Engineering:Mikoyan MiG-31

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Short description: Interceptor aircraft
For the fictional MiG-31 aircraft of the novel and movie Firefox, see List of fictional aircraft.
MiG-31
A Russian Air Force MiG-31DZ in flight over Russia
General information
National originSoviet Union
ManufacturerMikoyan-Gurevich/Mikoyan
Management and usageRussian Aerospace Forces
Kazakh Air Force (historical)
Number built519[1]
History
Manufactured1975–1994
Introduction date6 May 1981
First flight16 September 1975; 50 years ago (1975-09-16)
Retired2023 (Kazakh Air Force)
Developed fromMikoyan-Gurevich MiG-25

The Mikoyan MiG-31 (Russian: Микоян МиГ-31; NATO reporting name: Foxhound) is a supersonic interceptor aircraft developed for the Soviet Air Forces by the Mikoyan design bureau as a replacement for the earlier MiG-25 "Foxbat"; the MiG-31 is based on and shares design elements with the MiG-25.[2]

The MiG-31 is the fastest known operational combat aircraft, with a top speed around 3,000 km/h (1,600 knots).[3] It continues to be operated by the Russian Aerospace Forces following the end of the Cold War and the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991. The other operator, the Kazakh Air Defence Forces, retired the type in 2023.[4][5] The Russian Defence Ministry expects the MiG-31 to remain in service until at least 2030; that was confirmed in 2020 when an announcement was made to extend the service lifetime of the existing airframes from 2,500 to 3,500 hours.[6][7] The MiG-31K variant carries the Kh-47M2 Kinzhal conventional or nuclear warhead-capable air-launched ballistic missile.[8]

Development

Background

The single-seat MiG-25 could achieve high speed, altitude, and rate of climb, but it lacked manoeuvrability at interception speeds and was difficult to fly at low altitudes. The MiG-25's speed was normally limited to Mach 2.83, but it could reach a maximum speed of at least Mach 3.2 with the risk of engine damage.[9][10]

A Russian Air Force MiG-31BM taking off from Chelyabinsk Shagol Airport, 2012

Development of the MiG-25's replacement began with the Ye-155MP (Russian: Е-155МП) prototype, which first flew on 16 September 1975.[11] Although it bore a superficial resemblance to the MiG-25, it had a longer fuselage to accommodate the radar operator's cockpit, and was in many respects a new design. An important development was the MiG-31's advanced radar, capable of both look-up and look-down/shoot-down engagement, as well as multiple target tracking. This gave the Soviet Union an interceptor with the capability to engage the most likely Western intruders (low-flying cruise missiles and bombers) at long range.[1] The MiG-31 replaced the Tu-128 as the Soviet Union's dedicated long-range interceptor,[12] with far more advanced sensors and weapons,[13] while its range is almost double that of the MiG-25.

Like that of its MiG-25 predecessor, the introduction of the MiG-31 was surrounded by early speculation and misinformation concerning its design and abilities. The West learned of the new interceptor from Lieutenant Viktor Belenko, a pilot who defected to Japan in 1976 with his MiG-25P.[14] Belenko described an upcoming "Super Foxbat" with two seats and an ability to intercept cruise missiles. According to his testimony, the new interceptor was to have air intakes similar to the Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-23, which the MiG-31 does not have, at least in production variants.[15]

Production

Serial production of the MiG-31 began in 1979.[16][17] The first production batch of 519 MiG-31s including 349 "baseline models" was produced at the Sokol plant between 1976 and 1988. The second batch of 101 MiG-31DZs was produced from 1989 to 1991. The final batch of 69 MiG-31B aircraft was produced between 1990 and 1994.[18] From the final batch, 50 were retained by the Kazakhstan Air Force after the dissolution of the Soviet Union. Of the "baseline models", 40 airframes were upgraded to MiG-31BS standard.[1]

Upgrades and replacement

Some upgrade programs have found their way into the MiG-31 fleet, such as the MiG-31BM multirole version with upgraded avionics, new multimode radar, hands-on-throttle-and-stick (HOTAS) controls, liquid crystal (LCD) colour multifunction displays (MFDs), ability to carry the R-77 missile and various Russian air-to-ground missiles (AGMs) such as the Kh-31 anti-radiation missile (ARM), a new and more powerful computer, and digital data links. A project to upgrade the Russian MiG-31 fleet to the MiG-31BM standard began in 2010; 100 aircraft were to be upgraded to the MiG-31BM standard by 2020.[19] Russian Federation Defence Ministry chief Colonel Yuri Balyko has claimed that the upgrade would increase the combat effectiveness of the aircraft several times over.[20] 18 MIG-31BMs were delivered in 2014.[21] The Russian military was to receive more than 130 upgraded MiG-31BMs, with the first 24 aircraft already delivered according to Russian Deputy Defence Minister Yuri Borisov in his press briefing on 9 April 2015.[22]

Russia planned to start development of a replacement for the MiG-31 by 2019. The aircraft would be called PAK-DP (ПАК ДП, Перспективный авиационный комплекс дальнего перехвата – Prospective Air Complex for Long-Range Interception).[23] Development of the new aircraft, designated MiG-41, began in April 2013. Such development is favored over restarting MiG-31 production. In March 2014, Russian test pilot Anatoly Kvochur said that work began on a Mach 4 capable MiG-41 based on the MiG-31.[24][25] Later reports stated that the development of the MiG-31 replacement was to begin in 2017, with the first aircraft to be delivered in 2020, and the replacement entering service in 2025.[26][needs update]

Design

Russian Air Force MiG-31B in 2011

Like the MiG-25, the MiG-31 is a large twin-engined aircraft with side-mounted air intake ramps, a shoulder-mounted wing with an aspect ratio of 2.94, and twin vertical tailfins. Unlike the MiG-25, it has two seats, with the rear occupied by a dedicated weapon systems officer.[27]

The MiG-31 was designed to fulfill these mission objectives:[1]

  • Intercept cruise missiles and their launch aircraft by reaching missile launch range in the shortest possible time after departing the loiter area
  • Detect and destroy low flying cruise missiles, UAVs and helicopters
  • Long-range escort of strategic bombers
  • Provide strategic air defense in areas not covered by ground-based air defense systems

The MiG-31 is limited to five g when travelling at supersonic speeds.[9] While flying under combat weight, its wing loading is marginal and its thrust-to-weight ratio is favorable. The MiG-31 is not designed for close combat or rapid turning.[9]

The wings and airframe of the MiG-31 are stronger than those of the MiG-25, permitting supersonic flight at low altitudes. Like the MiG-25, its flight surfaces are built primarily of nickel-steel alloy, enabling the aircraft to tolerate kinetic heating at airspeeds approaching Mach 3. The MiG-31 airframe comprises 49% arc-welded nickel steel, 33% light metal alloy, 16% titanium, and 2% composites.[28] Its D30-F6 jet engines, each rated at 152 kN thrust, allow a maximum speed of Mach 1.23 at low altitude. High-altitude speed is temperature-redlined to Mach 2.83 – the thrust-to-drag ratio is sufficient for speeds in excess of Mach 3, but such speeds pose unacceptable hazards to engine and airframe life in routine use.[9]

