Finance:FasTrak

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Short description: Electronic toll collection system in California
Mounted FasTrak transponder

FasTrak is the electronic toll collection (ETC) system used in the state of California in the United States. The system is used statewide on all of the toll roads, toll bridges, and high-occupancy toll lanes along the California Freeway and Expressway System.

As with other ETC systems, FasTrak is designed to eliminate the need for cars to stop to pay at toll booths, thus decreasing the traffic congestion traditionally associated with toll roads. Its use of technology to improve transit is in line with the U.S. Department of Transportation's Intelligent Transportation Systems initiative.

Under California's government structure, the state's toll facilities are operated by various agencies and special-purpose districts. Concerned that they would each introduce different, incompatible ETC systems, the California State Legislature passed Senate Bill 1523 in 1990, requiring the California Department of Transportation (Caltrans) to develop a statewide specification that all these toll agencies were required to meet.[1] Three years later, Transportation Corridor Agencies opened the Foothill Toll Road in Orange County, implementing the statewide ETC system for the first time, and naming it FasTrak. The state continues to delegate the responsibility of selling and maintaining FasTrak accounts to the different toll agencies.

Operations and functionality

Technology

Diagram of FasTrak toll collections system. As the vehicle enters the toll lane, sensors (1) detect the vehicle. The two-antenna configuration (2) reads a transponder (3) mounted on the vehicle's windshield. As the vehicle passes through the exit light curtain (4), it is electronically classified by the treadle (5) based on the number of axles, and the ETC account is charged the proper amount. Feedback is provided to the driver on an electronic sign (6). If the vehicle does not have a transponder, or if a transponder is not detected at the toll plaza, the system classifies it as a violator and cameras (7) take photos of the vehicle and its license plate for processing. If the license plate is registered as belonging to a FasTrak user, the account is debited only the toll charge (which, however, does not include any HOV discounts that would have been received with a detected FasTrak Flex tag), and no penalty is charged.

Under California law, Caltrans was given the mandate to develop and maintain an open, statewide ETC specification.[1] This specification is known in the transportation industry as "Title 21" after it was added to Title 21 of the California Code of Regulations.[2] FasTrak uses RFID technology near 915 MHz to read data from a transponder placed in a vehicle (usually mounted by Velcro strips to the windshield) moving at speeds that may exceed 70 mph (112 km/h). The RFID transponder in each vehicle is associated with a prepaid debit account; each time the vehicle passes underneath a toll collection site, the account is debited to pay the toll.

Currently, FasTrak transponders are not compatible with E-ZPass and other ETC systems used in other states because they use a different specification than Title 21. If a vehicle does not have a transponder, or if a transponder is not detected at the toll plaza, a violation enforcement system triggers cameras that capture photos of the vehicle and its license plate for processing. If the license plate is registered as belonging to a FasTrak user, the account is debited only the toll charge, and no penalty is charged, but no HOV discounts that would have required a FasTrak Flex tag are given. This is a backup in case a transponder fails to read. Otherwise, for a designated FasTrak-only facility, including most express lanes, a toll violation notice is sent to the registered owner of the vehicle,[3] or in the case of a non-Fastrak-only facility, including all toll bridges, an invoice (with no penalty) is sent to the registered owner. In the case of drivers whose vehicles are company owned or leased, as long as the vehicle license plates are properly listed, the violations will be sent to the registered owner and not the employee driver. It is for this reason that the License Agreement mandates that customers list all vehicles, including motorcycles, motor homes, and trailers of all types on their accounts so that when transponders fail to read the toll can be debited based upon the vehicle's license plate. A license plate may be listed only on one account.

A toll collected based on a license plate is called an image toll and can be identified on the customer statement by noticing the license plate number listed instead of the transponder number. If one fails to correctly list license plates on their account, the FasTrak customer will receive toll violation notices as if they were another driver. If a FasTrak customer receives a toll violation notice under these circumstances, they only refer to the reverse side of the Toll Violation notice and complete the section at the bottom of the notice that will add the new vehicle to their account. Conversely, a license plate should be removed from an account after a change in ownership, otherwise resulting in paying for another driver's tolls via the Image Toll process.

