Engineering:Yasen-class submarine

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Short description: Class of Russian nuclear-powered cruise missile submarine
Yasen class
Graney class SSN.svg
Yasen-class SSGN profile
К-560 «Северодвинск».jpg
K-560 Severodvinsk
Class overview
Name: Yasen class
Builders: Sevmash
Operators:  Russian Navy
Preceded by:
Succeeded by: Laika class
Cost: RUB47 billion for Kazan (2011)[1]
Built: 1993–present
In commission: 2013–present
Planned: 12[2]
Building: 4
Completed: 5
Active: 4[3]
General characteristics
Type: Nuclear cruise missile submarine
Displacement:
  • Surfaced: 8,600 tons
  • Submerged: 13,800 tons[4]
Length: Yasen: 139.2 m (457 ft)[5][6][7]
Yasen-M: 130 m (430 ft)
Beam: 13 m (43 ft)[5][6][7]
Speed:
  • Surfaced: 20 kn (37 km/h; 23 mph)
  • Submerged (silent): 28 kn (52 km/h; 32 mph)
  • Submerged (max): 35 kn (65 km/h; 40 mph)[citation needed]
Range: Unlimited
Endurance: Only limited by food and maintenance requirements
Test depth:
  • Safe depth: 1,475 feet (450m)
  • Never exceed depth: 1,804 feet (580m)
  • Crush depth: 2,160 feet (658m)
Complement: Yasen: 85[8]
Yasen-M: 64[9]
Sensors and
processing systems:		 Rim Hat ESM/ECM Snoop Pair Surface Search Radar
Armament:
  • Yasen: and Yasen-M:[10]
  • VLS equipped silos for:
    • 32 (8 × 4) Oniks anti-ship cruise missiles or Kalibr anti-ship, anti-submarine and land attack submarine launched cruise missiles
  • 10 x torpedo tubes (533 mm) with Futlyar (UGST-M) heavyweight torpedoes[11]
  • Igla-M surface-to-air missiles[12]
  • Zircon hypersonic cruise missiles[13]

The Yasen class, Russian designations Project 885 Yasen and Project 885M Yasen-M (Russian: Ясень, lit. 'ash tree', NATO reporting name: Severodvinsk), also referred to as the Graney class, are a series of nuclear-powered cruise missile submarines designed by the Malakhit Marine Engineering Bureau and built by Sevmash for the Russian Navy. Design work commenced in earnest in the 1980s with the first submarine built in the 1990s–early 2010s with commissioning in 2013. Two additional boats to an upgraded (and slightly shorter overall) Yasen-M design were commissioned in 2021 and six more are under construction.[14][15] Based on the Akula class and Alfa class designs, the Yasen class is projected to replace the Russian Navy's current Soviet-era nuclear attack submarines.[citation needed] The Akula class is optimised for a hunter-killer role, whereas the Yasen class concept uses the platform as a nuclear guided missile submarine (SSGN).[16]

History

The Yasen-class submarines were designed by Malakhit, which was formed through the late 1950's merger of the SKB-143 and TsKB-16 design bureaus.[citation needed] Work on the initial design was scheduled to start in 1977 and be completed in 1985.[17] Malakhit is one of the three Soviet/Russian submarine design centers, along with Rubin Design Bureau and Lazurit Central Design Bureau.

Construction on the first submarine started on 21 December 1993, with its launch slated for 1995 and its commissioning for 1998.[18] However, the project was delayed due to financial problems and it appeared during 1996 that work on the submarine had stopped completely. Some reports suggested that as of 1999 the submarine was less than 10 percent complete.[citation needed] In 2003 the project received additional funding and the work of finishing the submarine restarted.

In 2004 it was reported that the work on the submarine was moving forward, but, due to the priority given to the new Borei-class SSBNs, the lead unit of the class (Severodvinsk) would not be ready before 2010. In July 2006 the deputy chairman of the Military-Industrial Commission, Vladislav Putilin, stated that two Yasen-class submarines were to join the Russian Navy before 2015.[19]

On 24 July 2009, work commenced on a second submarine, named Kazan. On 26 July, the Russian navy command announced that starting in 2011, one multipurpose submarine would be laid down every year, although not necessarily of this class.[citation needed]

An August 2009 report from the U.S. Office of Naval Intelligence estimated the Yasen-class submarines to be the quietest, or least detectable, of contemporaneous Russian and Chinese nuclear submarines, but said they were still not as quiet as contemporary U.S. Navy submarines (i.e. Seawolf and Virginia classes).[20][21]

In April 2010, it was reported that the 7 May launch of the first boat had been postponed due to "technical reasons".[22] Then, the launch of the first submarine and the beginning of sea trials were scheduled for September 2011.[citation needed]

Roll out ceremony of Russian submarine Severodvinsk.

