol.jpg
Avant Class 104 Pendolino Alstom
CAF
distributed 25 kV 50 Hz AC 250 250 250


2003 S1860a Bf Córdoba, 9 104 905.jpg
Avant Class 114 New Pendolino Alstom
CAF
distributed 25 kV 50 Hz AC 250 250 250


2009 Serie 114 de Renfe en Valladolid-Campo Grande.jpg
AVE Class 100 TGV GEC-Alstom
CAF
concentrated (2 power cars) 25 kV 50 Hz AC
3 kV DC
300 300 357 1992 Renfe AVE S-100 Sevilla Santa Justa.JPG
AVE Class 102, 112 Talgo 350 Talgo
Bombardier
concentrated (2 power cars) 25 kV 50 Hz AC 300 350 365 2005 Renfe Serie 112.jpg
AVE Class 103 Velaro Siemens distributed 25 kV 50 Hz AC 310 380 403.7[2] 2006 S3274 Bf Madrid Atocha, 103 xxx.jpg
AVE Class 106 Talgo AVRIL Talgo
Bombardier
concentrated (2 power cars) 25 kV 50 Hz AC
3 kV DC
1.5 kV DC
350 363 2024 Serie 106 de Renfe.jpg
Avelia Liberty United States Amtrak TGV & New Pendolino derived Alstom concentrated (2 power cars) 25 kV 60 Hz AC
12 kV 60 Hz AC
12 kV 25 Hz AC
350 (220 mph)[3] 210


2024 Avelia Liberty.jpg
Avelia Horizon France SNCF TGV Alstom concentrated (2 power cars) 25 kV 50 Hz AC
1.5 kV DC
350[4] 210


2024 TGM M à gare de Lyon (3) (cropped).jpg
BR Class 43
(InterCity 125)
United Kingdom Abellio ScotRail
United Kingdom Network Rail
Mexico Tren Interoceánico
HST BREL concentrated (2 power cars) Diesel (electric transmission) 201 (125 mph) 201 (125 mph) 238 (148 mph) 1976 GWR Castle HST set.jpg
BR Class 180 Alstom Coradia Template:Country data GB Grand Central Coradia Alstom distributed Diesel (hydraulic transmission) 201 (125 mph) 201 (125 mph) 200


2002 Grand Central Class 180, Cromwell Moor.jpg
BR Class 220 United Kingdom CrossCountry Voyager Bombardier distributed Diesel (electric transmission) 201 (125 mph) 201 (125 mph) 200


2001 Dawlish Warren MMB 07 South Devon Main Line 220032.jpg
BR Class 221 Bombardier Voyager United Kingdom CrossCountry
United Kingdom Avanti West Coast
Template:Country data GB Grand Central
Bombardier distributed Diesel (electric transmission) 201 (125 mph) 201 (125 mph) 200


2002 Avanti Voyager departing Rugby 11.21
BR Class 222 United Kingdom East Midlands Railway Bombardier distributed Diesel (electric transmission) 201 (125 mph) 201 (125 mph) 200


2004 EMR 222104 at Nottingham.jpg
BR Class 390 Alstom Pendolino United Kingdom Avanti West Coast Pendolino Alstom distributed 25 kV 50 Hz AC 201 (125 mph) 225 (140 mph) 248 (154 mph) 2002 Avanti liveried 390155 Euston.jpg
BR Class 395 Javelin Hitachi AT300 United Kingdom Southeastern A-train Hitachi Rail distributed 25 kV 50 Hz AC
750 V DC (3rd rail)
225 (140 mph) 225 (140 mph) 252 (157 mph)[5] 2009 Class 395 train passes through the depot, coast bound.jpg
BR Class 397 United Kingdom TransPennine Express CAF Civity CAF distributed 25 kV 50 Hz AC 201 (125 mph) 201 (125 mph) 210


2019 Transpennine Express 397003 at Wigan North Western April 2019.jpg
BR Class 800 United Kingdom Great Western Railway
United Kingdom London North Eastern Railway
A-train Hitachi Rail distributed 25 kV 50 Hz AC
Diesel (electric transmission)
201 (125 mph) 225 (140 mph) 225


2017 Caerdydd Dwyrain - GWR 800015+800016.JPG
BR Class 801 United Kingdom London North Eastern Railway Hitachi Rail distributed 25 kV 50 Hz AC 201 (125 mph) 225 (140 mph) 225


2019 800113 at Northallerton.jpg
BR Class 802 United Kingdom Great Western Railway
United Kingdom Hull Trains
United Kingdom TransPennine Express
Hitachi Rail distributed 25 kV 50 Hz AC
Diesel (electric transmission)
201 (125 mph) 225 (140 mph) 225


2018 Nova 1 in London Kings Cross 20.02.19.jpg
BR Class 803 United Kingdom Lumo Hitachi Rail distributed 25 kV 50 Hz AC 201 (125 mph) 225 (140 mph) 225


2021 Lumo 803003 at Edinburgh Waverley.jpg
BR Class 805 United Kingdom Avanti West Coast Hitachi Rail distributed 25 kV 50 Hz AC
Diesel (electric transmission)
225 (140 mph) 225


2024 805005 at Crewe.jpg
BR Class 807 United Kingdom Avanti West Coast Hitachi Rail distributed 25 kV 50 Hz AC 225 (140 mph) 225


2024 AWC-AT300.jpg
BR Class 810 United Kingdom East Midlands Railway Hitachi Rail distributed 25 kV 50 Hz AC
Diesel (electric transmission)
225 (140 mph) 225


2024 EMR AT300.jpg
CRH1A & CRH1B China China Railway Regina Bombardier
CSR Sifang
distributed 25 kV 50 Hz AC 250 250 278 2007 China Railways CRH1 at Zhangmutou.jpg
CRH1E Zefiro Bombardier
CSR Sifang
distributed 25 kV 50 Hz AC 250 250 250


2009 CRH1E shanghai Hongqiao Railway station2.JPG
CRH1A-A
CRH1E-250
CSR Sifang distributed 25 kV 50 Hz AC 250 250 250


2016 CRH1A-A-1174 at Chaoshan Railway Station.jpg
CRH2A
CRH2B
CRH2E
Shinkansen Kawasaki
CSR Sifang
distributed 25 kV 50 Hz AC 250 250 250