Toll agencies

The California Toll Operators Committee (CTOC) helps coordinates the interoperability among the state's toll agencies and facilities.[4] The CTOC's members include:[5]

  • Alameda County Transportation Commission, operator of the high-occupancy toll lanes in Alameda County.
  • Bay Area Infrastructure Financing Authority, operator of high-occupancy toll lanes in the Bay Area, a joint powers authority of the Bay Area Toll Authority and the Metropolitan Transportation Commission.
  • Bay Area Toll Authority, operator of the seven state-owned toll bridges in the San Francisco Bay Area.
  • California Department of Transportation (Caltrans), maintains the state highway system and coordinates with the other toll agencies, but does not necessarily plan and operate the toll facilities directly.
  • Golden Gate Bridge, Highway and Transportation District, operator of the Golden Gate Bridge.
  • Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority, operator of the Metro ExpressLanes high-occupancy toll lanes in Los Angeles County.
  • Orange County Transportation Authority, co-operator of the 91 Express Lanes, as well as any other high-occupancy toll lanes in Orange County.
  • Riverside County Transportation Commission, co-operator of the 91 Express Lanes, as well as the operator of the Riverside Express high-occupancy toll lanes in Riverside County.
  • San Bernardino County Transportation Authority, will be the operator of the future high-occupancy toll lanes in San Bernardino County.
  • San Diego Association of Governments (SANDAG), operator of the toll facilities in San Diego County.
  • San Francisco County Transportation Authority, will be the operator of any future congestion pricing tolling facility in San Francisco.
  • San Mateo County Express Lanes Joint Powers Authority, operator of the high-occupancy toll lanes in San Mateo County.
  • Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority (VTA), operator of the high-occupancy toll lanes in Santa Clara County.
  • Sunol SMART Carpool Lane Joint Powers Authority, operator of the I-680 Sunol Express Lanes that span Alameda and Santa Clara counties.
  • Transportation Corridor Agencies, operator of the toll roads in Orange County.

Service center operations

For convenience, all toll agencies in the San Francisco Bay Area share the same billing and customer service center. The 91 Express Lanes, operated by Orange and Riverside counties, has a separate billing and customer service center. Every other toll agency in Southern California also has their own billing and customer service center.[citation needed] Anybody with a FasTrak transponder can use it to pay tolls on any California toll facility using the system. Each center establishes its own fee and discount structures.[6] Drivers may be charged a fee if the majority of their FasTrak use occurs elsewhere.[citation needed]

Fees

Each FasTrak account agency has its own monthly minimums / monthly fees (from lowest to highest)

Agency Area Fee(s)
Bay Area FasTrak San Francisco Bay Area None[7]
Transportation Corridor Agencies (The Toll Roads of Orange County) Orange County None[8]
SANDAG San Diego County $3.50 minimum monthly toll, plus $1 per transponder.[9]
Metro ExpressLanes Los Angeles County $40 initial prepaid toll deposit, plus a $1 monthly maintenance fee, if setting up automatic credit card replenishment payments; $50 initial prepaid toll deposit, a $25 transponder deposit, and a $1 monthly maintenance fee for accounts with manual replenishment payments.[10]
91 Express Lanes Orange and Riverside Counties $40 initial prepaid toll deposit if setting up automatic credit card replenishment payments, $50 initial prepaid toll deposit for accounts with manual replenishment payments. The standard plan consists of a $2 monthly maintenance fee, while the convenience plan has a $100 one-time enrollment fee with no monthly fees.[11]
405 Express Lanes Orange County $40 initial prepaid toll deposit if setting up automatic credit card replenishment payments; $50 initial prepaid toll deposit for accounts with manual replenishment payments. The standard plan consists of a $2 monthly maintenance fee, while the convenience plan has a $100 one-time enrollment fee with no monthly fees.[12]
Riverside Express Riverside County $40 initial prepaid toll deposit, plus $2 monthly account maintenance fee.[13]