On 26 July 2013 the third submarine, named Novosibirsk, was laid down.[23]

On 30 December 2013, Severodvinsk was handed over to the Russian Navy. The flag-raising ceremony was held on 17 June 2014 marking its introduction into the Russian Navy.[24]

In October 2014, one of the U.S. Navy's top submarine officers, Rear Admiral Dave Johnson, the Naval Sea Systems Command's program executive officer (PEO) for submarines, said "We'll be facing tough potential opponents. One only has to look at the Severodvinsk, Russia's version of a nuclear guided missile submarine (SSGN). I am so impressed with this ship that I had Carderock build a model from unclassified data".[25]

According to 60 Minutes, unnamed Pentagon officials claimed that Severodvinsk on her maiden deployment[26] "slipped into the Atlantic Ocean and for weeks evaded all of the attempts to find her" in the summer 2018.[27]

Kazan was rumoured to be active, along with five other nuclear submarines, in the northern Atlantic in spring 2020.[28] However, she may actually have been on sea trials since she was reported commissioned in May 2021.[29]

On 4 October 2021, Severodvinsk performed two test launches of Zircon missile, from surfaced and underwater position.[30] The launches were performed from White to Barents Sea and were successful.

Design

Cross sections

The vessel's design is said to be state-of-the-art. The Yasen-class nuclear submarines are presumed to be armed with land-attack cruise missiles, anti-ship missiles, anti-submarine missiles including the P-800 Oniks SLCM, Kalibr family SLCM or 3M51 SLCM.[citation needed] Kalibr-PL has several variants including the 3M54K (terminal-supersonic) and 3M54K1 (subsonic) anti-ship, 91R1 anti-submarine, and the 3M14K land-attack variant. In the future, there will be also an option to install the hypersonic 3M22 Zircon cruise missiles on upgraded 885M boats.[31] Each submarine can carry 32 Kalibr or 24 Oniks (other sources claim 40 Kalibr and 32 Oniks)[32] cruise missiles which are stored in eight (ten for 885M) vertical launchers (additional missiles may be carried in the torpedo room at the expense of torpedoes).[33][34][35] It will also have ten 533 mm tubes, as well as mines and anti-submarine missiles such as the RPK-7.[36][11]

It is the first Russian submarine class to be equipped with a spherical sonar, designated as MGK-600 Irtysh-Amfora.[37] The device (allegedly the Irtysh/Amfora sonar system) was tested on a modified Yankee-class submarine.[38] The sonar system consists of a spherical bow array, flank arrays and a towed array. Due to the large size of this spherical array, the torpedo tubes are slanted.[17] In other words, the torpedo tube outer doors are not located in the immediate bow as in the previous Akula class[39] but moved aft.[40] The hull is constructed from low-magnetic steel.[41] Unlike previous Russian submarines which have a double hull, Yasen-class submarines mostly have a single hull.[42] The Yasen class has a crew of 85 on project 885 and 64 on project 885M,[8] suggesting a high degree of automation in the submarine's different systems. The newest U.S. Virginia-class submarines, has a crew of 134 in comparison.[41]

Yasen-class submarines are the first to be equipped with a fourth-generation nuclear reactor.[43][44] The reactor, built by Afrikantov OKBM,[45][46] will allegedly have a 25-30-year core life and will not have to be refueled.[47] Steam turbines are supplied by Kaluga Turbine Works.[48] The inclusion of new generation KTP-6 reactor on the Yasen-M boats is thought to significantly reduce their noise level: the reactor's primary cooling loop facilitates natural circulation of water and thus doesn't require continuous operation of the main circulation pumps, which are the key noise factor on a nuclear submarine.[citation needed]

A VSK rescue pod is carried in the sail.[17]

