Engineering:Zorawar LT

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Short description: Indian tank

Zorawar
TypeLight tank
Place of originIndia
Service history
Used byIndian Army (future)
Production history
DesignerDefence Research and Development Organisation
Larsen & Toubro
Designed2022-2024
ManufacturerLarsen & Toubro
Produced2024 (projected)
No. built1 prototype [1]
Specifications
Mass25 tonnes
Crew3
Main
armament
105 mm gun Cockerill 3105 gun[2][3]
EngineCummins Diesel
750 hp[4]
Power/weight30 hp/tonne

The Zorawar is an Indian light tank design. It is to become a light tank (AFV-ILT) with a high power-to-weight ratio and substantial firepower, protection, surveillance and communication capabilities. It was designed to provide the Indian Army with the versatility to execute operations in varying terrain against diverse threats and equipment profiles of its adversaries.[5]

The tank is named for the 19th century Dogra General Zorawar Singh[6]

Light tanks in the Indian Army

Light tanks have got renewed focus and interest in recent times, primarily due to flaring security situations in remote and inaccessible areas (2020-2022 India China skirmishes). In the extreme high altitudes of Ladakh, it is very difficult to operate main battle tanks like the T-72, T-90, Arjun Mk1 and Arjun Mk2 which were neither built nor equipped to handle the harsh conditions.[7]

Challenges in operating at high altitudes

There are various challenges in operating at high altitudes. Conventional military platforms like main battle tanks, infantry fighting vehicles (IFV), self propelled artillery etc. are not always able to generate enough power to maneuver due to rarefied air and lack of oxygen, or, face other logistical and operational challenges.[8] This was seen in US invasion of Afghanistan, Operation Meghdoot, India Pakistan Siachen Conflict, Kargil War, and now again with Galwan Conflict.

Background for light tank requirement

Deploying such platforms in extreme altitudes require special modifications, special types of fuel, etc. which further puts stress on the logistics of the sector.[9] In fact, the K9 Vajra self propelled howitzers that India deployed in Ladakh and Leh in response to Chinese incursions and aggressions[10] had to be specially modified, so that they could function properly in the high altitudes.[11]

Also, the Indian Army found out, that the Chinese side had deployed Type 15 tank, which had significant advantage over the assets Indian Army was fielding at the extreme heights of Galwan valley.[12][13]

Development

This project of Light Tanks has been named after General Zorawar Singh Kahluria, who led 1841 Military Expedition to Kailash Mansrovar during Dogra–Tibetan War.[14][13] After news of deployment of ZTZ-04A Chinese Light Tanks at Ladakh sector, Indian Army wanted to operate light tanks in Himalayan theatres, where they will be easy to operate, maintain, light and maneuverable without sacrificing firepower.[15][16] Initially, Indian Army intended to procure these light tanks from Russia .[17] Army has finalised the general staff quality requirements and will approach the Ministry of Defence in September 2022 for the Acceptance of Necessity (AON)[18][19]

The project, which has already received in-principle approval, is planned to be procured under the 'Make-I' acquisition category of the Defense Acquisition Procedure (DAP)-2020, in line with the ‘Make in India’ initiative.[20]

On 16 September 2022, it was confirmed that L&T has been selected as the development partner of this homegrown "mountain tank" which is to be rolled out by 2023.[21]

The concept of this tank was unveiled at DefExpo 2022,[22] and as per latest reports, Indian Army may induct close to 700 units of this tank.[23] The Russo-Ukrainian War has reportedly caused supply chain chokepoints for defense components, specifically electrical, electronic, and engine components, delaying projects, according to a report by The New Indian Express.[24]

Proposed design

The new light tank is supposed to be light and maneuverable without sacrificing firepower. Its capabilities will also be supplemented by artificial Intelligence, integration with swarm drones for higher situational awareness, loitering munitions for high lethality and active protection system as a shield against modern anti-armour systems.[25]

India initially decided to use German MTU engines for Zorawar tank but due to repeated delays Cummins 750 hp engine for prototypes.[26]