Tag types

A switchable FasTrak device used by the Metro ExpressLanes in Los Angeles County

The standard FasTrak transponder tag can be used by most vehicles. Transportation Corridor Agencies (TCA) also offers a sticker transponder that has the same functionality as a standard one.[14]

For those traveling on the HOT express lanes in the Bay Area, in Riverside County, or the Los Angeles Metro ExpressLanes and want the carpooling discounts, they will need a switchable "FasTrak Flex" transponder.[6] These devices include a switch that indicates the number of occupants (1, 2, or 3 or more) in the vehicle. This enables the open road tolling system to automatically compute the carpool or solo driver toll.[13][15][16] The Bay Area toll bridges and the 91 Express Lanes instead have designated carpool lanes, so any tag type can be used (although both the 91 Express Lanes and TCA agencies also offer the switchable FasTrak Flex tags to its users if they want to use the Los Angeles or Riverside County express lanes too).[6][17][18]

For eligible clean air vehicles (CAVs) registered with the California DMV, the Bay Area FasTrak center and Riverside County HOT express lanes also offer a special "FasTrak CAV" tag for those who qualify for those discounts on applicable toll facilities.[13][15] Other toll agencies may instead offer a special account for registered clean air vehicles on their HOT express lanes.[17][19]

For the I-15 Express Lanes in San Diego County, SANDAG only offers the standard FasTrak transponder, and instead instructs drivers that they can "declare" that they are a carpool or a registered CAV (and thus do not have to pay a toll) by removing their transponder from the windshield or covering their tag in the provided mylar bag.[20][21][22]

Neither the Orange County toll roads operated by the TCA nor the South Bay Expressway toll road in San Diego County offer carpooling or CAV discounts.[6][22]

Retail availability

The Bay Area FasTrak center, Metro ExpressLanes, and SANDAG offer a packaged FasTrak transponder sold over-the-counter at a retail setting, such as nearby Costco locations. Customers must still register their transponders with the issuing agency.[15][23][24]

Security

FasTrak antennae that pull data used to generate 5-1-1 traffic information

A teardown analysis of the transponder and analysis of its security issues was published at Black Hat 2008.[25] They are updated remotely, and do not use encryption.[26] Furthermore, FasTrak's basic functionality and specifications are listed under Title 21, Division 2, Chapter 16 of the California Code of Regulations, and are thus freely accessible to the general public.[27]

FasTrak units are used to generate 5-1-1 traffic data, using sensors and antennae placed across various freeways.[26]

History

As the first ETC system in North America was installed on the Dallas North Tollway in 1989, many California toll facilities started to express interest in the technology. Because the state's toll roads and bridges are run by different government agencies, there was the possibility that a number of different incompatible ETC systems would be instituted throughout California. Therefore, the California State Legislature passed Senate Bill 1523 in 1990, requiring Caltrans, the state's Department of Transportation, to develop a statewide technical specification which all systems would be required to meet.[1] As a result, California was the first in the nation to require all of its toll bridges and roads to use the same ETC system.[28] This technical specification was later codified in Title 21, Division 2, Chapter 16 of the California Code of Regulations.[27]

When the Foothill Toll Road in Orange County opened in 1993, it became the first California toll facility to use an ETC system. Transportation Corridor Agencies (TCA), the local agency in charge of the toll road, named the system "FasTrak".[29] To this day, TCA still holds the trademark to the "FasTrak" name and logo.[30]

When TCA first introduced the FasTrak system, the electronic transponders consisted of a gadget about the size of a Walkman in which a smart card was inserted.[31] However, the smart cards were unpopular with both tollway officials and users because they cost more, offered little advantage, and customers were charged with a $10 annual fee (which has since been discontinued).[32] By the time the 91 Express Lanes opened in 1995, the FasTrak transponders were redesigned to be the size of a coaster that could be mounted by Velcro strips to the windshield.[33]

Three-lane FasTrak site in Orange County

TCA later deployed the FasTrak system to the two other toll roads they administer as soon as they opened: the San Joaquin Hills Toll Road in 1996 and the Eastern Toll Road in 1998. Also in 1998, the system was then deployed on the high-occupancy toll (HOT) lanes along Interstate 15 in San Diego.