According to Admiral Foggo, the commander of the US Naval Forces Europe, the Yasen class submarines are "very quiet, which is the most important thing in submarine warfare".[27] It's claimed that Severodvinsk is far quieter than previous Russian SSNs, capable of 20 knots while running quiet, which is equal to the Seawolf class[49] and inferior only to the Virginia class (25 knots).[50][51] Other sources claim that Severodvinsk is capable of even 28 knots in silent mode.[52]

Costs

Initial estimates regarding the cost of the first Yasen-class submarine ranged from US$1 billion[citation needed] to US$2 billion.[53] In 2011, it was reported that the cost of first-of-class, Severodvinsk, was 50 billion rubles (roughly US$1.6 billion)[54] while the second unit, Kazan, will cost an estimated 47 billion rubles (US$725 million, in 2019 RUB/USD exchange rate).[1] In 2011, then Defense Minister Anatoliy Serdyukov criticized the ever increasing cost of the Borei and Yasen classes. The Minister described the massive increase in cost between the first and the second Yasen-class submarine as "incomprehensible". However, he insisted that the Russian Defence Ministry and Sevmash would resolve the issue. Officials from the United Shipbuilding Corporation replied that work done in Sevmash accounts for only 30% of the submarine's completion cost, the remaining 70% being linked to suppliers/contractors.[55]

Successor/supplement

Main page: Engineering:Laika-class submarine

Due to the high cost of each Yasen class submarine, some sources believe that a next generation of SSNs would be of smaller dimensions[56][57] with a reduced armament/payload could be built.[58] The successor/supplement to the Yasen class was in early development by 2015[59][60][61] and dubbed "Husky class" by media.[62] The final design of the submarine is yet to be completed and may feature a more conventional layout with bow-mounted torpedo tubes (as opposed to the midship torpedo tubes on Yasen class) and a smaller chin-mounted sonar, i.e. the sonar will be mounted below the torpedo tubes (as opposed to a large spherical sonar on Yasen class).[63] The first submarine is expected to be delivered to the Russian Navy by 2027.[64]

Units

Italicized dates indicate estimates.

# Name Project Laid down Launched Commissioned Fleet Status Notes
K-560 Severodvinsk 885 21 December 1993[65] 15 June 2010[66] 17 June 2014 http://www.deepstorm.ru/DeepStorm.files/on_1992/885/SD/SD.htm Northern Active
K-561 Kazan 885M 24 July 2009[5] 31 March 2017[67] 5 May 2021[68][69] Northern Active[70] Acceptance act signed on 5 May 2021, ceremony held on 7 May 2021.[71][72]
K-573 Novosibirsk 885M 26 July 2013[23] 25 December 2019[73] 21 December 2021[74] Pacific Active[74]
K-571 Krasnoyarsk 885M 27 July 2014[75][76] 30 July 2021[77] 11 December 2023[78] Pacific Active On 23 January 2017, it successfully completed hydraulic pressure hull tests.[79] Mooring trials were underway in February 2022,[80] with sea trials anticipated to begin in spring 2022.[81] Sea trials started on 26 June 2022.[82]
K-564 Arkhangelsk 885M 19 March 2015[83] 29 November 2023[84][85] 2024[36][86] Northern Floated [86][87][88]
K-xxx Perm 885M 29 July 2016[89] 2025[36][90][86] Pacific Under construction Structural modifications, reported to carry 3M22 Zircon hypersonic missiles.[90]
K-xxx Ulyanovsk 885M 27 July 2017 2026[91][92][93] Under construction
K-xxx Voronezh 885M 20 July 2020[94] 2027[91][86] Northern Under construction[94] To be equipped with 4,500 km capable Kalibr-M cruise missiles.[95]
K-xxx Vladivostok 885M 20 July 2020[94] 2028[91][96][86] Pacific Under construction[94] To be equipped with 4,500 km capable Kalibr-M cruise missiles.[95]
K-xxx 885M 2023[97] Announced
K-xxx 885M 2023 Announced
K-xxx 885M 2023 Announced[98]

