Engineering:Refractoriness under load
Refractoriness under load (RUL) is a measure of the deformation behavior of refractory ceramic products subjected to a constant load and increasing temperature. The temperature range in which the softening occurs is not identical with the melting range of the pure raw material, but it must be reliably determined with the RUL 421 to check the use of refractory products in high-temperature applications. Creep in compression (CIC) refers to the percent of shrinkage of a refractory test piece under a constant load and exposed to a constant high temperature over a long period of time. The creep in compression test is also carried out in the RUL 421 to a maximum temperature of 1700 °C. With its sturdy design, the RUL 421 is well suited for these long-running thermal and mechanical loads.
The same test-piece dimensions of 50 mm in diameter and 50 mm in height are used for both the RUL and the CIC tests. For the high-precision differential measuring system for determination of the deformation, the cylindrical test piece has a co-axial bore of 12.5 mm. Selection and application of the load on the test piece are reproducible and independent of the deformation through use of the hood-type furnace with counterweights.
By reducing the load on the test piece to negligible values (as compared to the surface of the test piece), precise dilatometer measurements on large and even inhomogeneous samples can be carried out in the RUL 421 at temperatures up to 1700 °C.
RUL is a critical property for refractory bricks, which basically reflects the service temperature of the bricks, raw materials, etc. Refractoriness Under Load (RUL) values (T0.6 at 0.2MPa) for fireclay-based refractory bricks are usually below 1500 °C; for medium duty fireclay bricks, about 1300 °C; and high duty fireclay bricks at 1350 to 1420 °C; superduty fireclay bricks, between 1420 and 1500 °C (sometimes even higher than 1500 °C). Such properties can vary depending upon different industrial standards.[citation needed]
The refractoriness under load can be determined by using the ISO 1893 standard.[1]
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