2007 China Railways CRH2 March 2010.jpg
CRH2E (New Batch, sleeper) CSR Sifang distributed 25 kV 50 Hz AC 250 250 250


2017 CRH2E-2465@SHA (20170910185510).jpg
CRH2C Shinkansen CSR Sifang distributed 25 kV 50 Hz AC 310 350 350 2008 CRH2C & CRH3C 200808.jpg
CRH3A CNR Tangshan
CNR Changchun
distributed 25 kV 50 Hz AC 250 250 210


2017 CRH3A-5238@CDD (20180219120605).jpg
CRH3C Velaro Siemens
CNR Tangshan
CNR Changchun
distributed 25 kV 50 Hz AC 310 350 394.2 2008 CRH3 in Changsha.JPG
CRH5A New Pendolino Alstom
CNR Changchun
distributed 25 kV 50 Hz AC 250 250 250


2007 CRH5 in Beijing Railway Station.jpg
CRH5G CNR Changchun distributed 25 kV 50 Hz AC 250 250 250


2017 CRH5G-5228@BJI (20171207140545).jpg
CRH6A CSR Sifang distributed 25 kV 50 Hz AC 200 220 220


2014 CRH6A-0439@LXI (20180630070540).jpg
CRH380A & AL Shinkansen derived (paywall)[6] CSR Sifang distributed 25 kV 50 Hz AC 350 380 486.1 2010 CRH380Afromshanghai.jpg
CRH380B, BL & CL Velaro Siemens
CNR Tangshan
CNR Changchun
distributed 25 kV 50 Hz AC 350 380 487.3 2011 CRH380B-6410L at Hangzhou Railway Station.jpg
CRH380D Zefiro Bombardier
CSR Sifang
distributed 25 kV 50 Hz AC 350 380 483 2012 CRH380D in Guangzhou North Station.jpg
CR300AF Fuxing CRRC Sifang distributed 25 kV 50 Hz AC 250 300 210


2019 CR300AF-0003位于北京环形铁道.jpg
CR300BF CRRC Changchun distributed 25 kV 50 Hz AC 250 300 210


2019 CR300BF-0006@BCR (20181223140603).jpg
CR400AF, -A & -B CRRC Sifang distributed 25 kV 50 Hz AC 350[7] 400 420 2017 CR400AF-2031 at Shoupakou (20180506093817).jpg
CR400BF, -A & -B CRRC Tangshan
CRRC Changchun
distributed 25 kV 50 Hz AC 350[7] 400 420 2017 CR400BF-A-3032 at Guangnan (20190531181038).jpg
DSB IC5 Denmark DSB Coradia Stream Alstom distributed 25 kV 50 Hz AC

15 kV 16.7 Hz AC

200 210


2027
ED250 Poland PKP Intercity New Pendolino Alstom distributed 3 kV DC 200 250 293[8] 2014 20150207 Pendolino ED250 PKP Intercity Krakow 5031.jpg
ČD Class 680 Czech Republic ČD Pendolino Alstom distributed 25 kV 50 Hz AC, 15 kV  16.7 Hz AC and 3 kV DC 200 230 237 2006 Pendolino - ČD Class 680 (2).jpg
EMU-320 South Korea Korail KTX Hyundai Rotem distributed 25 kV 60 Hz AC 352 210


2024 Korail EMU-250 Mock Up
ETR 460 Italy Trenitalia Pendolino Fiat Ferroviaria distributed 3 kV DC 250 250 250


1994 Frecciabianca ETR.460 at Roma Termini
ETR 470 Switzerland SBB distributed 3 kV DC

15 kV 16.7 Hz AC
25 kV 50 Hz

200 250 200


1996–2014 The ETR 470 in the Hellenic Train livery (cropped).jpg
Italy Trenitalia 1996–2021
Greece Hellenic Train 2022
ETR 480 / ETR 485 Italy Trenitalia distributed 3 kV DC
25 kV 50 Hz AC
250 250 250


1997 FS ETR 485 45 (22756214670)
ETR 500 (2nd gen) Alstom
Bombardier
AnsaldoBreda
concentrated (2 power cars) 25 kV 50 Hz AC
3 kV DC
1.5 kV DC (500F)
300 300 362[9] 2000 ETR.500 Frecciarossa nuova livrea.jpg
ETR 600 New Pendolino Alstom distributed 25 kV 50 Hz AC
3 kV DC
250 250 250


2008 FS ETR600 Frecciargento (50704019146)
ETR 610 Alstom distributed 25 kV 50 Hz AC
15 kV 16.7 Hz AC
3 kV DC
250 250 250


2008 FS ETR610 711 (51740756190)
ETR 675 Italy NTV Alstom distributed 25 kV 50 Hz AC
3 kV DC
250 250 250


2017 Italo Evo in Venezia.jpg
ETR 700 (Previously known as V250) Italy Trenitalia
(Previously Netherlands NS
Belgium SNCB)
AnsaldoBreda distributed 25 kV 50 Hz AC
3 kV DC
1.5 kV DC
250 250 250


2012 - 2013
2019
ETR.700.Frecciarossa.jpg
ETR 1000 (Frecciarossa 1000) Italy Trenitalia
Spain Iryo
Zefiro Bombardier
AnsaldoBreda
distributed 25 kV 50 Hz AC
3 kV DC
1.5 kV DC
15 kV 16.7 Hz AC
300 360 393.8[10] 2015 Frecciarossa 1000 nuova livrea.jpg
BR Class 373 Eurostar e300 Alstom TGV TMST
(initially known as
BR Class 373 or TGV TMST)
FranceUnited KingdomBelgium Eurostar
FranceBelgium IZY
TGV GEC-Alsthom concentrated with additional distributed traction (2 power cars, 2 pass. semi-motor cars) 25 kV 50 Hz AC
3 kV DC
1.5 kV DC
750 V DC (3rd rail, no longer in use)
300 (190 mph) 300 (190 mph) 334.7 (208.0 mph) 1993 Eurostar d'hiver en stationnement à Albertville (2018) (cropped).JPG
Eurostar e320 Siemens Velaro FranceUnited KingdomBelgium Netherlands Eurostar Velaro Siemens distributed 25 kV 50 Hz AC
15 kV 16.7 Hz AC
3 kV DC
1.5 kV DC
300 (190 mph) 320 (200 mph) 352 (219 mph) 2015 Lage Zwaluwe Eurostar EUR-PBA-4031 4032 trein 9181 Brussel-Midi - Flickr - Rob Dammers.jpg
Flytoget Class 78 Norway Flytoget Oaris CAF distributed 15 kV 16.7 Hz AC 210 250 210