See also

References

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  2. ↑ "Источник сообщил, что число АПЛ семейства "Ясень" доведут до 12". https://tass.ru/armiya-i-opk/19322805. 
  3. ↑ "The Alexander III and Krasnoyarsk nuclear submarines were handed over to the Navy". 2023-11-30. https://ria.ru/20231130/podlodki-1912790340.html. 
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  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 (in ru)Rossiyskaya Gazeta. 27 July 2009. http://rg.ru/2009/07/27/podlodka.html. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 "The might of Russia's advanced nuclear submarine". 31 March 2017. http://tass.com/defense/938673. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 "АПЛ "Красноярск" успешно прошла гидравлические испытания" (in ru). 24 January 2017. http://www.arms-expo.ru/news/vooruzhenie_i_voennaya_tekhnika/apl_krasnoyarsk_uspeshno_proshla_gidravlicheskie_ispytaniya/. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Protopopov, Nikolay (8 October 2018). "И подлодку "Ясень-М" я сравнил с "Вирджинией"" (in ru). https://naukatehnika.com/ya-sprosil-u-yasenya-gde-plyivet-virginia.html. 
  9. ↑ "АПЛ Проекта 885 Ясень" (in ru). https://pp.userapi.com/c841331/v841331784/16b43/tOh2jUBNVjA.jpg. 
  10. ↑ Epsilon (31 July 2014). "Yasen: The future of Russian SSN fleet". https://battlemachines.wordpress.com/2014/07/31/yasen-the-future-ssn/. 
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  12. ↑ Рамм, Алексей; Степовой, Богдан (6 April 2020). "Форменное разнообразие: подводные лодки "Ясень" меняют внешний вид" (in ru). Izvestia. https://iz.ru/995752/aleksei-ramm-bogdan-stepovoi/formennoe-raznoobrazie-podvodnye-lodki-iasen-meniaiut-vneshnii-vid. 
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  28. ↑ Giannangeli, Marco (2020-04-19). "The new Cold War: British forces scramble to track down Moscow's killer super-sub". Daily Express. https://www.express.co.uk/news/uk/1270955/new-Cold-War-British-forces-track-down-Moscow-Russia-super-sub. 
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  35. ↑ Spahn, Tom (June 2013). "The Russian Submarine Fleet Reborn". Proceedings (U.S. Naval Institute) 139 (6). http://www.usni.org/magazines/proceedings/2013-06/russian-submarine-fleet-reborn. Retrieved 22 November 2014. 
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  42. ↑ RT Documentary (5 August 2018). "Yasen-M: Destroyer of the Depths". https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UEzgQ26W4hE. 
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  47. ↑ ARG. "Graney Class Nuclear-Powered Attack Submarine". http://www.military-today.com/navy/graney_class.htm. 
  48. ↑ Konovalov, Alexei (7 June 2008). "Project 885 and 885M "Ash"". http://paralay.net/885.html. 
  49. ↑ Mizokami, Kyle (25 April 2019). "See This Submarine: There Are Only Three Like It On the Planet (Think F-22 of Subs)". https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/see-submarine-there-are-only-three-it-planet-think-f-22-subs-54082. 
  50. ↑ Mizokami, Kyle (20 September 2019). "Russia vs. America: Who Has The World's Best Submarines?". https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/russia-vs-america-who-has-worlds-best-submarines-82166. 
  51. ↑ Majumdar, Dave (28 October 2014). "U.S. Navy Impressed with New Russian Attack Boat". https://news.usni.org/2014/10/28/u-s-navy-impressed-new-russian-attack-boat. 
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  54. ↑ "Media Got Wind of Submarines Cost". 3 November 2011. http://rusnavy.com/news/navy/index.php?ELEMENT_ID=13527. 
  55. ↑ "Yasen". http://russiandefpolicy.wordpress.com/tag/yasen/. 
  56. ↑ "Future Projects". 23 July 2010. http://paralay.net/advanced.html. 