A view of the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge toll plaza in 2008. The center and right toll booths are labeled "Fastrak Only", while the left toll booth accepts cash and Fastrak. Cash payment was phased out during the COVID-19 pandemic and replaced with license plate tolling, and now all booths read "Fastrak or Invoice" other than the HOV lane.

However, the system had to be modified so that it could be used on California's toll bridges. After a test run on the Carquinez Bridge in 1996, it had accuracy problems in dealing with the 18 different toll classifications for different kinds of trucks.[34] After the changes were made and another test run, the Carquinez Bridge became the first California toll bridge to use FasTrak in 1997. However, bureaucratic inaction, technical difficulties, and financial mismanagement delayed the deployment of the system to the other six state-run toll bridges in the San Francisco Bay Area until October 2000.[35] Meanwhile, the Golden Gate Bridge, run by the independent Golden Gate Bridge, Highway and Transportation District, installed their system a few months earlier in July of that year. The FasTrak system was also briefly used on the state-owned San Diego-Coronado Bridge until tolls were discontinued on that structure in 2002. The Bay Area FasTrak Customer Center then opened in 2005, merging the service center for the state's Bay Area bridges with the one that was being operated separately by the Golden Gate Bridge District.[36]

Since then, several other new toll facilities around California have either opened, are under construction, or are in the planning stages. They are all required to accept FasTrak as per the aforementioned state law.

In 2009, San Francisco International Airport began accepting FasTrak in all of its parking garages, including long-term parking.[37] Currently only FasTrak accounts opened from either the Bay Area FasTrak Customer Center or from Transportation Corridor Agencies can be used at the airport.[38]

When the Metro ExpressLanes opened in Los Angeles in late 2012, it introduced FasTrak transponders with a special switch that indicates the number of occupants (1, 2, or 3 or more) in the vehicle. This enables the open road tolling system to automatically compute the carpool or solo driver toll,[39] as well as allow the California Highway Patrol to visually check to see if there are more or fewer people in the car than indicated on the transponder.[40] For the convenience of their FasTrak customers in the Greater Los Angeles urban area who may also use the Metro ExpressLanes, TCA began offering switchable transponders in 2013,[41] and the 91 Express Lanes followed suit by 2015.[42] With the switchable transponders, the violation rate on the Metro ExpressLanes fell to 10 percent from the 20 to 25 percent cheating rate in toll lanes that do not require transponders for carpoolers, prompting Alameda County officials to include the system on the then-planned I-580 Express Lanes.[43] The Bay Area FasTrak Customer Center then started to offer switchable transponders, under the name "FasTrak Flex", in summer 2015.[20] For the HOT lanes in San Diego, drivers can "declare" that they are a carpool (and thus do not have to pay a toll) by covering their FasTrak transponder in a mylar bag.[20]

There has been a push to strictly use open road tolling, accepting only payments via a FasTrak transponder, a toll-by-plate account, or one-time payments via online or by phone instead of cash. All of California's HOT lanes only use open road tolling. The Golden Gate Bridge began requiring electronic payments for all tolls in March 2013,[44] and all the Orange County toll roads run by TCA likewise did the same in May 2014.[45] A plan to also eliminate toll takers on all seven of the state-owned bridges was approved in 2019.[46] On March 20, 2020, at midnight, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, all-electronic tolling was temporarily placed in effect for those seven state-owned toll bridges, and since 2021, all of them are now permanently cashless.[47] The only toll facility that still accepts cash is the South Bay Expressway in San Diego County, but it uses unstaffed toll booths with cash machines that require exact change.[48]

