Engineering:Types of road
A road is a thoroughfare, route, or way on land between two places that has been surfaced or otherwise improved to allow travel by foot or some form of conveyance, including a motor vehicle, cart, bicycle, or horse. Roads have been adapted to a large range of structures and types in order to achieve a common goal of transportation under a large and wide range of conditions. The specific purpose, mode of transport, material[1][2] and location of a road determine the characteristics it must have in order to maximize its usefulness. Following is one classification scheme.
Taxonomy of road
Marohn distinguishes between roads that are designed for mobility which he terms "roads" and those that function to "build a place", build community wealth and provide access to land. He argues the value of a road in terms of both community wealth and mobility is maximised when the road speed is either low or high, but not at midpoints such as 45mph. He refers to this low-value midpoint of speed and land access as a stroad.[3](p69)
Types of roads
Lower capacity roads
Street
Primitive roads
- Agricultural road
- Backroad
- Dirt road
- Forest road
- Gravel road
- Green lane
- Historic roads and trails
- Ice road
- Roman roads
- Sunken lane
Large roads
- Higher capacity roads, sometimes with medians
- Expressways (Limited-access roads and grade-separated highways)
Private roads
- Driveway
- Gated community
- Military road
- Private highway
- Private road
Intersecting roads
- Connector
- Interchange
- Intersection
- Level junction
- Level crossing
- Road diet
- Roundabout
Material type
Roads also may be classified based on their pavement material types. For instance, the Long-Term Pavement Performance database includes more than 30 types of pavement types for roads in the US and Canada.[2][4][5] However, a more generic classification of roads based on material type is as follows.[5][6]
- Concrete roads
- Asphalt roads
- Gravel roads
- Earthen roads[7]
- Murrum roads
- Kankar roads
- Bituminous roads[8]
Other thoroughfares
Road types by features
In this list, roads names are used in different areas and the features of the roads varies. So this table address the differences in that usage when needed.
| Name | Country | subdivision | Access type | Speed | Cross traffic | Divided | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2+1 road | Ireland | High | No | Yes | |||
| 2+1 road | North America | High | No | Optional | |||
| 2+1 road | Sweden | Junction (roundabout) | High | No | Yes | ||
| 2+2 road | High | No | Yes | Type of dual carriageway | |||
| Alley | Uncontrolled | Low | Yes | No | |||
| Arterial road | High | No | Optional | ||||
| Autobahn | Germany | Interchange | High | No | Yes | ||
| Autocesta | Interchange | High | No | Yes | |||
| Autopista | Interchange | High | No | Yes | |||
| Autoroute | Interchange | High | No | Yes | |||
| Autoroute | Canada | Interchange | High | No | Yes | expressway is synonymous with freeway or autoroute depending on the province | |
| Autostrada | Italy | Interchange | High | No | Yes | ||
| Autostrasse | Interchange | High | No | Yes | |||
| Autoestrada | Portugal | Interchange | High | No | Yes | ||
| Avtomagistral (variously translated) | Russia | High | Yes | Designated so according to the communication importance; features vary | |||
| Boulevard | Uncontrolled | Low | Yes | No | |||
| Business route | Uncontrolled | Low | Yes | No | |||
| Collector/distributor road | High | No | Optional | ||||
| Cul-de-sac | Uncontrolled | Low | Yes | No | |||
| Distributor road | High | No | Optional | ||||
| Divided highway | High | No | Optional | ||||
| Driveway | Uncontrolled | Low | Yes | Optional | |||
| Dual carriageway | Ireland | intersection | High | Yes | Yes | ||
| Dual carriageway | Singapore | intersection | High | Yes | Yes | ||
| Dual carriageway | UK | Uncontrolled | Any | Yes | Yes | ||
| Express-collector | High | No | Optional | ||||
| Expressway | Partial | Varies | Limited | Varies | General definition | ||