Trials

The developmental trials of the tank has begun as of 12 January 2024. And it is expected that the prototype(s) will be handed over to the Army by April 2024.[27]

Orders

Initial order for 59 tanks has been placed which will be produced by Larsen and Toubro. Indian Army will also be holding a competition for buying 295 light tanks in which Zorawar tank will take part in.[27][13]

Operators

Future Operators

See also

Contemporary competitors

AFVs with similar firepower

References

  1. ↑ "Army: Indigenously Developed ‘Zorawar’ Light Tank to Begin Trials Later This Month" (in en). 2023-11-16. https://thewire.in/security/indigenously-developed-zorawar-light-tank-expected-to-begin-trials-later-this-month. 
  2. ↑ "DRDO with Larsen & Toubro to build prototype of light tank with John Cockerill turret for Indian army" (in en). 2023-04-23. https://www.dsaexhibition.com/drdo-with-larsen-and-toubro-to-build-prototype-of-light-tank-with-john-cockerill-turret-for-indian-army. 
  3. ↑ "INDIA'S 'ZORAWAR' LIGHT TANK, DESIGNED FOR OPERATIONS ON CHINA BORDER, TO BE READY THIS MONTH FOR TRIALS IN DECEMBER" (in en). 2023-11-15. https://www.indiandefensenews.in/2023/11/indias-zorawar-light-tank-designed-for.html. 
  4. ↑ "Zorawar Tank: As to when LAC deployment will occur?" (in en). https://www.indiaherald.com/Editorial/Read/994571953/Zorawar-Tank-As-to-when-LAC-deployment-will-occur. 
  5. ↑ "'Zorawar' is India's answer to increased armoured threat on the Northern borders". TNIE. https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2022/aug/26/zorawar-is-indias-answer-to-increased-armoured-threat-on-the-northern-borders-2491711.html. 
  6. ↑ "DRDO light tank 'Zorawar' to be ready for trials by year-end along China border". ET. https://m.economictimes.com/news/defence/drdo-light-tank-zorawar-to-be-ready-for-trials-by-year-end-along-china-border/articleshow/100356991.cms. 
  7. ↑ Desk, EurAsian Times (2020-08-07). "Heavy-Weight T-90 Tanks Deployed in Ladakh Not To Defend But To Threaten Chinese Territories – Experts" (in en-US). https://eurasiantimes.com/heavy-weight-t-90-tanks-deployed-in-ladakh-not-to-defend-but-to-threaten-chinese-territories-us-experts/. 
  8. ↑ "Explained: Why high-altitude warfare is challenging, and how soldiers are trained" (in en). 2020-06-23. https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/india-china-border-dispute-why-high-altitude-warfare-is-challenging-how-soldiers-are-trained-6471532/. 
  9. ↑ Pathak, Pravin (2020-09-27). "T-90 and T-72, Bhishma tanks deployed in Ladakh, How did India get the T-90 tanks?" (in en). https://www.ayupp.com/myindia/t-90-and-t-72-bhishma-tanks-deployed-in-ladakh-16012.html. 
  10. ↑ Singh, Vijaita (2020-08-31). "China controls 1,000 sq. km of area in Ladakh" (in en-IN). The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/china-controls-1000-sq-km-of-area-in-ladakh-say-intelligence-inputs/article32490453.ece. 
  11. ↑ Desk, EurAsian Times (2022-01-25). "Indian Army To Acquire 200 More K9 Vajra (Thunder) Howitzers Post Successful Deployment in Ladakh – Reports" (in en-US). https://eurasiantimes.com/indian-army-to-acquire-200-more-k9-vajra-thunder-howitzers/. 
  12. ↑ Satam, Parth (2022-07-01). "Battling China – As India Hunts For 'Mountain Tanks', General Dynamics To Supply US Army With Its 1st Light Tank in Decades -- Reports" (in en-US). https://eurasiantimes.com/battling-china-as-india-hunts-for-mountain-tanks-us-army/. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 "Indian Army’s China border watch awaits ‘Zorawar’ power punch" (in en). https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/indian-armys-china-border-watch-awaits-zorawar-power-punch-2495520-2024-01-30. 