Electronics suite

MiG-31BM showing its Zaslon phased-array radar

The MiG-31 was among the first aircraft with a phased-array radar.[29] Its maximum range against fighter-sized targets is about 200 km (120 mi), and it can track up to 10 targets and simultaneously attack four of them with its Vympel R-33 missiles. The radar is matched with an infrared search and track system in a retractable under-nose fairing.[9]

The aircraft was equipped with RK-RLDN and APD-518[30] digital secure datalinks. The RK-RLDN datalink is for communication with ground-control centers. The APD-518 datalink enables a flight of four MiG-31s to automatically exchange radar-generated data within 200 km (120 mi) of each other. It also enables other aircraft with less sophisticated avionics,[31] such as MiG-23s, 25s, and 29s and Su-15s and 27s,[32] to be directed to targets spotted by MiG-31 (a maximum of four (long-range) for each MiG-31 aircraft). The A-50 AEW aircraft and MiG-31 can automatically exchange aerial and terrestrial radar target designation,[33] as well as air defense.[34] The MiG-31 is equipped with ECM of radar and infrared ranges.[35]

The flight-navigation equipment of the MiG-31 includes a complex of automatic control system SAU-155МP and sighting-navigation complex KN-25 with two inertial systems and IP-1-72A with digital computer, electronic long-range navigation system Radical NP (312) or A-331, electronic system of the long-range navigation A-723. Distant radio navigation is carried out by means of two systems: Chayka (similar to the system of Loran) and «Route» (similar to the system of Omega).[clarification needed]

Similarly to the complex S-300 missile system,[36] aircraft group with APD-518 can share data obtained by various radars from different directions (active or passive scanning of radiation) and summarize the data. The target can be detected passively (via its emissions of jamming or use of its radar) and/or actively simultaneously from many different directions (with the MiG-31 using its radar). Every aircraft with the APD-518 will have the exact data, even if it is not involved in the search.[16][30][37]

  • interacting with ground-based automated digital control system (ACS «Rubezh» Operating radius of 2,000 kilometres (1,200 mi), can control multiple groups of planes), operating modes of remote aiming, semiautomated actions (coordinate support), singly, and also to direct on the target missiles launched from the other aircraft.
  • Digital immune system provides the automatic exchange of tactical information in a group of four interceptors, remote one from another at a distance of 200 km (120 mi) and aiming at the target group of fighters with less-powerful avionics (in this case the aircraft performs the role of guidance point or repeater).[32]

A group of four MiG-31 interceptors is able to control an area of air space across a total length of 800 to 900 kilometres (500 to 560 mi);[38] its radar possessing a maximum detection range of 200 kilometres (120 mi) in distance (radius) and the typical width of detection along the front of 225 kilometres (140 mi).[32]

Radars

Diagram shows how four MiG-31s can keep up to 1,000 km (620 mi) under control, and how the leader can pass information to friendly fighters.

Adopted in 1981, RP-31 N007 backstop (Russian: Zaslon).[37]

  • the range of detection of air targets with Zaslon-A: 200 km (120 mi) (for the purpose of a radar cross-section of 19 m2 on a collision angle with probability 0.5)
  • target detection distance with radar cross-section of 3 m2 (32 sq ft) in the rear within 35 km (22 mi) with a probability of 0.5[39][40]
  • number of detected targets: 24 (was originally 10[41])
  • number of targets for attack: 6 (was originally 4[41][42])
  • range of automatic tracking: 120 kilometres (75 mi)
  • detection of infrared signature targets: 56 kilometres (35 mi)
  • Effective in the detection of cruise missiles and other targets against ground clutter[41]
  • Until 2000, it was the world's only fighter in service equipped with phased array radar,[35][43] when the Mitsubishi F-2 entered service with the J/APG-1 active phased array radar.
  • Able to intercept and destroy cruise missiles flying at extremely low altitudes.[44][34]

Variant differences

The basic differences between other versions and the MiG-31BM are:[42]

  • The onboard radar complex of the MiG-31BM can track 24 airborne targets at one time, six of which can be simultaneously attacked by R-33S missiles.
  • Modernized variants of the aircraft can be equipped with anti-radiation missiles Kh-31, Kh-25MR or MPU (up to six units), anti-ship Kh-31A (up to six), air-to-surface class missiles Kh-29 and Kh-59 (up to three) or Kh-59M (up to two units), up to six precision bombs KAB-1500 or eight KAB-500 with television or laser-guidance. Maximum mass of payload is 9,000 kilograms (20,000 lb). * The MiG-31M, MiG-31D, and MiG-31BM standard aircraft have an upgraded Zaslon-M radar, with larger antenna and greater detection range (said to be 400 kilometres (250 mi) against AWACS-size targets) and the ability to attack multiple targets  – air and ground – simultaneously. The Zaslon-M has a 1.4 m (4.6 ft) diameter (larger) antenna, with 50–100% better performance than Zaslon. In April 1994 it was used with an R-37 to hit a target at 300 kilometres (190 mi) distance.[37] It has a search range of 400 km (250 mi) for a 19–20 m2 (200–220 sq ft) RCS target and can track 24 targets at once, engaging six,[45][46] or 282 km (175 mi) for 5 m2 (54 sq ft).[47] Relative target speed detection increased from Mach 5 to Mach 6, improving the probability of destroying fast-moving targets.[37] The MiG-31BM is one of only a few Soviet aircraft able to intercept and destroy cruise missiles flying at extremely low altitude.[37][48][49]

Cockpit

Front seat cockpit of older MiG-31 variant

The aircraft is a two-seater with the rear seat occupant controlling the radar. Although cockpit controls are duplicated across cockpits, it is normal for the aircraft to be flown only from the front seat. The pilot flies the aircraft by means of a centre stick and left hand throttles. The rear cockpit has only two small vision ports on the sides of the canopy. The presence of the WSO (weapon systems operator) in the rear cockpit improves aircraft effectiveness since the WSO is entirely dedicated to radar operations and weapons deployment, thus decreasing the workload of the pilot and increasing efficiency. Both cockpits are fitted with zero/zero ejection seats which allow the crew to eject at any altitude and airspeed.[9]

Armament

A Russian Air Force MiG-31BM armed with R-33 missiles.
A Russian Aerospace Forces MiG-31BM armed with Kh-47M2 Kinzhal missile.

The MiG-31's main armament is four R-33 air-to-air missiles (NATO codename AA-9 'Amos') carried under the belly.