2021 20200416 155150 Nytt flytog tp 78.jpg
GMB Class 71 X 2000 derived Adtranz
Strømmen
distributed 15 kV 16.7 Hz AC 210 210 210


1998 GMB BFM 71104 1.jpg
ICE 1 Germany DB ICE Siemens
ABB
AEG
Krauss-Maffei
Krupp
Thyssen
Henschel
concentrated (2 power cars) 15 kV 16.7 Hz AC 280 280 310 1991 ICE1 Fahlenbach.jpg
ICE 2 Siemens
Adtranz
concentrated (1 power car) 15 kV 16.7 Hz AC 280 280 316 1996 ICE-2-Halbzug Radbruch.jpg
ICE 3 Class 403, 406 Germany DB
Netherlands NS
Velaro Siemens
Bombardier
distributed 15 kV 16.7 Hz AC
25 kV 50 Hz AC [N 1]
1.5 kV DC [N 2]
3 kV DC [N 2]
320 330 368 2000 ICE 3 Oberhaider-Wald-Tunnel.jpg
ICE 3 Class 407 Germany DB Siemens distributed 15 kV 16.7 Hz AC
25 kV 50 Hz AC
3 kV DC
320 320 320 352

[11]

2013 DBAG Class 407 at Paris-Est.jpg
ICE 3 Class 408 Germany DB Velaro Neo Siemens distributed 15 kV 16.7 Hz AC
25 kV 50 Hz AC
3 kV DC
320 320 320 352


2022[12] DBAG BR 408 004 at Köln Messe-Deutz, Pl 12 02 (cropped).jpg
ICE T Germany DB
Austria ÖBB
ICE (contains Pendolino technology) Siemens
Duewag
Fiat Ferroviaria
distributed 15 kV  16.7 Hz AC 230 230 255 2005 ICE-T Kinding.jpg
ICE 4 Germany DB ICE Siemens
Bombardier (now Alstom)
distributed 15 kV 16.7 Hz AC 265 265 292 292

[13]

2017 DB ICE 4 9039 (51493678824).jpg
IC2 Germany DB KISS Stadler Rail distributed 15 kV 16.7 Hz AC 200 200 2020 BR4110 IC2177.jpg
Stadler KISS Austria WESTbahn 2011 Westbahn 4010-001 wien west 1.jpg
SOKO Serbia Srbija Voz 25 kV 50 Hz AC 2022 Železničko stajalište Altina Soko (cropped).jpg
Intercity Nieuwe Generatie Netherlands NS Coradia Stream Alstom distributed 25 kV 50 Hz AC
1.5 kV DC
3 kV DC
200 200 210


2023 ICNG - Rotterdam Centraal.jpg
KCIC400AF Indonesia KCIC Fuxing CRRC Qingdao Sifang distributed 27.5 kV 50 Hz AC 350 350[14] 2023 KCIC400AF at Kopo, Bound for Halim (cropped).jpg
KTX-I South Korea Korail TGV Alstom
Hyundai Rotem
concentrated (2 power cars) 25 kV 60 Hz AC 305 330 330


2004 KTX.jpg
KTX-Eum KTX Hyundai Rotem distributed 25 kV 60 Hz AC 260 286 210


2020 KTX-Eum 517 Jeongdongjin Station 20230430.jpg
KTX-Sancheon Hyundai Rotem concentrated (2 power cars) 25 kV 60 Hz AC 305 330 330


2010 KTX-Sancheon.jpg
NSB Class 73 Norway Go-Ahead Norge
Norway SJ Norge
Norway Vy
X 2000 derived Adtranz
Strømmen
distributed 15 kV 16.7 Hz AC 210 210 210


1999 NSB Class 73 near Dombås 2.jpg
NSB Class 74/75 Norway Vy FLIRT Stadler Rail distributed 15 kV 16.7 Hz AC 200[15] 200 210


2012 NSB (Norske tog) 75-39 i Vy-dekor, Sundhaugen, Drammen.jpg
RABDe 500 Switzerland SBB ICN Alstom
Bombardier
distributed 15 kV 16.7 Hz AC 200 200 200


2000 InterCity-Neigezug am Hauenstein.jpg
RABe 501 SMILE Stadler Rail distributed 15 kV 16.7 Hz AC
25 kV 50 Hz AC
3 kV DC
250 250 275 2019 SBB Giruno by Stadler (47086627004).jpg
RABe 502 TWINDEXX Bombardier distributed 15 kV 16.7 Hz AC 200[16] 200 210


2018 SBB RABDe 502 009.jpg
RABe 503 New Pendolino Alstom distributed 15 kV 16.7 Hz AC
25 kV 50 Hz AC
3 kV DC
250 250 250


2008 FFS RABe 503 012 Geneve 200814.jpg
Regio 2N
(Z 56500)
France SNCF Omneo Bombardier distributed 25 kV 50 Hz AC
1.5 kV DC
200 200 210


2017 Lille - Présentation du Regio 2N de Bombardier le 22 septembre 2014 en gare de Lille-Flandres (110).JPG
EVS1/EVS2 Sapsan Russia RZD Velaro Siemens distributed 3 kV DC
25 kV 50 Hz AC
250 350 290 2009 ЭВС2-02.JPG
SAR push-pull train Saudi Arabia SAR CAF concentrated (1 power car) Diesel (electric transmission) 200 200 210


2017 SAR CAF.jpg
500 Series Shinkansen Japan JR West Shinkansen Hitachi Rail
Kawasaki
Kinki Sharyo
Nippon Sharyo
distributed 25 kV 60 Hz AC 300 320 320