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  59. ↑ Keck, Zachary (23 June 2015). "Russia Is Already Developing New Fifth-Generation Submarines". http://nationalinterest.org/blog/the-buzz/russia-already-developing-new-fifth-generation-submarines-13167. 
  60. ↑ "Russia's Next Gen Husky-class SSN to combine multipurpose, strategic submarine characteristics". 2015. http://www.navyrecognition.com/index.php/news/defence-news/2016/april-2016-navy-naval-forces-defense-industry-technology-maritime-security-global-news/3808-russias-next-gen-husky-class-ssn-to-combine-multipurpose-strategic-submarine-characteristics.html. 
  61. ↑ "Атомной Подводной Лодки Пятого Поколения (Photo)" (in ru). 28 March 2016. https://vk.com/wall58155853?own=1&z=photo-161930_406850142/wall58155853_452. 
  62. ↑ "Russia Test-Fires Hypersonic Zircon Missiles For Nuclear Submarines, Weapons To Reach Mach 5 Speed". 17 March 2016. http://www.ibtimes.com/russia-test-fires-hypersonic-zircon-missiles-nuclear-submarines-weapons-reach-mach-5-2338236. 
  63. ↑ Sutton, H.I. (1 April 2017). "Husky SSN". http://www.hisutton.com/Husky_SSN.html. 
  64. ↑ Gady, Franz-Stefan (1 June 2018). "Is Russia Working on a 5th-Generation Nuclear Sub With Hypersonic Missiles?". https://thediplomat.com/2018/06/is-russia-working-on-a-5th-generation-nuclear-sub-with-hypersonic-missiles/. 
  65. ↑ "SSN Severodvinsk to start mooring trials in December". 24 December 2009. http://rusnavy.com/news/newsofday/index.php?ELEMENT_ID=8420. 
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  67. ↑ "Атомную подлодку "Казань" спустили на воду" (in ru). 31 March 2017. https://ria.ru/arms/20170331/1491173974.html. 
  68. ↑ "Kazan Yasen-M-class SSGN to become operational on July 25th". April 2021. https://www.navyrecognition.com/index.php/news/defence-news/2021/april/9922-kazan-yasen-m-class-ssgn-to-become-operational-on-july.html. 
  69. ↑ Irfan, Muhammad (31 December 2020). "Russian Navy To Receive Kazan Nuclear Submarine In First Quarter Of 2021 – Source". https://www.urdupoint.com/en/world/russian-navy-to-receive-kazan-nuclear-submari-1129071.html. 
  70. ↑ "Russia's Project 885M Yasen-M Submarine Kazan Started Sea Trials". 29 September 2018. http://www.navyrecognition.com/index.php/news/defence-news/2018/september-2018-navy-naval-defense-news/6528-russia-s-project-885m-yasen-m-submarine-kazan-started-sea-trials.html. 
  71. ↑ "Атомный подводный ракетный крейсер "Казань" (проекта "Ясень-М") приказом Главкома ВМФ принят в состав Военно-Морского Флота в Северодвинске" (in ru). 7 May 2021. https://structure.mil.ru/structure/forces/navy/news/more.htm?id=12360071@egNews. 
  72. ↑ Batashvili, David (7 March 2021). "Rearmament and Modernization". GFSIS. https://www.gfsis.org/russian-monitor/view/2934. 
  73. ↑ "Первую серийную подлодку проекта "Ясень-М" "Новосибирск" спустили на воду в Северодвинске" (in ru). 25 December 2019. https://tass.ru/armiya-i-opk/7419695. 
  74. ↑ 74.0 74.1 "Новые атомные подлодки "Князь Олег" и "Новосибирск" приняли в состав ВМФ России". 21 December 2021. https://tass.ru/armiya-i-opk/13260729. 
  75. ↑ "Russia's Sevmash shipyards lays down three new submarines". 27 July 2014. http://en.itar-tass.com/russia/742490. 
  76. ↑ "Russia's Sevmash shipyard lays down 5th Borey class SSBN and 4th Yasen class SSN". 27 July 2014. http://www.navyrecognition.com/index.php/news/defence-news/year-2014-news/july-2014-navy-naval-forces-maritime-industry-technology-security-global-news/1917-russias-sevmash-shipyard-lays-down-5th-borey-class-ssbn-and-4th-yasen-class-ssn.html. 
  77. ↑ "Shipbuilders float out advanced Project 885M nuclear-powered sub for Russian Navy". https://tass.com/defense/1321039. 