  • One GSh-6-23 23 mm (0.91 in) cannon with 260 rounds.[50][51][52] (The MiG-31's predecessor, the MiG-25, did not include a cannon.)
  • Fuselage recesses for four R-33 (AA-9 'Amos') or four R-37 (AA-13 'Arrow') (MiG-31BM only).
  • Four underwing pylons for a combination of six places for charging[53] (two spaces to add removable fuel tanks[18])
    • Six R-37 long-range air-to-air missiles 280 kilometres (170 mi).[54]
    • Four[32] R-33 long-range missiles 300 kilometres (190 mi).[55]
    • (?)× Kh-31 (AS-17 'Krypton') long-range air-to-ground missiles (200 kilometres [120 mi]) for high-speed target (maneuvering with an overload of 8 g).[55]
    • (?)× R-33 (AA-9 "Amos") (1981) 120 kilometres (75 mi), R-33S (1999) 160 kilometres (99 mi).[56]
    • Two[32] or four (superior limit)[57]× R-40TD1 (AA-6 'Acrid') medium-range missiles (R-40 – 50–80 kilometres [31–50 mi]), MiG-25P, 1970) launched at altitudes of 0.5–3 kilometres (0.31–1.86 mi) (maneuvering with overload four g).[58]
    • Four R-60 (AA-8 'Aphid')
      • Four R-73 (AA-11 'Archer') short-range IR missiles,
      • Four R-77 (AA-12 'Adder') medium-range missiles (100 kilometres [62 mi]) for high-speed target (maneuvering with overload of 12 g).[59]
  • Some aircraft are equipped to launch the Kh-31P (AS-17 'Krypton') and Kh-58 (AS-11 'Kilter') anti-radiation missiles in the Suppression of Enemy Air Defenses (SEAD) role. Anti-ship missiles Kh-31A (up to six) and air-to-surface missiles Kh-59 and Kh-29T (up to three) or X-59M (up to two units), up to six air bombs KAB-1500, or up to eight KAB-500 with a television or laser-guidance. Maximum weight of the combat load is 9,000 kilograms (20,000 lb).[60][61]
  • One Kh-47M2 Kinzhal high-precision ballistic missile with a range of about 2,000 km (1,200 mi) (including range of launching aircraft), Mach 10 speed.[62] It can carry both conventional and nuclear warheads.[63] This gave the MiG-31 long range strike capabilities for the first time, alongside its primary interceptor role. (Only MiG-31K variants equipped.)

Operational history

A side view of a MiG-31 from 790th Fighter Order of Kutuzov Aviation Regiment on the runway of Khotilovo airbase, Tver region.
A MiG-31B on left and MiG-31BM on right flying in formation.

Serial production of the MiG-31 began in 1979.[16][17] The MiG-31 entered operational service with the Soviet Air Defence Forces (PVO) in 1981.[64]

During the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, MiG-31s reportedly shot down several Ukrainian aircraft, mainly by using the long range R-37 air-to-air missile. By remaining at high speed and high altitude, MiG-31s have been able to operate virtually unopposed due to Ukrainian fighters lacking range, speed, or altitude necessary to engage the MiG-31.[65][66]

As of 8 September 2024, three MiG-31BMs have been visually confirmed as lost, with two being destroyed by Ukrainian missile strikes on Belbek airfield in occupied Crimea on 15 May 2024. The third crashed during takeoff on the same airfield on 1 October 2022, with satellite images showing clear visible wreckage, with the jet having run off the end of the runway, falling off a cliff before exploding.[67]

The R-37M has, since October 2022, been the main threat against the Ukrainian Air Force. The Ukrainian Air Force has a significant lack of fire-and-forget missiles. They relied on the R-27 missiles, both the R-27ER and R-27ET; the R-27ER's range is 60 mi (97 km). A Ukrainian pilot must illuminate a Russian aircraft with radar to guide the missile to the target. Russian pilots firing the active-radar, fire-and-forget R-77 give them the ability to launch their missiles and then take evasive action. Ukrainian pilots were forced to "exploit ground clutter and terrain-masking to get close enough to fire before being engaged". During the first three days of the war both sides lost aircraft. The Ukrainians replaced them with older airframes that were made flyable. The Russian Aerospace Forces turned to the MiG-31 with the R-37M missile that has a range of 200 mi (320 km). Combined with the superior radar on the MiG-31, the Ukrainian Air Force has started losing more aircraft. A report by the Royal United Services Institute states that in October some six R-37Ms were being fired at the Ukrainian Air Force a day. Four MiG-31s were also deployed to Crimea. To avoid R-37M missiles, Ukraine has had to attempt to destroy MiG-31s while they are still on the ground, such as the attack on the Belbek airbase and an attempted drone attack in August.[68][69][70][71][72]

On the early morning of 4 May 2023, a Kh-47M2 Kinzhal missile was intercepted by the Patriot air defense system according to the commander of the Ukrainian Air Force, general Mykola Oleschuk. The missile was fired from a MiG-31K in Russian airspace. Ukraine confirmed the intercept, saying it used the Patriot missile system protecting the Kyiv region.[73][74][75]

On 15 May 2024, Russian-installed officials in Crimea claimed that a missile attack caused explosions and fires near the Belbek airfield. Some missiles (possibly ATACMS) struck dropping cluster munitions on the airfield, and according to photographic evidence and satellite imagery, at least two Russian ground-based air defense systems destroyed, likely destroying two MiG-31s, destroyed a fuel farm and damaged one Su-27.[76]

On the morning of 16 May 2023, six Kh-47M2 Kinzhal missiles were fired at Kyiv. Ukrainian Air Force spokesperson said that they were launched from six MiG-31Ks. Ukraine claims that all Kinzhals were intercepted but one may have damaged a Patriot battery launcher according to US officials, although there is limited evidence.[77]

After they were intercepted by Finnish aircraft over the Gulf of Finland on 19 September 2025, three MiG-31s entered Estonian airspace. The Russians had not presented a flight plan, the aircraft's transponders were switched off and they ignored radio calls. They stayed inside Estonian airspace for 12 minutes before being intercepted by Italian F-35 and escorted back to Russia. Estonia reacted to the incident by calling NATO for Article 4 consultations.[78]

Export

In 1992 Russia offered the MiG-31 to Finland,[79] which had a selection programme ongoing for a new fighter, but the offer was not submitted to the program, where Russia had submitted the MiG-29.[80] Finland did not accept the offer,[79] and chose the new fighter from the selection programme.[80]

Syria ordered eight MiG-31E aircraft in 2007 for the Syrian Air Force.[81][82] The order was suspended in May 2009 reportedly either due to Israeli pressure or lack of Syrian funds.[83]