1997 Shinkansen 500 series W2 formation.jpg
700 Series Shinkansen Japan JR Central
Japan JR West
Hitachi Rail
Kawasaki
Kinki Sharyo
Nippon Sharyo
25 kV 60 Hz AC 285 285 285


1999 JR Central Shinkansen 700.jpg
N700 Series Shinkansen Japan JR Central
Japan JR Kyushu
Japan JR West
Hitachi Rail
Kawasaki
Kinki Sharyo
Nippon Sharyo
25 kV 60 Hz AC 300 360 332[17] 2007 Shinkansen N700 z15.jpg
N700A Series Shinkansen Japan JR Central
Japan JR West
Hitachi Rail
Kawasaki
Kinki Sharyo
Nippon Sharyo
25 kV 60 Hz AC 300 360 210


2013 Series-N700A-F20.jpg
N700S Series Shinkansen Japan JR Central Nippon Sharyo 25 kV 60 Hz AC 300 360 362[18] 2020 Series-N700S-J2.jpg
N700S Series Shinkansen Japan JR Kyushu Nippon Sharyo 25 kV 60 Hz AC 260 360 2022 Shinkansen N700S-8000 Y1 20220924.jpg
N700S Series Shinkansen Taiwan THSR Hitachi Rail
Toshiba
25 kV 60 Hz AC 360 2026
800 Series Shinkansen Japan JR Kyushu Hitachi Rail 25 kV 60 Hz AC 260 285 285


2004 Kyushu Shinkansen 800 series Shin-Minamata 20041123.jpg
E2 Series Shinkansen Japan JR East Hitachi Rail
Kawasaki
Nippon Sharyo
Tokyu Car
25 kV 50/60 Hz AC 275 275 362 1997 Series-E2-1000-J70.jpg
E3 Series Shinkansen Japan JR East Kawasaki
Tokyu Car
20/25 kV 50 Hz AC 275[19] 275 275


1997 E3-Komachi-R20-131109.JPG
E5 Series Shinkansen Japan JR East Hitachi Rail
Kawasaki
25 kV 50 Hz AC 320[19] 360 210


2011 Series-E5-U15 Yamabiko-50.jpg
E5 Series Shinkansen India NHSRCL Hitachi Rail
Kawasaki
25 kV 50 Hz AC 360 210


2026 JRE-TEC-E5 omiya.JPG
H5 Series Shinkansen Japan JR Hokkaido Hitachi Rail
Kawasaki
25 kV 50 Hz AC 320 360 360


2016 H5系 H1編成 仙台駅入線.JPG
E6 Series Shinkansen Japan JR East Hitachi Rail
Kawasaki
20/25 kV 50 Hz AC 320[20] 360 320


2013 E6-E5-Coupling in omiya 20130320.jpg
E7 Series Shinkansen Japan JR East Hitachi Rail
Kawasaki
J-TREC
25 kV 50/60 Hz AC 260[21] 275[21] 275


2014 Series-E7-F19.jpg
W7 Series Shinkansen Japan JR West Hitachi Rail
Kawasaki
Kinki Sharyo
25 kV 50/60 Hz AC 260[21] 275[21] 275


2015 JRW-Series-W7 W3.jpg
E8 Series Shinkansen Japan JR East Kawasaki 20/25 kV 50 Hz AC 300 300


2024 Shinkansen E8 series test.jpg
Sm3 Finland VR Pendolino Fiat Ferroviaria
Rautaruukki
Transtech
distributed 25 kV 50 Hz AC 220 220 242 1995 Green Sm3 at Jyväskylä.jpg
Talgo 350 SRO Saudi Arabia SRO Talgo 350 Talgo
Bombardier
concentrated (2 power cars) 25 kV 50 Hz AC 300 350 210


2018[22] Talgo 350 SRO.jpg
Talgo AVRIL France Le Train Talgo AVRIL Talgo concentrated (2 power cars) 25 kV 50 Hz AC
1.5 kV DC
330 2025[23]
TCDD HT65000 Turkey TCDD Taşımacılık CAF distributed 25 kV 50 Hz AC 250 250 250


2009 TCDD Taşımacılık HT65000 at Ankara Tren Gari.jpg
TCDD HT80000 Velaro Siemens distributed 25 kV 50 Hz AC 250 300 300


2015 HT80101.jpg
TGV Atlantique France SNCF TGV Alsthom concentrated (2 power cars) 25 kV 50 Hz AC
1.5 kV DC
300 300 515.3 1989 TGVA n°390 AME par Cramos.JPG
TGV Réseau GEC-Alsthom 25 kV 50 Hz AC
1.5 kV DC
3 kV DC
320 320 320


1993 SNCF TGV-R 549 (8579069258).jpg
TGV Duplex GEC-Alsthom 25 kV 50 Hz AC
15 kV 16.7 Hz AC
1.5 kV DC
320 320 320


1995 Gare de Paris-Montparnasse DSC 0473 (49633603582).jpg
TGV Oceane GEC-Alsthom 25 kV 50 Hz AC
15 kV 16.7 Hz AC
1.5 kV DC
320 320 320


2017 Gare de Paris-Montparnasse DSC 0460 (49633332776).jpg
TGV POS France SNCF
FranceSwitzerland TGV Lyria
Alstom 25 kV 50 Hz AC
15 kV 16.7 Hz AC
320 320 574.8 2006 Gare du Vert de Maisons DSC 1120 (49644437981).jpg
TGV Euroduplex France SNCF
FranceSwitzerland TGV Lyria
Morocco ONCF
Spain Ouigo España
Alstom 25 kV 50 Hz AC
15 kV  16.7 Hz AC
1.5 kV DC
3 kV DC
320 320 320


2011 Luxemburg train station 2019 3.jpg
PBA FranceBelgiumNetherlandsEurostar GEC-Alsthom 25 kV 50 Hz AC
1.5 kV DC
3 kV DC
300 320 320