  14. ↑ "Indian Army to get light tank, 'Zorawar' soon" (in en). https://www.financialexpress.com/defence/indian-army-to-get-light-tank-zorawar-soon/2645647/. 
  15. ↑ Dutta, Amrita Nayak (2021-04-23). "Army wants around 350 light tanks to sharpen its mountain warfare edge amid Ladakh stalemate" (in en-US). https://theprint.in/defence/army-wants-around-350-light-tanks-to-sharpen-its-mountain-warfare-edge-amid-ladakh-stalemate/644727/. 
  16. ↑ "Chinese military buildup at Eastern Ladakh includes over 300 tanks". TOI. https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/chinese-military-buildup-at-eastern-ladakh-includes-over-300-tanks/681346. 
  17. ↑ "Russia to Pitch Lightweight 'Sprut' Tank to Indian Army" (in en-US). 2021-12-09. https://www.thedefensepost.com/2021/12/09/russia-sprut-tank-india/. 
  18. ↑ Philip, Snehesh Alex (2022-08-26). "Eye on China threat, Army launches Project Zorawar to deploy light tanks for mountain warfare" (in en-US). https://theprint.in/defence/eye-on-china-threat-army-launches-project-zorawar-to-deploy-light-tanks-for-mountain-warfare/1101241/. 
  19. ↑ PTI (2022-08-26). "Project Zorawar: Army to deploy light tanks in high-altitude areas in Northern sector" (in en-US). https://theprint.in/india/project-zorawar-army-to-deploy-light-tanks-in-high-altitude-areas-in-northern-sector/1102217/. 
  20. ↑ Peri, Dinakar (2022-08-26). "Army accelerates procurement of light tank 'Zorawar' for LAC" (in en-IN). The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/indian-army-accelerates-procurement-of-light-tank-zorawar-for-lac/article65814103.ece. 
  21. ↑ Dangwal, Ashish (2022-09-20). "India's first Prototype Of 'Mountain Tank' To Be Rolled Out By 2023; L&T Says Selected As Development Partner" (in en-US). https://eurasiantimes.com/indias-1st-prototype-of-mountain-tank-to-be-rolled-out-by-2023/. 
  22. ↑ Tiwari, Sakshi (2022-10-27). "India Unveils Zorawar Light Tank Concept at DefExpo; Can Delhi Overlook Russian Offer of Amphibious Tanks Amid China Tensions?" (in en-US). https://eurasiantimes.com/india-unveils-zorawar-light-tank-concept-at-defexpo-can-delhi-overlook-russian-offer-of-amphibious-tanks-amid-china-tensions/. 
  23. ↑ "Indian Army concerned over Chinese moves at LAC, may induct 700 Zorawar Light Tanks" (in en). 2023-04-09. https://www.firstpost.com/india/indian-army-concerned-over-chinese-moves-at-lac-may-induct-700-zorawar-light-tanks-12431122.html. 
  24. ↑ Singh, Mayank (2023-08-13). "Ukraine war delays India’s tank project" (in en). https://www.newindianexpress.com/thesundaystandard/2023/Aug/13/ukraine-wardelays-indias-tank-project-2604705.html. 
  25. ↑ "Indian Army to get light tank, 'Zorawar' soon" (in en). https://www.financialexpress.com/defence/indian-army-to-get-light-tank-zorawar-soon/2645647/. 
  26. ↑ Singh, Dalip (2023-11-18). "America’s Cummins engine to power Zorawar tank after Germany fails to relax trade restrictions" (in en). https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/logistics/americas-cummins-engine-to-power-zorawar-tank-after-germany-fails-to-relax-trade-restrictions/article67544664.ece. 
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 27.2 "Indian light tank Zorawar begins trials, expected to be ready for user tests by April". 12 January 2024. https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/indian-light-tank-zorawar-begins-trials-expected-to-be-ready-for-user-tests-by-april20240112205536/. 



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