Variants

MiG-31M, MAKS air show 1995, at Ramenskoye airport
Bottom view of a MiG-31BM
Ye-155MP (MiG-25MP)
Prototype modification of the early MiG-31. First flight on 16 September 1975.
MiG-31
First variant which entered in serial production. 349 aircraft were built.
MiG-31M
Development of a more comprehensive advanced version, the MiG-31M, began in 1984 and first flew in 1985, but the dissolution of the Soviet Union prevented it from entering full production.[84][85] One piece rounded windscreen, small side windows for rear cockpit, wider and deeper dorsal spine. Digital flight controls added, multifunction CRT cockpit displays, multi-mode phased array radar. No gun fitted in this model, refueling probe moved to starboard side of aircraft, fuselage weapon stations increased from 4 to 6 by adding two centre-line stations. Maximum TO weight increased to 52,000 kg (115,000 lb) using increased thrust D-30F6M engines instead of the D-30F6 engines.[86] 1 prototype and 6 flyable pre-production units were produced.
MiG-31D
Two aircraft were designated as Type 31D and were manufactured as dedicated anti-satellite models with ballast in the nose instead of radars, flat fuselage undersurface (i.e. no recessed weapon system bays) and had large winglets above and below the wing-tips. Equipped with Vympel ASAT missiles.[86] Two prototypes were built.
MiG-31LL
Special modification used as a flying laboratory for testing of ejection seats during flight.
MiG-31 01DZ
Two-seat all weather, all altitude interceptor. Designated as MiG-31 01DZ when fitted with air-to-air refueling probe.[86] One hundred produced of DZ variant.[87]
MiG-31B
Second production batch with upgraded avionics and in-flight refueling probe introduced in 1990. Its development was the result of the Soviet discovery that Phazotron radar division engineer Adolf Tolkachev had sold information on advanced radars to the West. A new version of the compromised radar was hastily developed.[88] MiG-31B also have the improved ECM and EW equipment with integration of improved R-33S missiles. Long range navigation system compatible with Loran/Omega and Chaka ground stations added. This model replaced the 01DZ models in late 1990.[86]
MiG-31E
Export version of the MiG-31B with simplified avionics. Never entered in serial production.[86]
MiG-31BS
Designation applied to type 01DZ when converted to MiG-31B standard.[86]
MiG-31BM
After passing state testing in 2008, this modernized variant of MiG-31B was approved for introduction into air force of Russia. 50 planes are modified to the MiG-31BM (Bolshaya Modernizatsiya/Big Modernization) standard, in accordance with the 2011 contract.[89] The efficiency of the modernized MiG-31BM is 2.6 times greater than the basic MiG-31.[90] The MiG-31BМ's maximum detection range for air targets was increased in the upgrade to 320 km (200 mi). It had the ability to automatically track up to ten targets, and the latest units can track up to 24 targets and simultaneously engage up to eight targets. The on-board Argon-K is replaced with the new Baget 55-06 computer[91] that selects four targets of the highest priority, which simultaneously are engaged by long-range R-33S air-to-air missiles.[92] A new long range missile R-37 (missile) with a speed of Mach 6 and a range of up to 400 km (250 mi) is developed during the modernization process for use with the newly modernized MiG-31.[91] The MiG-31BM has a multi-role capability, and is capable of using anti-radar, air-to-ship and air-to-ground missiles. Some of its avionics are unified with the MiG-29SMT. It also has a refueling probe.[93] MiG-31BM set a sustained flight record for the model while spending seven hours and four minutes in the air while covering the distance of 8,000 km (5,000 mi).[94]
MiG-31BSM
An upgrade of the BS version, it is the latest modernization variant first time contracted in 2014 for modernization of 60 aircraft, it is very similar in some aspects to the BM standard. Unlike the BS standard, aircraft modernized into the BSM standard are equipped with air refueling probe. Improvements were made to the aircraft canopy, where new and better heat resistant glass was used, thus enabling the MiG-31BSM to fly with cruise speed of 3,000 km/h (1,900 mph) at long distances without any damage. Furthermore, new faster central computer Baget-55-06 is used with addition of multi-functional displays, one for the pilot and three for the weapons operator-navigator. Also there is a new set of navigation equipment. The MiG-31BSM has multi-role capability with ability to use anti-radar, anti-ship and air-to-ground missiles. The main visible difference between the BS and BSM standards a rear-view periscope above the front cockpit canopy.[95]
MiG-31K
Modified MiG-31BM variant able to carry the hypersonic Kh-47M2 Kinzhal ALBM. Ten aircraft were modified by May 2018.[96] With this modification and with removed APU for air-to-air missiles, the aircraft gained a sole role of an attack aircraft.[97][98]
MiG-31F
Planned fighter-bomber intended for use with TV, radar and laser-guided ASM weapon systems. Never entered serial production.[86]
MiG-31FE
Planned export version of the MiG-31F.[86]
MiG-31I (Ishim)
Proposed modification for air launch to orbit of small spacecraft with a payload of 160 kg (350 lb) to 300 km (190 mi) altitude or 120 kg (260 lb) to 600 km (370 mi) altitude orbit.[99]
MiG-31 (Izdeliye 08)
MiG-31 modified into a launch-platform for the Izdeliye 293 Burevestnik anti-satellite missile. At least two prototypes are converted. Tests from September 2018.[100]
MiG-31I
The latest version of the aircraft which reportedly adds an in-flight refueling capability and includes different engines, avionics and missiles, fly-by-wire and an electronic remote control system which allows to launch Kinzhal missiles at a predetermined moment. It is assumed that all MiG-31K aircraft will be upgraded to this standard.[101] Completed flight tests in April 2024.[102]

Operators

 Russia
  • Russian Aerospace Forces
    • 4th Centre for Combat Application and Crew Training (Savasleyka)[103]
    • 22nd Fighter Aviation Regiment (Tsentralnaya Uglovaya)[103]
    • 98th Independent Composite Aviation Regiment (Monchegorsk)[103]
    • 764th Fighter Aviation Regiment (Perm/Bolshoye Savino)[103]
    • 712th Guards Fighter Aviation Regiment (Kansk)[103]
    • 790th Fighter Aviation Regiment (Khotilovo/Borisovskiy)[103]
    • 929th V.P. Chkalova State Flight Test Centre (Akhtubinsk)[103]
  • Russian Naval Aviation
    • 7060th Naval Aviation Air Base (Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy/Yelizovo)[118]
      • 10 MiG-31B/BS and 22 MiG-31BM in inventory as of 2020.[119]

Former operators

 Soviet Union
  • Soviet Air Forces aircraft passed to the Russian and Kazakh Air Forces after the dissolution of the Soviet Union.
  • Soviet Air Defence Forces
 Kazakhstan
  • Kazakh Air Defense Forces
    • 610th Air Base (Sary-Arka Airport)[120]
      • As of 2022, 31 aircraft were in inventory.[121] The type was retired in 2023 and put up for auction. The aircraft were reportedly sold to US in April 2024.[122][123][124] However it remains unclear who actually bought them, with Kazakh officials claiming that only local companies were allowed to bid.[125]

Notable accidents

On 4 April 1984, a MiG-31 crashed while on a test flight, killing Mikoyan chief test pilot Aleksandr Vasilyevich Fedotov and his navigator V. Zaitsev.[126]

On 26 April 2017, a MiG-31 crashed after it was accidentally hit by "friendly fire" during a training session near the Telemba proving ground in the Russian Far East.[127] This occurred during a training exercise over the Telemba proving ground in Buryatia; both crew members ejected successfully.[128] While Russian state media did not offer any details, independent investigators discovered from a leaked government document that the aircraft was shot down by an R-33 missile fired from another MiG-31 and that pilot error from both airplanes was at fault. The report also suggested problems with the Zaslon-AM radar and Baget-55 fire control system that might increase the risk of more accidental shootdowns.[129]

On 16 April 2020, a MiG-31 interceptor of the Kazakh Air Force crashed in the country's Karaganda region.[130][importance?]