| Expressway | US | Partial | Varies | Limited | Yes | General US definition[10] | |
| Expressway | Canada | Interchange | High | No | Yes | expressway is synonymous with freeway or autoroute depending on the province | |
| Farm-to-market road | High | No | usually a state highway or county highway | ||||
| Freeway | US | Interchange | High | No | Yes | ||
| Freeway | Canada | Interchange | High | No | Yes | expressway is synonymous with freeway or autoroute depending on the province | |
| Frontage road | Argentina | Partial | Low | Yes | No | ||
| Frontage road | China | Partial | Low | Yes | No | know locally as service roads or auxiliary roads | |
| Frontage road | US | Uncontrolled or Partial | Low | Yes | No | Can be one way roads with opposing directions on either side of the adjoining freeway | |
| High-quality dual carriageway | Interchange | High | No | Yes | |||
| Highway | High | No | Optional | ||||
| Lane | Uncontrolled | Low | Yes | No | |||
| Link road | High | No | Optional | ||||
| Motorway | Interchange | High | No | Yes | |||
| Parkway | High | No | Optional | ||||
| Regional road | Uncontrolled | Low | Yes | No | |||
| Road | Uncontrolled | Low | Yes | No | |||
| Semi-highway | Interchange | High | No | Yes | |||
| Single carriageway | Uncontrolled | Low | Yes | No | |||
| Street | Uncontrolled | Low | Yes | No | |||
| Superhighway | Interchange | High | No | Yes | |||
| Super two | High | No | Optional | ||||
| Thruway | Interchange | High | No | Yes | |||
| Two-lane expressway | High | Yes | No |
Notes
- Access type
- Interchange - access limited to grade-separated interchanges
- Junction (roundabout) - access limited to major roads via a roundabout
- Partial - Limited access
- Uncontrolled - no control of access
- Speed
- Any - Used in all types of applications
- Low - Low-speed
- High - High-Speed
- Cross traffic
- Yes- cross traffic allowed at-grade without a traffic light
- Intersections - at-grade with a traffic signal
- No - no cross traffic
- Divided
- Yes
- No
- Some - some sections may be divided
References
- ↑ Piryonesi, Sayed Madeh (November 2019). Piryonesi, S. M. (2019). The Application of Data Analytics to Asset Management: Deterioration and Climate Change Adaptation in Ontario Roads (Doctoral dissertation) (Thesis).
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Elkins, G.E., Schmalzer, P., Thompson, T., and Simpson, A. 2003. Long-Term Pavement Performance Information Management System Pavement Performance Database User Reference Guide..
- ↑ Marohn, Charles L. Jr. (2021). Confessions of a recovering engineer: transportation for a strong town (1st ed.). Hoboken, New Jersey. ISBN 978-1-119-69929-3. OCLC 1253442641.
- ↑ Piryonesi, S. M.; El-Diraby, T. E. (2020). "Data Analytics in Asset Management: Cost-Effective Prediction of the Pavement Condition Index". Journal of Infrastructure Systems 26 (1): 04019036. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)IS.1943-555X.0000512.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Piryonesi, Sayed Madeh (November 2019). Piryonesi, S. M. (2019). The Application of Data Analytics to Asset Management: Deterioration and Climate Change Adaptation in Ontario Roads (Doctoral dissertation) (Thesis).
- ↑ Way, N.C., Beach, P., and Materials, P. 2015. ASTM D 6433–07: Standard Practice for Roads and Parking Lots Pavement Condition Index Surveys..
- ↑ "9 Types of Roads in civil Engineering and Construction". 2 October 2020. https://www.civilknowledges.com/types-of-roads-in-civil-engineering/.
- ↑ "Properties of bituminous materials and Uses, Chemical composition". 9 October 2020. https://www.civilknowledges.com/properties-of-bituminous-materials-uses/.
- ↑ "shunpike". Dictionary.com, LLC. https://www.dictionary.com/browse/shunpike. "A side road taken, instead of a turnpike or expressway, to avoid tolls or to travel at a leisurely pace."
- ↑ Section 1A.13, Paragraph 27, Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices, 2003 ed., rev. 1.[1]
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