1996 Hoofddorp Thalys TGV-PBA 4534 trein 9340 Paris-Nord - Flickr - Rob Dammers.jpg
PBKA FranceBelgiumNetherlandsGermany Eurostar GEC-Alsthom 25 kV 50 Hz AC
15 kV  16.7 Hz AC
1.5 kV DC
3 kV DC
300 320 320


1997 Lage Zwaluwe Thalys TGV-PBKA 4343 als trein 9376 Paris-Nord - Flickr - Rob Dammers.jpg
THSR 700T Taiwan THSR Shinkansen Hitachi Rail
Kawasaki
Nippon Sharyo
distributed 25 kV 60 Hz AC 300 315 300 315

[24]

2007 THSR 700T TR17 20130907.jpg
Velaro Novo United States Brightline West Velaro Siemens Mobility distributed 25 kV 60 Hz AC 380 (240 mph) 210


2027
Vibrant Express Hong Kong MTR Corporation[25]
CRRC Qingdao Sifang[26] distributed 25 kV 50 Hz AC 300 380 210


2018[27][28] MTR CSR Sifang EMU in Shek Kong Stabling Sidings 201710.jpg
X2 Sweden SJ X 2000 Adtranz
ABB
concentrated (1 power car) 15 kV 16.7 Hz AC
25 kV 50 Hz AC
200 210 276 1989 SJ X2 in snow Jonsered 2007-01.jpg
X3 Sweden Arlanda Express Coradia GEC-Alsthom distributed 15 kV 16.7 Hz AC 200 205 205


1998 Arlanda Express X3.JPG
X40 Sweden SJ Alstom distributed 15 kV 16.7 Hz AC 200 200 200


2006 SJ Double Decker 2006-03-26.JPG
X50 - 55 Sweden SJ
Sweden Tågkompaniet
Sweden Västtrafik
Sweden Veolia Transport
Sweden Upplands Lokaltrafik
Regina Bombardier distributed 15 kV 16.7 Hz AC 200 250 303 2000 Regina X55 in Örnsköldsvik.jpg
X74 Sweden MTRX Stadler FLIRT Stadler Rail distributed 15 kV 16.7 Hz AC 200 200 2015 MTR Express X74 74005, Göteborg C, 2019 (01).jpg
ER1 Sweden Mälardalstrafik
Sweden Upplands Lokaltrafik
Sweden Tågkompaniet
Stadler Dosto Stadler Rail distributed 15 kV 16.7 Hz AC 200 200 2019 Nya Upptåget.jpg
X80 Sweden Västtrafik Zefiro Bombardier distributed 15 kV 16.7 Hz AC 200 2025
Zefiro Express Sweden SJ Zefiro Alstom distributed 15 kV 16.7 Hz AC 250 2026
Z-TER France SNCF Alstom
Bombardier
distributed 25 kV 50 Hz AC
1.5 kV DC
200 200 200


2003 SNCF Z 21561 en gare d'Orléans.jpg

High-speed trains no longer in service

Name Operators Family Manufacturer Power
distribution
Power supply Maximum speed (km/h) In
Service
Picture
Operated Designed Record
BR Class 370 Template:Country data GB InterCity APT BREL concentrated (2 intermediate power cars) 25 kV 50 Hz AC 201 (125 mph) 250 (160 mph) 261 (162 mph)[29] 1980—1986 APT at Crewe.jpg
CRDJJ1 "Blue Arrow" China Guangshen Railway Zhuzhou Electric Locomotive Co concentrated (1 power car) 25 kV 50 Hz AC 200 210 235.6 2000—2012 China Railways DJJ1.jpg
DJJ2 "China Star" China Qinshen railway Zhuzhou Electric Locomotive Co concentrated (2 power cars) 25 kV 50 Hz AC 200 270 321.5 2002—2006 China Star.jpg
DB Class 403 (1973) Germany DB AEG
BBC
Siemens
distributed 15 kV 16.7 Hz AC 200 220 225 1972—1993 DB 403 (Lufthansa Airport Express).jpg
ER200 Soviet UnionRussia RZD RVR distributed 3 kV DC 200 200 220 1984—2009 ЭР200 в пути.JPG
ETR 450 Italy Trenitalia Pendolino Fiat Ferroviaria distributed 3 kV DC 250 280 280


1988—2015 ETR450.06.jpg
ETR 500 (1st series) Italy Trenitalia AnsaldoBreda
Fiat Ferroviaria
Tecnomasio
Firema Trasporti
concentrated (2 power cars) 3 kV DC 250 300 321 1992—2007 ETR500mono-23B.jpg
ICE TD Germany DB
Denmark DSB
Venturio Siemens distributed Diesel (electric transmission) 200 200 222 2001—2017 DB 605 007 KB.jpg
RENFE Class 490 Spain Renfe Pendolino GEC-Alsthom
Fiat Ferrovaria
distributed 3 kV DC 220 220 1998—2014 Alaris 490.002 en Tarragona.jpg
Sm6 Allegro FinlandRussia Karelian Trains Pendolino Alstom distributed 25 kV 50 Hz AC
3 kV DC
220 220 220


2010 — 2022 Sm6 Allegro 7053 Helsinki.JPG
TGV Sud-Est France SNCF TGV Alsthom

Francorail-MTE

concentrated with additional distributed traction (2 power cars, 2 pass. semi-motor cars) 25 kV 50 Hz AC
1500 V DC
300 300 380 1980—2020 Gare du Nord, Paris 6 April 2014 006.jpg
TGV Postal France SNCF
(on behalf of La Poste)
Alsthom

Francorail-MTE

concentrated (2 power cars) 25 kV 50 Hz AC
1500 V DC
270 270 270


1984—2015
0 Series Shinkansen Japan JNR
Japan JR Central
Japan JR West
Shinkansen Hitachi Rail
Kawasaki
Kinki Sharyo
Nippon Sharyo
Kisha Seizo
distributed 25 kV 60 Hz AC 220 220 220