On 8 April 2022, a MiG-31 of the Russian Aerospace Forces crashed in the Leningrad region.[131][importance?]

On 2 December 2022, a MiG-31 of the Russian Aerospace Forces crashed during a training flight in the far eastern Primorsky Region.[132][importance?]

On 26 April 2023, a MiG-31 of the Russian Aerospace Forces crashed during a training flight in northern Murmansk. The pilots reportedly ejected and survived.[133][importance?]

On 4 July 2023, a MiG-31 of the Russian Aerospace Forces crashed during a training flight over Avacha Bay.[134][importance?]

Specifications (MiG-31)

MiG-31 3-view drawing
MiG-31E landing, with brake chute deployed
MiG-31BM take-off with afterburner

Data from Great Book of Modern Warplanes,[2] Mikoyan,[135] Combat Aircraft since 1945,[136] airforce-technology.com,[137] deagel.com[138]

General characteristics

  • Crew: 2 (pilot and weapons systems officer)
  • Length: 22.62 m (74 ft 3 in)
  • Wingspan: 13.456 m (44 ft 2 in)
  • Height: 6.456 m (21 ft 2 in)
  • Wing area: 61.6 m2 (663 sq ft)
  • Empty weight: 21,820 kg (48,105 lb)
  • Gross weight: 41,000 kg (90,390 lb)
  • Max takeoff weight: 46,200 kg (101,854 lb)
  • Fuel capacity: 35,550 lb (16,130 kg) internals, plus optional external fuel tanks[38]
  • Powerplant: 2 × Soloviev D-30F6 afterburning turbofan engines, 93 kN (21,000 lbf) thrust each dry, 152 kN (34,000 lbf) with afterburner

Performance

  • Maximum speed: 3,000 km/h (1,900 mph, 1,600 kn) / Mach 2.83 at 21,500 m (70,500 ft)
1,500 km/h (930 mph; 810 kn) / Mach 1.23 at low altitude
  • Cruise speed: 2,500 km/h (1,600 mph, 1,300 kn) / Mach 2.35
  • Range: 3,000 km (1,900 mi, 1,600 nmi) with 4 × R-33E and 2 drop tanks
5,400 km (3,400 mi; 2,900 nmi) with 4 × R-33E and 2 drop tanks with one aerial refueling[139]
  • Combat range: 1,450 km (900 mi, 780 nmi) at Mach 0.8 and 10,000 m (33,000 ft)
720 km (450 mi; 390 nmi) at Mach 2.35 and 18,000 m (59,000 ft)[40]
  • Service ceiling: 25,000 m (82,000 ft) +[140]
  • g limits: 5+
  • Rate of climb: 288 m/s (56,700 ft/min)
  • Wing loading: 665 kg/m2 (136 lb/sq ft)
  • Thrust/weight: 0.85

Armament

Avionics

See also

  • Firefox (novel) and Firefox (film), the premise of which is the theft of a speculated/fictional version of the MiG-31

