Engineering:Sett (paving)
A sett, also known as a block or Belgian block,[1] is a broadly rectangular quarried stone used in paving roads and walkways.[2][3] Formerly in widespread use, particularly on steeper streets because setts provided horses' hooves with better grip than a smooth surface, they are now encountered rather as decorative stone paving in landscape architecture. Setts are often referred to as "cobblestones", although a sett is distinct from a cobblestone in that it is quarried or worked to a regular shape, whereas the latter is generally a small, naturally-rounded rock. Setts are usually made of granite.
Places
Europe
Places paved with setts include many streets in Rome and elsewhere in Italy (where blocks are called sampietrini or bolognini), since the technique was first used by Romans.
In Aberdeen (Scotland), and much of Edinburgh's Old Town and New Town, a large number of streets retain the original setts.
Silloth on Solway, a seaside town in Cumbria, still has setts (originally laid in the 19th century) on Eden St and the seafront Criffel Street. Streets paved with setts feature in cycling competitions, including the "Tour of Britain", which visited Silloth on Solway in 2015.
St. Anne, Alderney, the main town of Alderney in the Channel Islands, has many streets constructed of locally quarried granite setts. They continue to be maintained and replaced today.
Streets in Belgian towns are historically layered with Belgian blocks, both in the centre areas and the outer residential neighbourhoods. However, in recent years, many of them have been progressively replaced by asphalt in order to reduce car noise and improve conditions for commuter cycling. Many streets and roads in Belgium and remote country routes just over the border in northern France are still dominated by setts, with some gaining notoriety through bicycle races such as the Paris–Roubaix race.
Streets in the old part of Denmark towns are also often layered with sett, known as brosten or bridge-stones. To make it easier to bike on, the part of the road meant for bicycles are paved with special stones that are saw-cut on top for smoothness and jet-burned for friction.[4][5] Vendersgade in Copenhagen is the latest CycleStreet to get jet-burned and saw-cut setts on the part of the road between Israels Plads and Torvehallerne to create cohesion[6] between the square and the market area, and make it safe for pedestrians to cross the cyclestreet.
In addition to streets, large public squares also employed setts, as seen at Moscow's Red Square.
America
In New York City, the West Village (including the Meatpacking District), SoHo, and TriBeCa neighborhoods retain such streets. The Holland Tunnel used the blocks extensively and can still be seen in some spots including under pavement of service roads on the New Jersey side. Older sections of Brooklyn such as DUMBO and surrounding neighborhoods also have streets bearing Belgian blocks.[7]
In the Dearing Street Historic District of Athens, Georgia, Finley Street, between Broad Street and The Tree That Owns Itself, retains Belgian blocks, the only street in the city to be so paved.
Germantown Avenue in Philadelphia, in particular its upper reaches through Germantown, Mount Airy and Chestnut Hill, is notable for being paved with Belgian blocks; repaving projects on this thoroughfare have retained or reintroduced block paving to give additional historic character to these neighborhoods. Part of this character includes the tracks of the 23 trolley, though the modern tracks are encased in concrete slabs rather than blocks, and the trolley line itself is currently operated by buses.
In Richmond, Virginia, Belgian block streets are particularly common, most notably in Shockoe Slip. Street cars traveled through the street on tracks that are still visible though the system has been replaced by buses.
The Fells Point neighborhood of Baltimore also has Belgian block streets.
In many cities besides Richmond and Philadelphia setts have often been used for pavement around street-running trolley or tram lines in the same manner as brickwork.
Portland, Oregon , used Belgian block paving extensively in the 19th century, starting near the Willamette River, to stop the streets from washing away in floods. Many streets in older parts of the city are underlain by these blocks, and a few streets in the Pearl District still feature this kind of pavement. The City of Portland stockpiles these blocks when they are dug up for street or utility repairs or renovation. They have been used between the rails in some of TriMet's MAX light rail lines to warn automobile drivers that they are driving on light rail right of way. The romantic claim that old Portland "cobbles" were imported as ship's ballast is incorrect; they are local basalt, quarried near St. Helens in Oregon.[citation needed]
Archaeological
In older towns and cities setts may be used to outline buried archaeological features beneath the road surface such as city walls, gates and cathedrals, for example the first Rochester Cathedral.
Sett sizes and colors
Examples
Much of the Royal Mile in Edinburgh, Scotland, is laid with granite setts, as here looking east towards the Tron Kirk.
Setts visible beneath cracked asphalt in New Bedford, Massachusetts, United States
A street in Darmstadt, Germany , in the 2000s paved with setts
Around St Giles' Church in Wrocław, Poland
Wolf St. at Weccacoe Ave. in Philadelphia
Sett-paved tank trail in Germany
Travessa do Comércio in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Portuguese-born Brazilian singer and actress Carmen Miranda lived at number 13 during her youth.[8]
See also
References
- ↑ Liefde, Lisa Van (30 September 2016). "What is Belgian Block?". https://www.monarchstoneinternational.com/cobblestone/what-is-belgian-block/.
- ↑ Oliver, David. "A Walking Tour of The Royal Burgh of Wick". Caithness.org. http://www.caithness.org/geography/walksincaithness/wickwalk.htm. "At the first building after the end of the bridge, turn left into East High street which has not been widened and still has old stone setts."
- ↑ Potter, Chris (October 14, 2004). "Were Pittsburgh's original finished roads and streets paved with cobblestone, Belgian block or some other type of brick?". Pittsburgh City Paper. http://www.pittsburghcitypaper.ws/gyrobase/Content?oid=oid%3A27568.
- ↑ http://kk.sites.itera.dk/apps/kk_pub2/pdf/1133_mLNsMM8tU6.pdf [bare URL PDF]
- ↑ "Infrastructure and design can make cycling more attractive". 14 May 2019. https://cyclingsolutions.info/infrastructure-and-design/.
- ↑ "Israels Plads vokser sammen". 24 February 2021. https://www.magasinetkbh.dk/indhold/vendersgade-cykelgade-israels-plads.
- ↑ "Historic Streetscape Study". http://1h0ani22bqjx9rwiu3w2now1.wpengine.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/HDC_Historic-Streetscape-Study-Lo-Res.pdf.
- ↑ Leonardo Ladeira (2 July 2010). "Travessa do Comércio – Um passeio pelo Rio Colonial" (in pt). http://www.rioecultura.com.br/coluna_patrimonio/coluna_patrimonio.asp?patrim_cod=26.
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