1964—2008 Shinkansen Series0 R67 JNRcolor.jpg
100 Series Shinkansen Japan JNR
Japan JR Central
Japan JR West
Hitachi Rail
Kawasaki
Kinki Sharyo
Nippon Sharyo
Tokyu Car
25 kV 60 Hz AC 230 230 277.2 1985—2012 G1 Kodama 464 Nagoya 20030509.JPG
200 Series Shinkansen Japan JNR
Japan JR East
Hitachi Rail
Kawasaki
Kinki Sharyo
Nippon Sharyo
Tokyu Car
25 kV 50 Hz AC 240
(275 H sets)
275 276.2[30] 1982—2013 JR East Shinkansen 200(renewal).jpg
300 Series Shinkansen Japan JR Central
Japan JR West
Hitachi Rail
Kawasaki
Kinki Sharyo
Nippon Sharyo
25 kV 60 Hz AC 270 270 325.7 1992—2012 JRW Shinkansen Series 300 F6.jpg
400 Series Shinkansen Japan JR East Hitachi Rail
Kawasaki
Tokyu Car
20/25 kV 50 Hz AC 240 240 345 1992—2010 JR East Shinkansen 400(renewal).jpg
E1 Series Shinkansen Japan JR East Hitachi Rail
Kawasaki
25 kV 50 Hz AC 240 240 240


1994—2012 JR East Shinkansen E1(renewal).jpg
E4 Series Shinkansen Japan JR East Hitachi Rail
Kawasaki
25 kV 50 Hz AC 240 240 240


1997—2021 Series-E4-P13.jpg

Experimental or modified

Name Operators Family Manufacturer Power
distribution
Power supply Maximum speed (km/h) In
Service
Picture
Designed Record
300X Japan JR Central Shinkansen Hitachi Rail
Kawasaki
Mitsubishi Heavy Industries
Nippon Sharyo
distributed 25 kV 60 Hz AC 350 443[31] 1994–2002
ALFA-X Japan JR East Hitachi Rail
Kawasaki
25 kV 50 Hz AC 400 400[32] 2019- E956S13Sendai.jpg
Class 951 Japan JNR Kawasaki
Nippon Sharyo
25 kV 60 Hz AC 250 286[33] 1969—1973 951-1 RTRI Kokubunji 199711.jpg
Class 961 Japan JNR Hitachi Rail
Kawasaki
Nippon Sharyo
25 kV 50/60 Hz AC 260 319[34] 1973–1981 JNR shinkansen 961 sendai.jpg
Class 962 Japan JNR

Japan JR East

Hitachi Rail
Kawasaki
Kinki Sharyo
Nippon Sharyo
Tokyu Car
25 kV 50/60 Hz AC 210 1979—2003 925-10 S2 Takasaki 20020925.jpg
Class 1000 Japan JNR Hitachi Rail
Kawasaki
Kinki Sharyo
Nippon Sharyo
Kisha Seizo
25 kV 60 Hz AC 200 256[35] 1962–1976 Shinkansen 1001 1003 01.gif
Fastech 360S Japan JR East Hitachi Rail
Kawasaki
25 kV 50 Hz AC 360 405[36] 2005—2009 Shinkansen E954(fastech360S) arrow-line.jpg
Fastech 360Z Japan JR East Hitachi Rail
Kawasaki
20/25 kV 50 Hz AC 360 405[36] 2005—2009 Shinkansen E954 (Fastech360S) at Sendai.jpg
STAR21 Japan JR East Hitachi Rail
Kawasaki
Nippon Sharyo
25 kV 50 Hz AC 350 425[37] 1992–1998 JRE 953-5 953-1.jpg
WIN350 Japan JR West Hitachi Rail
Kawasaki
25 kV 60 Hz AC 350 350[38] 1992–1995 JRWest-500-906-(WIN350-6).jpg
GCT01
(1st generation)
Japan JR Kyushu Kawasaki,
Kinki Sharyo,
Tokyu Car
20/25 kV 50/60 Hz AC
1500 V DC
300 246[39] 1998–2006 Free Gauge Train GCT-01 at kamogawa.jpg
GCT01
(2nd generation)
Japan JR Kyushu Kawasaki,
Kinki Sharyo,
Tokyu Car
20/25 kV 60 Hz AC
1500 V DC
270[40] ? 2006–2013 Gauge Changing Train 20120912.jpg
FGT9000 Japan JR Kyushu Kawasaki,
Hitachi
20/25 kV 60 Hz AC
1500 V DC
270[41] ? 2014- FGT-9000 Matsubase 20141118.jpg
HSR-350x South Korea Korail KTX Hyundai Rotem concentrated (2 power cars) 25 kV 60 Hz AC 385 352[42] 2002—2008 HSR 350x Hanvit Uiwang 20150722.jpg
HEMU-430X South Korea Korail Hyundai Rotem distributed 25 kV 60 Hz AC 430 421[43] 2012—2017 HEMU-430X Test run.jpg
BR APT-E Template:Country data GB British Rail APT British Rail Research Division concentrated (2 power cars) Gas turbine (electric transmission) 250 (160 mph) 245 (152 mph)[44] 1972—1976 ATP-E IN YARD.jpg
ICE S Germany DB ICE Siemens
Adtranz
AEG
DWA
concentrated (2 power cars) 15 kV 16.7 Hz AC 393[45] 1996 Mannheimer Hauptbahnhof- auf Bahnsteig zu Gleis 10- Richtung Heidelberg (ICE S) 24.2.2009.JPG
ICE V Germany DB Siemens
AEG
BBC
Krauss-Maffei
Krupp
Thyssen
Henschel
concentrated (2 power cars) 15 kV 16.7 Hz AC 407[46] 1985–1998 410001MKF Zug 1152.jpg
TGV 001 France SNCF TGV Alsthom

Brissonneau

MTE

Turbomeca

Jeumont-Schneider

Creusot-Loire

concentrated (2 power cars) Gas turbine (electric transmission) 300 318 1972—1978 TGV001.JPG
Modified unit 325 France SNCF Alstom concentrated (2 power cars) 25 kV 50 Hz AC
1.5 kV DC
515.3 1990 TGV Gare Montparnasse.jpg
TGV V150 France SNCF Alstom concentrated with additional distributed traction (2 power cars, 2 pass. semi-motor cars) 25 kV 50 Hz AC
15 kV 16.7 Hz AC
540 575[47] 2007 TGV World Speed Record 574 km per hour (cropped).jpg
Schienenzeppelin Germany Franz Kruckenberg Schienenzeppelin Franz Kruckenberg concentrated (single railcar) Petrol engine (with air propeller) 230 1929—1939 Schienenzeppelin Steilrampe.jpg
ES250 Sokol Russia RZD ES250 Sokol RAO VSM distributed 3 kV DC