Related development

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration and era

Related lists

  • List of military aircraft of the Soviet Union and the CIS

References

Notes

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Mladenov, Alexander (July 2015). "The Foxhound's New Tricks". Air International 19 (1): 28. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Spick 2000.
  3. ↑ DefenseMagazine.com (18 May 2024). "The MiG 31 Foxhound – the world's fastest fighter jet" (in en). https://www.defensemagazine.com/article/the-mig-31-foxhound-the-worlds-fastest-fighter-jet. 
  4. ↑ "117 MiG-31, MiG-29 & Other Russian-Origin Fighter Jets Put Up On Auction By Kazakhstan; Here's Why". 28 October 2023. https://www.eurasiantimes.com/on-sale-117-mig-31-mig-29-heres-why/. 
  5. ↑ "Kazakhstan sells over 100 military aircraft". Military. Honest news about the army, war and defense.. 27 October 2023. https://mil.in.ua/en/news/kazakhstan-sells-over-100-military-aircraft/. 
  6. ↑ Kovalenko, Aleksandr (27 July 2020). "Российские МиГ-31 поставят на бесконечную "реанимацию"" (in ru). https://sprotyv.info/analitica/rossijskie-mig-31-postavyat-na-beskonechnuju-reanimaciju. 
  7. ↑ "Russia's Modernized Soviet-Era MiG-31 Fighters to Fly for 50 Years". The Moscow Times. 9 April 2015. https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2015/04/09/russias-modernized-soviet-era-mig-31-fighters-to-fly-for-50-years-a45627. 
  8. ↑ Kristensen, Hans M.; Korda, Matt; Johns, Eliana; Knight, Mackenzie (2025-05-04). "Russian nuclear weapons, 2025". Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 81 (3): 208–237. doi:10.1080/00963402.2025.2494386. ISSN 0096-3402. Bibcode: 2025BuAtS..81c.208K. https://doi.org/10.1080/00963402.2025.2494386. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 Dawes, Alan (December 2002). "Mikoyan's Long-Legged Hunting Dog". Air International: 396–401. 
  10. ↑ Gunston & Spick 1983, pp. 132–133.
  11. ↑ Eden 2004, p. 323.
  12. ↑ "МиГ-31 Истребитель-перехватчик" (in ru). http://www.airbase.ru/sb/russia/mikoyan/mig/31/index-t.htm. 
  13. ↑ Roblin, Sebastien (1 April 2017). "Russia's Super-Sized Tu-128 Fighter: The Supersonic B-52 Killer". https://nationalinterest.org/blog/the-buzz/russias-super-sized-tu-128-fighter-the-supersonic-b-52-19972. 
  14. ↑ Eyster, II, James P. (1977). "The Defection of Viktor Belenko: The Use of International Law to Justify Political Decisions". Fordham International Law Journal (The Berkeley Electronic Press (bepress)) 1 (1). http://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1002&context=ilj. Retrieved 30 October 2015. 
  15. ↑ "MiG-31 Foxhound". http://www.globalaircraft.org/planes/mig-31_foxhound.pl. 
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 "МиГ-31 модернизируется и прослужит в ВВС России еще около 15 лет" (in ru). http://www.arms-expo.ru/news/armed_forces/mig_31_moderniziruetsya_i_prosluzhit_v_vvs_rossii_eshche_okolo_15_let/?sphrase_id=2636609. 
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 "Рогозин: истребитель МиГ-31 модернизируется и прослужит еще 15 лет в ВВС России" (in ru). http://tass.ru/politika/1369019. 
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 "МиГ-31" (in ru). encyclopaedia-russia.ru. http://www.encyclopaedia-russia.ru/article.php?id=599. Retrieved 6 April 2015. 
  19. ↑ "Минобороны России и Объединенная авиастроительная корпорация заключили контракт на модернизацию самолетов МиГ-31" (in ru). 27 November 2014. http://www.armstrade.org/includes/periodics/news/2014/1127/165026811/detail.shtml. 
  20. ↑ Cochrun, Roy (16 November 2007). "MiG-31 Upgrade Will Quadruple Its Effectiveness – Expert". http://www.royfc.com/news/nov/1607nov01.html. 
  21. ↑ "Шойгу: оснащенность Российской армии современным оружием и техникой за год выросла на 7%" (in ru). http://itar-tass.com/armiya-i-opk/1660936. 
  22. ↑ "Первые 24 модернизированных истребителя-перехватчика МиГ-31БМ поступили на вооружение ВС РФ" (in ru). http://www.armstrade.org/includes/periodics/news/2015/0409/152528676/detail.shtml. 
  23. ↑ Jennings, Gareth. "Russia to launch MiG-31 replacement programme before end of decade". http://www.janes.com/article/53633/russia-to-launch-mig-31-replacement-programme-before-end-of-decade. 
  24. ↑ Siminski, Jacek (5 March 2014). "MiG working on a new interceptor, capable of Mach 4". http://theaviationist.com/2014/03/05/mig-41-mig-31-replacement/. "The Russian Armed Forces are working on the MiG-41, a new supersonic fighter based on the MiG-31 Foxhound." 
  25. ↑ "MiG-41 – A new Mach 4+ fighter?". 30 July 2014. http://www.migflug.com/jetflights/mig-41-a-new-mach-4-fighter.html. 
  26. ↑ "Russia to Start Developing Replacement for MiG-31 in 2017". 11 August 2014. http://en.ria.ru/military_news/20140811/191909247/Russia-to-Start-Developing-Replacement-for-MiG-31-in-2017.html. 
  27. ↑ Leone, Dario (11 December 2013). "How the MiG-31 repelled the SR-71 Blackbird from Soviet skies". http://theaviationist.com/2013/12/11/sr-71-vs-mig-31/. 
  28. ↑ Martin, Guy (December 2006). "The MiG-31 Foxhound: One of the World's Greatest Interceptors". http://www.aircraftinformation.info/art_mig31.htm. 
  29. ↑ "Истребитель-перехватчик МиГ-31. Летно-технические характеристики" (in ru). 14 December 2013. http://ria.ru/incidents/20131214/984063920.html. 
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 "МиГ-31" (in ru). http://www.airwar.ru/enc/fighter/mig31.html. 
  31. ↑ "MiG-31BM multi-role fighter" (in ru). 20 April 2017. http://xn--80akhcovnjb1g.xn--p1ai/russia/mikoyan/mig/31/bm/mig31bm.htm. 
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 32.2 32.3 32.4 "МиГ-31, (Foxhound), сверхзвуковой истребитель-перехватчик дальнего действия" (in ru). http://www.arms-expo.ru/049049056052124051050056051%2Ehtml. 
  33. ↑ "МиГ-31: реальность и перспективы" (in ru). 30 April 2013. http://vpk-news.ru/articles/15752. 
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 Valagin, Anton (3 February 2014). "Как работает перехватчик МиГ-31" (in ru). Rossiyskaya Gazeta. https://rg.ru/2014/02/03/mig-site.html. 
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 "Дальний истребитель-перехватчик МиГ-31" (in ru). http://worldweapon.ru/sam/mig31.php. 
  36. ↑ "Авиация НАТО против сирийских С-300" (in ru). 1 June 2013. http://3mv.ru/publ/aviacija_nato_protiv_sirijskikh_s_300/1-1-0-16489. 
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 37.2 37.3 37.4 Ilyin, Vladimir (2001). "Дальний истребитель-перехватчик МиГ-31" (in ru). http://www.milrus.com/vvs/mig31/text.shtml. 
  38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 Fink, Donald E. (24 June 1991). "Details of Soviet MiG-31 Revealed in First Western Air Show Appearance". Aviation Week & Space Technology. http://aviationweek.com/site-files/aviationweek.com/files/uploads/2014/10/1991-%20MiG-31%20At%20Le%20Bourget.pdf. Retrieved 28 January 2019. 