  78. ↑ "В Северодвинске ввели в строй две атомные подлодки" (in ru). 11 December 2023. https://flot.com/2023/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%A4%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%8279/. 
  79. ↑ "Прочный корпус "Красноярска"" (in ru). http://www.sevmash.ru/rus/news/2081--lr-.html. 
  80. ↑ "Russian Project 885M submarine Krasnoyarsk to begin builders trials". 8 February 2022. https://www.navyrecognition.com/index.php/naval-news/naval-news-archive/2022/february/11370-russian-project-885m-submarine-krasnoyarsk-to-begin-builders-trials.html. 
  81. ↑ "Sevmash readies two more subs as Putin elevates role of nuclear weapons". https://thebarentsobserver.com/en/security/2022/03/sevmash-readies-two-more-subs-putin-elevates-role-nuclear-weapons. 
  82. ↑ "Russia's Third Project 885M (Yasen-M) Submarine Starts Sea Trials". 28 June 2022. https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2022/06/russias-third-project-885m-yasen-m-submarine-starts-sea-trials/. 
  83. ↑ "Минобороны РФ: пятую АПЛ проекта "Ясень" заложат на "Севмаше" 19 марта" (in ru). 6 February 2015. http://ria.ru/defense_safety/20150206/1046344387.html. 
  84. ↑ "Алексей Рахманов: комплексы "Циркон" станут штатным оружием АПЛ "Ясень"" (in ru). 14 August 2023. https://ria.ru/20230814/rakhmanov-1889519222.html. 
  85. ↑ "Севмаш готовит к спуску АПЛ «Архангельск» проекта 885М". 14 August 2023. https://paluba.media/news/54856. 
  86. ↑ 86.0 86.1 86.2 86.3 86.4 "Строительство боевых кораблей основных классов для ВМФ России на 01.01.2022" (in ru). 1 January 2022. https://navy-korabel.livejournal.com/257030.html#cutid1. 
  87. ↑ "Гендиректор: Севмаш до конца 2020 года передаст флоту восемь "Бореев" и шесть "Ясеней"" (in ru). http://tass.ru/armiya-i-opk/2044160. 
  88. ↑ https://tass.com/defense/1713427
  89. ↑ "Шестая атомная подлодка проекта "Ясень" заложена на Севмаше" (in ru). 2016-07-29. http://tass.ru/armiya-i-opk/3496273. 
  90. ↑ 90.0 90.1 "Nuclear submarine Perm will be the first regular Zircon submarine carrier — source - Military & Defense - TASS". https://tass.com/defense/1356871. 
  91. ↑ 91.0 91.1 91.2 "В ОСК назвали сроки передачи флоту подлодок с гиперзвуковым оружием" (in ru). 21 July 2020. https://ria.ru/20200721/1574657175.html. 
  92. ↑ "Топливо утекает сквозь пальцы: почему военные не могут контролировать расход ГСМ" (in Russian). 2018-09-07. https://военное.рф/2018/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8B31/. 
  93. ↑ "Keel-laying for yet another nuclear attack sub for Arctic waters". https://thebarentsobserver.com/en/security/2017/07/keel-laying-yet-another-nuclear-attack-class-sub-arctic-waters. 
  94. ↑ 94.0 94.1 94.2 94.3 "В Северодвинске заложили две атомные подлодки проекта 885М "Ясень-М"" (in ru). 20 July 2020. https://tass.ru/armiya-i-opk/9006561. 
  95. ↑ 95.0 95.1 "Первую серийную АПЛ проекта "Ясень-М" "Новосибирск" спустят на воду 25 декабря" (in ru). 20 December 2019. https://tass.ru/armiya-i-opk/7393143. 
  96. ↑ "Russia launches Krasnoyarsk Yasen-M-class of project 885M sub". 30 July 2021. https://www.navyrecognition.com/index.php/naval-news/naval-news-archive/2021/10240-naval-news-july-2021-navy-forces-maritime-defense-industry/10502-russia-launches-krasnoyarsk-yasen-m-class-of-project-885m-sub.html. 
  97. ↑ "Russia looks into building four extra Borei, Yasen-class submarines – source". https://tass.com/defense/1479217. 
  98. ↑ https://flotprom.ru/2023/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%8816/

Further reading

  • Vilches Alarcón, Alejandro A. (2022). From Juliettes to Yasens: Development and Operational History of Soviet Cruise-Missile Submarines. Europe @ War (22). Warwick, UK: Helion & Co.. ISBN 978-1-915070-68-5. 

External links



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