25 kV 50 Hz AC

250[48] 2000—2002 Museum of the Moscow Railway at Rizhskaya station in Moscow (07).jpg
Talgo XXI (Talgo BT) Spain ADIF Talgo XXI Talgo
Krauss-Maffei
concentrated (1 power car) Diesel (hydraulic transmission) 200 256[49] 1999- Talgo XXI, Talgo BT o Serie 355, BT.001 Virgen del Rocio.JPG
Talgo 330 Spain ADIF Talgo 350 Talgo
Bombardier
Krauss-Maffei
concentrated (1 power car) 25 kV 50 Hz AC 300 336 2007- Pnietop 1845.jpg
Talgo AVRIL G3 Spain Renfe Talgo AVRIL Talgo
Bombardier
concentrated (2 power cars) 25 kV 50 Hz AC
3 kV DC
350 ? 2012 — Talgo AVRIL.jpg
High speed freight train China China Railway Fuxing-derived CRRC Tangshan distributed 25 kV 50 Hz AC 350 2020

Conventionally wheeled locomotive-hauled

As trains can have multiple configurations on the same service, service name is used as an identifier.

Currently or soon in service

Service Name Operators Hauled trailers Locomotive(s) Loco family Manufacturer Power supply Operated Designed Record In
Service
Picture
ComfortJet Czech Republic České dráhy Siemens Viaggio Comfort 383 Vectron Siemens and Škoda Transportation 25 kV 50 Hz AC
15 kV 16.7 Hz AC

3 kV DC

230 2024
InterJet Czech Republic České dráhy Siemens Viaggio Comfort 383 Vectron Siemens and Škoda Transportation 25 kV 50 Hz AC
15 kV 16.7 Hz AC

3 kV DC

200 200 2021 20230323 České dráhy 193292.jpg
ICE L Germany Deutsche Bahn Talgo 230 DB Class 105 Travca Talgo 25 kV 50 Hz AC
15 kV 16.7 Hz AC

1.5 kV DC

230 2024 ICE L SteuerwagenLV 12.23.jpg
FlixTrain Germany Sweden Flix UIC passenger coach types DB Class 182, 383 Taurus Vectron Siemens and Škoda Transportation 25 kV 50 Hz AC
25 kV 50 Hz AC

15 kV 16.7 Hz AC 3 kV DC

200 200 2017 Flixtrain 243 öja (51177921043).jpg
DB Intercity/ Eurocity Germany Deutsche Bahn DB Intercity carriages DB Class 101
(previously DB Class 103, DB Class 120)
Adtranz 15 kV 16.7 Hz AC 200 200 1965 101 008-1 Minden, 2012.jpg
SBB IC/SBB IR Template:Country data CH SBB IC 2000 Re 460 SLM/ABB 15 kV 16.7 Hz AC 200 200 1997 IC2000 Zürich - Luzern.jpg
Einheitswagen IV/SBB EC carriage 1996 SBB CFFF FFS IR Genf-Lausanne-Montreux-Aigle-Brig (31411822825).jpg
Eurocity SBB EC carriage/Einheitswagen IV (restaurant only) Depending on country: Re 460 / DB Class 101 / ÖBB Classes 1016/1116/1216 15 kV 16.7 Hz AC 200 200 1989 ÖBB1116 092 Stuggart Rohr 2020.jpg
Premier Service United Kingdom Transport for Wales Rail BR Mark 4 BR Class 67 Alstom EMD 12N-710G3B-EC Diesel 201 (125 mph) 201 (125 mph) 2000 Alstom General Motors Class 67 No 67003 (7786994576).jpg
InterCity 225 United Kingdom London North Eastern Railway BR Mark 4 BR Class 91 APT BREL
Alstom
25 kV 50 Hz AC 201 (125 mph) 225 (140 mph) 262 (163 mph) 1988 Kings Cross - LNER 91125 ecs.JPG
DSB EuroCity Denmark DSB Litra EC Litra EB Vectron Siemens 25 kV 50 Hz AC

15 kV 16.7 Hz AC

200 200[50] 2024 Litra EB Otto Busses Vej
Railjet Austria ÖBB
Czech Republic ČD
Siemens Viaggio Comfort ES64U2 Taurus Siemens 15 kV 16.7 Hz AC

25 kV 50 Hz AC

230 230 275[51] 2008 Endstation! ÖBB-Railjet in Zürich HB-20131011
MARC Train United States MARC HHP-8 HHP-8 Bombardier Transportation 12 kV 25 Hz AC

12.5 kV 60 Hz AC
25 kV 60 Hz AC

201 (125 mph)[52][53] 217 (135 mph) 1998 MARC 438 (14833026066).jpg
SC-44 Charger Siemens Cummins QSK95 Diesel 201 (125 mph)[54][55] 201 (125 mph) 2018 MARC Charger Testing.jpg
Northeast Corridor United States Amtrak Amfleet ACS-64 Sprinter Siemens 12 kV 25 Hz AC

12.5 kV 60 Hz AC

25 kV 60 Hz ACC

201 (125 mph) 217 (135 mph) 2014 Amtrak ACS-64 650 SB at Wilmington Station
Brightline United States FECI Siemens Venture SCB-40 Charger Siemens Cummins QSK95 Diesel 201 (125 mph) 201 (125 mph) 2018 BrightLine train test.jpg
SNCB Intercity Belgium SNCB SNCB I11 &