  39. ↑ Yurievna, Sizova Irina. "Система управления вооружением СУВ "Заслон" истребителя МиГ-31" (in ru). http://www.niip.ru/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=12:-l-r-lr&catid=8:2011-07-06-06-33-26&Itemid=8. 
  40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 "MiG-31E Interceptor". http://www.roe.ru/cataloque/air_craft/aircraft_16-19.pdf. 
  41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 41.2 "Советский ответ Западу. МиГ-31 против F-14" (in ru). http://www.militaryparitet.com/vp/65/. 
  42. ↑ 42.0 42.1 "Многоцелевой истребитель МиГ-31БМ" (in ru). http://worldweapon.ru/sam/mig31bm.php. 
  43. ↑ "МиГ-31 – Foxhound" (in ru). 18 October 2010. http://militaryrussia.ru/blog/topic-407.html. 
  44. ↑ "Дальний истребитель-перехватчик МиГ-31" (in ru). http://www.milrus.com/vvs/mig31/text.shtml. 
  45. ↑ "N007 Zaslon Fire-Control Radar". 2 December 2009. http://articles.janes.com/articles/Janes-Avionics/N007-Zaslon-Fire-Control-Radar-FCR-Russian-Federation.html. 
  46. ↑ "Zaslon radar". Russia Airforce Handbook. International Business Publications. 2007. ISBN 978-1-43304-115-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=Kt2ZaOilGXIC&dq=Zaslon-M+range&pg=PA176. 
  47. ↑ "Which Fighter Plane is the No.1 in the Indian Subcontinent in the BVR (Beyond Visual Range) arena?". 17 April 2012. https://www.angelfire.com/falcon/fighterplanes/texts/articles/bestfighter.html. 
  48. ↑ "МиГ 31 – Сверхзвуковой всепогодный истребитель" (in ru). http://mig31.ucoz.ru/. 
  49. ↑ "60 истребителей-перехватчиков МиГ-31 будут модернизированы до 2020 года" (in ru). 1 January 2012. http://www.arms-expo.ru/news/archive/60-istrebiteley-perehvatchikov-mig-31-budut-modernizirovany-do-2020-goda01-01-2012-10-04-00/?sphrase_id=2636609. 
  50. ↑ Yefim, Gordon (1997). MiG-25 'Foxbat' MiG-31 'Foxhound' Russia's Defensive Front Line. Midland Publishing. pp. 84–85. ISBN 1 85780 064 8. 
  51. ↑ Yefim, Gordon (2005). Mikoyan MiG-31. Midland Publishing. p. 182. ISBN 1 85780 219 5. https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/mikoyan-mig31-pdfdrive-pdf/252222070#182. Retrieved 17 September 2025. 
  52. ↑ Braga, V. G.. FLIGHT AND TECHNICAL AIRCRAFT CHARACTERISTICS MIG-31. p. 5. https://www.mediafire.com/file/zydpxif6t0gxn7u/FLIGHT+AND+TECHNICAL+CHARACTERISTIS+OF+THE+MiG-31+AIRCRAFT.pdf/file. Retrieved 17 September 2025. 
  53. ↑ Дракон. "Тактико-технические характеристики истребителя МиГ-31" (in ru). http://samolet-mig-31.narod.ru. 
  54. ↑ "МиГ-31БМ" (in ru). http://www.airwar.ru/enc/fighter/mig31bm.html. 
  55. ↑ 55.0 55.1 "МиГ-31БМ получат новую ракету" (in ru). 21 December 2012. http://dokwar.ru/publ/aviacija_i_flot/mig_31bm_poluchat_novuju_raketu/15-1-0-583. 
  56. ↑ "R-33 (K-33, product 410, AA-9 "Amos")" (in ru). 27 October 2014. http://xn--80akhcovnjb1g.xn--p1ai/russia/vympel/r/33/r33_1.htm. 
  57. ↑ "МиГ-31Б" (in ru). http://www.modernforces.ru/mig-31b/. 
  58. ↑ "R-40 (product 46, AA-6 "Acrid")" (in ru). 22 April 2016. http://xn--80akhcovnjb1g.xn--p1ai/russia/bisnovat/r/40/r40.htm. 
  59. ↑ "R-77 (RVV-AE, AA-12 "Adder")" (in ru). 10 May 2017. http://xn--80akhcovnjb1g.xn--p1ai/russia/vympel/r/77/r77.htm. 
  60. ↑ "Дальний истребитель-перехватчик МиГ-31" (in ru). http://worldweapon.ru/sam/mig31.php. 
  61. ↑ "МиГ-31БМ" (in ru). http://www.airwar.ru/enc/fighter/mig31bm.html. 
  62. ↑ (in ru). Moscow. 1 March 2018. http://www.interfax.ru/russia/602049. 
  63. ↑ ""Наводит ужас": Daily Star оценила видео пуска "Кинжала"" (in ru). 11 March 2018. https://ria.ru/20180311/1516113028.html. 
  64. ↑ "МиГ-31 (изд.01) FoxHound" (in ru). http://www.testpilot.ru/russia/mikoyan/mig/31/mig31.htm. 
  65. ↑ "The Russian Air War and Ukrainian Requirements for Air Defence". 7 November 2022. https://rusi.org/explore-our-research/publications/special-resources/russian-air-war-and-ukrainian-requirements-air-defence. 
  66. ↑ "Russia's MiG-31 Crews Are Shooting At Ukrainian Pilots From A Hundred Miles Away—And The Ukrainians Can't Shoot Back". 8 November 2022. https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidaxe/2022/11/08/russias-mig-31-crews-are-shooting-at-ukrainian-pilots-from-a-hundred-miles-away-and-the-ukrainians-cant-shoot-back/?sh=500728d65d06. 
  67. ↑ "List of aircraft losses during 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine". 8 September 2024. https://www.oryxspioenkop.com/2022/03/list-of-aircraft-losses-during-2022.html?m=1. 
  68. ↑ Piotr Butowski, Thomas Newdick (10 November 2022). "Russia's MiG-31 Foxhounds Proving To Be A Threat To Ukrainian Aircraft". https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/russias-mig-31-foxhounds-proving-to-be-a-threat-to-ukrainian-aircraft. 
  69. ↑ Forbes Staff (30 April 2022). "Ukraine's Pilots Are Flying Into Battle With Old, Dumb Missiles. It's One Reason They Get Shot Down.". https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidaxe/2022/04/30/ukraines-pilots-are-flying-into-battle-with-poor-missiles-its-one-reason-they-get-shot-down/?sh=64f0295515a0. 
  70. ↑ David Axe (10 November 2022). "Fly Low, Get Aggressive—How Ukrainian Pilots Fought The Russian Air Force To A Standstill". https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidaxe/2022/11/12/fly-low-get-aggressive-how-ukrainian-pilots-fought-the-russian-air-force-to-a-standstill/?sh=373e8f7d2741. 
  71. ↑ Sakshi Tiwari (10 November 2022). "Russia Is 'Outfoxing' Ukrainian Warplanes With Its Foxhounds; MiG-31s Prove Much Superior To Sukhoi Counterparts". https://eurasiantimes.com/russia-is-outfoxing-ukrainian-warplanes-with-its-foxhounds-mig-31/. 
  72. ↑ "It seems that the Russian Federation lost a rare MiG-31 with "Kinzhal" in the occupied Crimea, the pilot died". 8 October 2022. https://sundries.com.ua/en/it-seems-that-the-russian-federation-lost-a-rare-mig-31-with-kinzhal-in-the-occupied-crimea-the-pilot-died/. 
  73. ↑ "Experts says Kinzhal aeroballistic missile may have been downed over Kyiv by air defenses". News Yahoo!. 5 May 2023. https://news.yahoo.com/experts-says-kinzhal-aeroballistic-missile-122000922.html. 
  74. ↑ "Ukraine says it used US-made Patriot system to intercept Russian hypersonic missile". CNN. 6 May 2023. https://edition.cnn.com/2023/05/06/europe/us-patriot-system-ukraine-hypersonic-missile-intl-hnk/index.html. 
  75. ↑ "Воздушные силы подтвердили уничтожение ракеты Кинжал" (Air Force confirms destruction of Kinzhal missile) . Korrespondent.net, 6 May 2023.
  76. ↑ JOSEPH TREVITHICK (16 May 2024). "MiG-31 Foxhounds Confirmed Destroyed In New Imagery Of Belbek Air Base". https://www.twz.com/news-features/mig-31-foxhounds-confirmed-destroyed-in-new-imagery-of-belbek-air-base. 
  77. ↑ Josh Pennington; Tim Lister; Kostan Nechyporenko; Olga Voitovych; Ivana Kottasová; Yulia Kesaieva (16 May 2023). "Kyiv breathes sigh of relief after air defenses shoot down barrage of Russian rockets". CNN. https://edition.cnn.com/2023/05/16/europe/kyiv-russian-missile-attack-intl-hnk/index.html. 