Under MAP-21, passed by the Federal government in 2012, all ETC facilities in the United States must reach some form of interoperability by October 1, 2016. In response, the California State Legislature passed Assembly Bill 493 in 2013, authorizing Caltrans and the state's various toll agencies to help develop compatible systems.[49] However, the deadline, which had neither penalty nor funding attached, was not met. California regulators later approved a phase-in of transponder technology using the ISO/IEC 18000-63 (6C) standard, released in 2004, which began in 2018 and is expected to end in 2024. This would allow compatibility with systems used in nearby states of Washington, Colorado, and Utah; and also Kentucky, Indiana, Georgia, North Carolina, and Louisiana, plus NationalPass.[50]

In 2019, TCA introduced a sticker transponder to replace the former plastic transponder.[51][52][53] The sticker transponder is similar to the eGo Plus toll sticker introduced by TxTag in 2005, SunPass Mini toll sticker introduced by SunPass in 2008, and the sticker tag introduced by MnPASS in 2015.

Toll facilities using FasTrak

Current

All eight toll bridges only collect tolls in one direction. All other toll facilities collect tolls in either direction, though some express lanes exist in only one direction of their freeway in parts or the whole of their length.

^ indicates that carpools require the switchable "FasTrak Flex" transponder.
HOV 2+ indicates that carpools require two or more persons.
HOV 3+ indicates that carpools require three or more persons.
† indicates that two-person carpools are tolled differently than solo drivers or carpools with three or more, typically at a rate intermediate between the solo and 3+ rates

Toll bridges

Name Highway(s) Location South or west terminus North or east terminus Direction tolled HOV Account agency Ref.
Antioch Bridge Script error: No such module "Jct". San Joaquin River Antioch Sacramento County Northbound 3+ Bay Area FasTrak [54]
Benicia–Martinez Bridge Script error: No such module "Jct". Carquinez Strait Martinez Benicia Northbound 3+ [55]
Carquinez Bridge Script error: No such module "Jct". Carquinez Strait Crockett Vallejo Eastbound 3+ [56]
Dumbarton Bridge Script error: No such module "Jct". San Francisco Bay Menlo Park Fremont Westbound 2+ [57]
Golden Gate Bridge Script error: No such module "Jct". Golden Gate San Francisco Marin County Southbound 3+ [58]
Richmond–San Rafael Bridge Script error: No such module "Jct". San Francisco Bay San Rafael Richmond Westbound 3+ [59]
San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge Script error: No such module "Jct". San Francisco Oakland Westbound 3+ [60]
San Mateo–Hayward Bridge Script error: No such module "Jct". Foster City Hayward Westbound 2+ [61]

Toll roads

Name Highway(s) Location South or west terminus North or east terminus Account agency Ref.
Eastern Toll Road Script error: No such module "Jct". Orange County Irvine SR 91 in Anaheim–Yorba Linda The Toll Roads of Orange County [62]
Foothill Toll Road Script error: No such module "Jct". Oso Parkway near Rancho Santa Margarita SR 133 near Irvine
San Joaquin Hills Toll Road Script error: No such module "Jct". I-5 in Mission Viejo Bison Ave in Irvine
South Bay Expressway Script error: No such module "Jct". San Diego County SR 11 / SR 905 in Otay Mesa SR 54 near Chula Vista SANDAG [63]