SNCB M6 &

SNCB M7 &

SNCB I10

HLE 13 Tractis Alstom 1.5 kV DC

3 kV DC

25 kV AC

200 200 1997 SNCB HLE 13 Hever.jpg
SNCB Intercity Belgium SNCB SNCB I11 &

SNCB M6 &

SNCB M7 &

SNCB I10

SNCB HLE 18 & HLE 19 EuroSprinter Siemens 1.5 kV DC

3 kV DC

25 kV 50 Hz AC

200 200 2011 SNCB HLE 18 - Siemens ES2007.jpg
HellasSprinter GreeceHellenic Train OSE Class 120 Eurosprinter Siemens 25 kV 50 Hz AC 200 1996 TRAINOSE Greece 25000V-50Hz AC
Nevsky Express Russia RZD Tver works family ChS200 Škoda 66E Škoda 3 kV DC 200 200 2001 ЧС200-006, «Невский Экспресс», Колпино - Саблино (cropped).jpg
EP20 Alstom Prima derived Transmashholding

Alstom VELNII

3 kV DC

25 kV 50 Hz AC

200 200 2012 ЭП20-017, Невский Экспресс, Колпино - Саблино.jpg

No longer in service

Service Name Type Operators Hauled trailers Locomotive(s) Loco family Manufacturer Power supply Operated Designed Record In
Service
Picture
Le Capitole Passenger France SNCF UIC-Y coaches /

Grand Confort coaches

SNCF BB 9200 / SNCF CC 6500 BB Jacquemin / Nez cassé Creusot-Loire, Jeumont-Schneider and Compagnie Électro-Mécanique /

Alsthom and MTE

1.5 kV DC 200 200 1967—1991 CdT - SNCF BB 9291.jpg
Metropolitan Express Train Passenger Germany DB MET coaches / Grand Confort coaches DB Class 101 DB Class 101 FTD Fahrzeugtechnik Dessau 15 kV 16.7 Hz AC 220 220 1998—2021 Letzter Einsatz der ex-Metropolitan-Garnitur.jpg
MVGV (Marchandises exploitées en régime Voyageurs à Grande Vitesse) / Train Bloc Express Freight (postal) France SERNAM (SNCF) 9 postal coaches (total 172 metres long, 297 tonnes) SNCF BB 22200 Nez cassé Alsthom and MTE 25 kV 50 Hz AC1500 V DC 200 200 1998—2010 BB 22302 raclant la caténaire de la ligne de la Maurienne (hiver 2020).JPG
Strizh Passenger Russia RZD Talgo 9 EP20 EP20 Transmashholding Talgo 3 kV DC

25 kV 50 Hz AC

200 200 2015—2022 Strizh Ostbahnhof.jpg

Magnetically levitated

Currently or soon in service

Name Operators Family Manufacturer Power supply Maximum speed (km/h) In
Service
Picture
Operated Designed Record
Shanghai Transrapid China SMTD Transrapid Siemens
ThyssenKrupp
Electromagnetic suspension 431 431 501[56] 2004 A maglev train coming out, Pudong International Airport, Shanghai.jpg
L0 Series Shinkansen Japan JR Central Shinkansen Mitsubishi Heavy Industries
Nippon Sharyo
Electrodynamic suspension 505 603[57] 2027[58][59] L0-950.jpg

Experimental

Name Operators Family Manufacturer Power supply Maximum speed (km/h) In
Testing
Picture
Designed Record
ML500 Japan JNR Shinkansen Railway Technical Research Institute Electrodynamic suspension 517 1977—1981 ML500 RTRI 20151010.JPG
MLU001 Japan JNR

Japan JR Central

405 1981—1989
MLU002 Japan JR Central 394 1987—1991
MLU002N 431 1993—1996
MLX01 Mitsubishi Heavy Industries
Nippon Sharyo
581 1996—2011 JR-Maglev-MLX01-2.jpg
Transrapid 04 Germany Transrapid Transrapid Siemens
Krauss-Maffei
Electrodynamic suspension 253[60] 1973—1977 Transrapid04.jpg
Transrapid 06 Electromagnetic suspension 412.6[60] 1983—1988 Transrapid Deutsches Museum Bonn schräg vor.jpg
Transrapid 07 Siemens
ThyssenKrupp
Electromagnetic suspension 450[60] 1987—1993 Transrapid 07 Muenchen Airport Center.jpg
Transrapid 08 Electromagnetic suspension 431 501[60] 1999—2006 Transrapid.jpg
Transrapid 09 Electromagnetic suspension 431 505[60] 2006–2007 Transrapid-emsland.jpg

See also

  • Railway speed record

Notes

  1. ICE 3M & ICE 3MF
  2. 2.0 2.1 ICE 3M

References

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  2. "Ficha de 9-103-005-5" (in es). Listado del Material Ferroviario Español. http://www.listadotren.es/motor/ficha.php?id=1178&sid=d4151febb6c7e30d83ea53b7270f40b6. 
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  6. 6.0 6.1 Fitzpatrick, Michael (15 April 2013). "Did China steal Japan's high-speed train?". http://fortune.com/2013/04/15/did-china-steal-japans-high-speed-train/. 
  7. 7.0 7.1 "铁总:9月21日起7对复兴号京沪高铁运营 时速350公里". 腾讯财经. 2017-08-20. http://finance.qq.com/a/20170820/020782.htm. 
  8. 291 km/h – Pendolino sets new record by Dyspozytor
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  24. Taiwan's High Speed Rail reaches 315 km/h in a test.
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  26. "MTR unveils first Express Rail Link high-speed train in Hong Kong". Railway Technology. 2013-11-06. https://www.railway-technology.com/uncategorized/newsmtr-unveils-first-express-rail-link-high-speed-train-in-hong-kong/. "Currently being built by CSR Qingdao Sifang [...] the trains are based on the design of China’s CRH380A model." 
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  51. oe24.at - ÖBB-Zug "railjet" mit Geschwindigkeitsrekord
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  53. "Caltrain Electrification Project", sonic.net: Section 4: ELECTRIC ROLLING STOCK EQUIPMENT POWER, 4.3.1.4 High Horsepower Amtrak/MARC Locomotive, August 2000, http://sonic.net/~mly/Caltrain-Electrification/2000-08-Rolling-Stock-Draft/4.pdf 
  54. "MARC Riders Advisory Council Meeting Summary Minutes". January 18, 2018. https://s3.amazonaws.com/mta-website-staging/mta-website-staging/files/Community/MARCRAC_Minutes_20178-01-18.pdf. 
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