  78. ↑ Steven Erlanger (19 September 2025). "Russian Fighter Jets Enter Airspace of Estonia, a NATO Member". New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2025/09/19/world/europe/russian-fighter-jets-estonia-nato.html?searchResultPosition=1. 
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  81. ↑ Air Forces Monthly, August 2007
  82. ↑ Karnozov, Vladimir (21 June 2007). "Syria signs for eight MiG-31 interceptors". Flight International. http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2007/06/21/215106/syria-signs-for-eight-mig-31-interceptors.html. 
  83. ↑ "Russia freezes deal to deliver MIG-31E planes to Syria - report". 20 May 2009. http://www.mosnews.com/money/2009/05/20/tosyria/. 
  84. ↑ "МиГ-31М (изд.05)" (in ru). http://www.testpilot.ru/russia/mikoyan/mig/31/m/mig31m.htm. 
  85. ↑ "Russian MiG-31 "Foxhound" – A fighter ahead of its time". 21 February 2014. http://globalaviationreport.com/2014/02/21/russian-mig-31-foxhound-a-fighter-ahead-of-its-time/. 
  86. ↑ 86.0 86.1 86.2 86.3 86.4 86.5 86.6 86.7 Jackson, Paul, ed (1998). Jane's All the World's Aircraft: 1998–99. Surrey: Jane's. p. 386. ISBN 0-7106-1788-7. 
  87. ↑ "МиГ-31ДЗ" (in ru). http://www.airwar.ru/enc/fighter/mig31dz.html. 
  88. ↑ "МиГ-31Б (БС) (изд.01Б, изд.12; изд.01БС)" (in ru). http://www.testpilot.ru/russia/mikoyan/mig/31/b/mig31b.htm. 
  89. ↑ Markin, Nik (28 November 2014). "ОАК разделит заказ на МиГ-31" (in ru). https://www.aviaport.ru/news/2014/11/28/316847.html. 
  90. ↑ "24 MiG-31BM Fighter Jets Commissioned for the Russian Armed Forces". 15 April 2015. https://www.defencetalk.com/24-mig-31bm-fighter-jets-commissioned-for-the-russian-armed-forces-63839/. 
  91. ↑ 91.0 91.1 "Modernisierung: Mikojan MiG-31BM mit neuen Waffen und Systemen" (in de). https://www.flugrevue.de/militaerluftfahrt/kampfflugzeuge-helikopter/mikojan-mig-31bm-mit-neuen-waffen-und-systemen/523610. 
  92. ↑ "MiG-31 FoxHound long-range interceptor". http://www.testpilots.ru/tp/russia/mikoyan/mig/31/mig31_1_e.htm. 
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  95. ↑ "МиГ-31БСМ" (in ru). http://airwar.ru/enc/fighter/mig31bsm.html. 
  96. ↑ 96.0 96.1 "Ten MIG-31 fighter jets fitted with Kinzhal air-launched missiles on test combat duty". 5 May 2018. http://tass.com/defense/1002992. 
  97. ↑ 97.0 97.1 "Russia Shows New Hypersonic Missile on Two MiG-31 Aircraft in Victory Day Rehearsals" (in en-US). 5 May 2018. https://theaviationist.com/2018/05/05/russia-shows-new-hypersonic-cruise-missile-on-two-mig-31-aircraft-in-victory-day-rehearsals/. 
  98. ↑ 98.0 98.1 "Russia picks MiG-31 fighter as a carrier for cutting-edge hypersonic weapon". 6 April 2018. http://tass.com/defense/998221. 
  99. ↑ Butowski Air International July 2020, p. 64
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  101. ↑ Tiwari, Sakshi (2024-04-19). "Big Worry for Europe! Russian MiG-31 Fighters Can Now Target Key NATO Bases With New, Upgraded Capability". https://www.eurasiantimes.com/big-worry-for-ukraine-russian-kinzhal/. 
  102. ↑ Δημητράτος, Άρης (2024-04-18). "MiG-31I: Η νέα διαμόρφωση των περίφημων ρωσικών μαχητικών αεροσκαφών με εναέριο ανεφοδιασμό και Kinzhal [vid, pic"] (in el). https://www.onalert.gr/eksoplismoi/mig-31i-i-nea-diamorfosi-ton-perifimon-rosikon-machitikon-aeroskafon-me-enaerio-anefodiasmo-kai-kinzhal-vid-pic/569545/. 
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  104. ↑ The Military Balance 2021. Routledge. 2021. p. 198. ISBN 978-1-03201-227-8. 
  105. ↑ "World Air Forces 2021". Flight International. 2021. p. 22. https://www.flightglobal.com/download?ac=75345. 
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  107. ↑ "Три модернизированных истребителя-перехватчика МиГ-31БМ поступили на вооружение авиаполка ЦВО" (in ru). 20 November 2020. https://armstrade.org/includes/periodics/news/2020/1120/093560525/detail.shtml. 
  108. ↑ "Russian Armed Forces received 6,600 new weapons in 2020 - Defense Minister". 29 January 2021. https://tass.com/defense/1250423. 
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  110. ↑ "Russia's top brass signs a host of deals on advanced weapons delivery to Russian troops". 24 August 2021. https://tass.com/defense/1329483. 
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  112. ↑ "ЦАМТО / / На Камчатку после модернизации прибыли усовершенствованные истребители-перехватчики МиГ-31БМ". Armstrade.org. https://armstrade.org/includes/periodics/news/2022/0301/094566634/detail.shtml. Retrieved 8 March 2022. 
  113. ↑ "ЦАМТО / / Истребительный авиаполк ЦВО получил модернизированные истребители-перехватчики МиГ-31БМ". https://armstrade.org/includes/periodics/news/2022/1209/130070731/detail.shtml. 
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  123. ↑ "Kazakhstan sells over 100 military aircraft". Military. Honest news about the army, war and defense.. 27 October 2023. https://mil.in.ua/en/news/kazakhstan-sells-over-100-military-aircraft/. 
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  125. ↑ Spirlet, Thibault; Rommen, Rebecca. "Claims that the US bought 81 Soviet-era combat aircraft from a close Russian ally are likely false, experts say". https://www.businessinsider.com/claims-us-buying-soviet-era-aircraft-from-kazakhstan-likely-false-2024-4. 
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  129. ↑ Trevithick, Joseph (23 April 2019). "Russian MiG-31 Foxhound Shot Down Its Wingman During Disastrous Live Fire Exercise". https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/27620/russian-mig-31-foxhound-shot-down-its-wingman-during-disastrous-live-fire-exercise. 
  130. ↑ "Kazakhstan Air Force MiG-31 Crashes, Pilots Bail Out". 16 April 2020. https://www.defenseworld.net/news/26764. 
  131. ↑ "MiG-31 Fighter Jet Crashes in Leningrad Region Amid Russian 'Military Action In Ukraine' – Western Military District". 8 April 2022. https://eurasiantimes.com/mig-31-fighter-jet-crashes-in-leningrad-region-amid-russian-military-action-in-ukraine-western-military-district/. 
  132. ↑ "MiG-31 fighter jet crashes in Primorsky Region, crew ejects — military command". 2 December 2022. https://tass.com/emergencies/1544729. 
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  135. ↑ "MiG-31E fighter". http://www.migavia.ru/index.php/en/production/mig-31e-fighter. 
  136. ↑ Wilson 2000, p. 103.
  137. ↑ "MiG-31 Foxhound Interceptor Aircraft". https://www.airforce-technology.com/projects/mig-31/. 
  138. ↑ "MiG-31". http://www.deagel.com/Combat-Aircraft/Mig-31_a000358001.aspx. 
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  140. ↑ "The combat in middle space: at what altitude are able to fight the Russian MiG-31?". 22 February 2017. http://csef.ru/en/oborona-i-bezopasnost/423/boj-v-blizhnem-kosmose-na-kakih-vysotah-sposoben-voevat-rossijskij-mig-31-7462. 
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  144. ↑ Butowski, Piotr (2 May 2018). "MiG-31 dále rozvíjen" (in cs). https://www.vydavatelstvo-mps.sk/letectvi-kosmonautika/2617-mig-31-dale-rozvijen.html. 

Bibliography



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