Express lanes

Name Highway Location South or west terminus North or east terminus HOV Account agency Ref.
91 Express Lanes Script error: No such module "Jct". Orange and Riverside Counties SR 55 in Anaheim I-15 in Corona 3+ 91 Express Lanes [64][65]
I-15 Express Lanes
(San Diego County) 		Script error: No such module "Jct". San Diego County SR 163 in San Diego SR 78 in Escondido 2+ SANDAG [66]
I-15 Riverside Express Lanes Script error: No such module "Jct". Riverside County Cajalco Road in Corona SR 60 in Jurupa Valley ^3+ Riverside Express [13]
405 Express Lanes Script error: No such module "Jct". Orange County SR 73 in Costa Mesa Los Angeles County line ^† OCTA [67]
I-580 Express Lanes Script error: No such module "Jct". Alameda County Hacienda Drive in Dublin/Pleasanton[lower-alpha 1] North Greenville Road in Livermore ^2+ Bay Area FasTrak [68]
I-880 Express Lanes Script error: No such module "Jct". Alameda and Santa Clara Counties Dixon Landing Road in Milpitas/Fremont line[lower-alpha 2] Lewelling Boulevard in San Lorenzo[lower-alpha 2] ^† [69]
I-680 Sunol Express Lanes Script error: No such module "Jct". Auto Mall Parkway in Fremont[lower-alpha 3] SR 84 near Sunol ^2+ [70]
I-680 Contra Costa County Express Lanes Script error: No such module "Jct". Contra Costa County Marina Vista Avenue in Martinez Alcosta Boulevard in San Ramon ^2+ [71]
SR 85 Express Lanes Script error: No such module "Jct". Santa Clara County Central Expressway in Mountain View US 101 in Mountain View ^† [72]
SR 237 Express Lanes Script error: No such module "Jct". Mathilda Avenue in Sunnyvale I-880 in Milpitas ^† [73]
Harbor Transitway Script error: No such module "Jct". Los Angeles Harbor Gateway Transit Center Adams Boulevard ^2+ Metro ExpressLanes [74]
El Monte Busway Script error: No such module "Jct". Los Angeles County Alameda Street in Los Angeles I-605 in Baldwin Park ^†
US 101 Express Lanes Script error: No such module "Jct". Santa Clara and San Mateo Counties SR 237 near Mountain View I-380 in San Bruno ^† Bay Area FasTrak [72][75][76]

Planned or proposed facilities

The following is a partial list of toll facilities that are either in the planning or proposal stages (sorted by highway number):

Name Highway Location South or west terminus North or east terminus Scheduled to open
I-5 Express Lanes Script error: No such module "Jct". San Diego County La Jolla Village Drive in San Diego Harbor Drive in Oceanside By 2035[77]
I-10 Express Lanes Extension Script error: No such module "Jct". Los Angeles County I-605 in Baldwin Park I-10 at the San Bernardino County line TBD, pending environmental review[78]
I-10 San Bernardino Express Lanes (Phase 1) Script error: No such module "Jct". San Bernardino County I-10 at the Los Angeles County line Etiwanda Avenue in Ontario 2024[79]
I-10 San Bernardino Express Lanes (Phase 2) Script error: No such module "Jct". San Bernardino County Etiwanda Avenue in Ontario Pepper Avenue in Colton TBD, pending funding[79]
I-10 San Bernardino Express Lanes (Phase 3) Script error: No such module "Jct". San Bernardino County Pepper Avenue in Colton Ford Street in Redlands TBD[79]
SR 11 Toll Road Script error: No such module "Jct". San Diego County SR 125 / SR 905 Otay Mesa East Port of Entry 2024[80]
I-80 Express Lanes Script error: No such module "Jct". Solano County Red Top Road in Fairfield Leisure Town Road in Vacaville 2025[81]
Yolo I-80 Express Lanes Script error: No such module "Jct". Yolo County Solano County line West El Camino Avenue near the Sacramento County line TBD[82][83]
SR 85 Express Lanes
(Silicon Valley Express Lanes Phase 4) 		Script error: No such module "Jct". Santa Clara County SR 87 in San Jose Central Expressway[lower-alpha 4][72] in Mountain View
SR 85 Express Lanes
(Silicon Valley Express Lanes future southern extension) 		Script error: No such module "Jct". Santa Clara County US 101 in Southern San Jose SR 87 in San Jose TBD, pending environmental review[84]
US 101 Express Lanes
(Silicon Valley Express Lanes Phase 5) 		Script error: No such module "Jct". Santa Clara County I-880 in San Jose SR 237 near Mountain View
US 101 Express Lanes
(Silicon Valley Express Lanes future southern extension) 		Script error: No such module "Jct". Santa Clara County Dunne Avenue in Morgan Hill I-880 in San Jose
I-105 Express Lanes Script error: No such module "Jct". Los Angeles County I-405 in Los Angeles Studebaker Road in Norwalk TBD, pending environmental review[85]
I-405 Sepulveda Pass Express Lanes Script error: No such module "Jct". Los Angeles County I-10 in Los Angeles US 101 in Los Angeles Late 2028[86]
I-680 Sunol Northbound Express Lane (Southern Extension) Script error: No such module "Jct". Alameda and Santa Clara Counties. SR 237 in Milpitas Auto Mall Parkway in Fremont TBD[87]
I-680 Sunol Express Lanes (Northern Extension) Script error: No such module "Jct". Alameda County SR 84 in Sunol Alcosta Boulevard in San Ramon TBD[88]

Notes

  1. ↑ The westbound I-580 Express Lanes extend further west to San Ramon Road/Foothill Road in Dublin/Pleasanton
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 The southbound I-880 Express Lanes extend further north to Hegenberger Road in Oakland and further south to SR 237 in Milpitas
  3. ↑ The southbound I-680 Sunol Express Lanes extend further south to SR 237 in Milpitas
  4. ↑ Not including the already completed portion of the Express Lanes from the Central Expressway to US 101 north

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Halloran, James V. III (September 1992). "Standardizing Electronic Toll Collection". Reason Foundation. http://www.reason.org/ps149.html. 
  2. ↑ "FasTrak toll tag definition". https://www.lawinsider.com/dictionary/fastrakr-toll-tag. 
  3. ↑ "I have a FasTrak toll tag, but I still received a violation notice in the mail. Why did this happen?". https://www.bayareafastrak.org/en/support/tv-general-information-faq5.shtml. 
  4. ↑ "CTOC". California Toll Operators Committee. http://fastrak.org/about_us. 
  5. ↑ "Agencies". California Toll Operators Committee. http://fastrak.org/Member_Agencies. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 "FasTrak Throughout California". Transportation Corridor Agencies. https://www.thetollroads.com/accounts/fastrak/california. 
  7. ↑ "Is there a charge to open a FasTrak account?". https://www.bayareafastrak.org/en/support/fastrak-basics-faq6.shtml. 
  8. ↑ "Do FasTrak accounts have account maintenance fees?". Transportation Corridor Agencies. https://www.thetollroads.com/help/faqs/do-fastrak-accounts-have-account-maintenance-fees/. 
  9. ↑ "FasTrak Fees". San Diego Association of Governments. https://www.myfastrak.511sd.com/en/learn/fee-schedule. 
  10. ↑ "Account Options". Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority. https://www.metroexpresslanes.net/account-options/. 
  11. ↑ "Select a plan". https://myaccount.91expresslanes.com/#/account/accountplan. 
  12. ↑ "Open an Account". https://405expresslanes.com/en/open-an-account/. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 "Information". https://www.riversideexpress.com/information. 
  14. ↑ "The FasTrak Transponder". Transportation Corridor Agencies. https://www.thetollroads.com/accounts/fastrak/transponder/. 
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 "Toll Tags". https://www.bayareafastrak.org/en/support/fastrak-basics-faq6.shtml. 
  16. ↑ "FasTrak Flex Mounting Instructions". Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority. https://www.metroexpresslanes.net/fastrak-flex-mounting-instructions/. 
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 "FAQs". https://www.91expresslanes.com/faqs/. 
  18. ↑ "Carpool Lanes and Express Lanes". https://www.bayareafastrak.org/en/about/carpool.shtml. 
  19. ↑ "Clean Air Vehicle Discount". Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority. https://www.metroexpresslanes.net/offers-discounts/clean-air-vehicle-discount/. 
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 Richards, Gary (February 18, 2015). "Roadshow: Who Needs the New FasTrak Device (and a Mylar Bag)". San Jose Mercury News. http://www.mercurynews.com/mr-roadshow/ci_27543813/roadshow-keep-mylar-bag-handy-new-fastrak-transponders. 
  21. ↑ "Accessing the I-15 Express Lanes". San Diego Association of Governments. https://511sd.com/fastrak511sd/how-to-use-the-I-15-Express-Lanes. 
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 "FAQs". San Diego Association of Governments. https://www.myfastrak.511sd.com/en/learn/faq. 
  23. ↑ "Retail Discounts". Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority. https://www.metroexpresslanes.net/offers-discounts/aaa-albertsons-costco/. 
  24. ↑ "Get FasTrak". San Diego Association of Governments. https://www.myfastrak.511sd.com/en/sign-up-landing. 
  25. ↑ Lawson, Nate (August 6, 2008). "Highway to Hell: Hacking Toll Systems". BlackHat USA. Root Labs. http://www.root.org/talks/BH2008_HackingTollSystems.pdf. 
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 Lawson, Nate (August 7, 2008). "FasTrak Talk Summary and Slides". Root Labs Rdist. http://rdist.root.org/2008/08/07/fastrak-talk-summary-and-slides. 
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 California Department of Transportation Division of Traffic Operations (2013). "Title 21 Support". California Department of Transportation. http://www.dot.ca.gov/hq/traffops/itsproj/Title_21/title21_index.htm. 
  28. ↑ Hallissy, Erin (February 20, 1996). "Bay Area Bridges to Offer Electronic Tolls". San Francisco Chronicle: p. A1. http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/chronicle/archive/1996/02/20/MN69248.DTL. 
  29. ↑ Downey, Cheryl (October 4, 1993). "Tollway Officials Must Sell the Public on New Product". Orange County Register: p. A4. 
  30. ↑ Transportation Corridor Agencies (April 13, 2006). "Pilot Program Puts TCA FasTrak on Costco Shelves" (Press release). Transportation Corridor Agencies. Archived from the original on May 10, 2006. Retrieved April 27, 2006.
  31. ↑ Downey, Cheryl (August 13, 1993). "Toll Tech: 4 Ways to Pay: Transportation: Video Enforcement Will Capture License Plates When Drivers Don't Pay on Foothill Toll Road". Orange County Register: p. B4. 
  32. ↑ Downey, Cheryl (July 29, 1994). "County Tollway Officials Are Having Second Thoughts About Expensive Toll-Paying 'Smart Cards'". Orange County Register: p. C4. 
  33. ↑ Pund, Ernest E. (December 24, 1995). "Highway 91 About to Take Its First Toll". The Press-Enterprise (Riverside, CA): p. A1. 
  34. ↑ Nolte, Carl (September 23, 1996). "Automatic Tollbooth Technology Not Yet Ready for Prime Time". San Francisco Chronicle: p. A15. http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/chronicle/archive/1996/09/23/MN47920.DTL. 
  35. ↑ Cabanatuan, Michael (October 5, 2000). "All Bay Toll Spans Finally Going FasTrak". San Francisco Chronicle: p. A1. http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/chronicle/archive/2000/10/05/MN54417.DTL. 
  36. ↑ Golden Gate Bridge, Highway and Transportation District (June 7, 2005). "June 7th Marks Grand Opening of New Regional FasTrak Customer Service Center in San Francisco" (Press release). Golden Gate Bridge, Highway and Transportation District. Archived from the original on January 2, 2006. Retrieved July 5, 2015.
  37. ↑ McCarron, Michael C. (May 15, 2009). "Easy Payment System Will Save Time and Help Reduce Emissions" (Press release). San Francisco International Airport. Archived from the original on January 2, 2010. Retrieved July 4, 2009.
  38. ↑ Bay Area FasTrak Customer Service Center. "FasTrak FAQs". Bay Area FasTrak Customer Service Center. http://www.bayareafastrak.org/vector/static/about/faq.shtml. "Bay Area FasTrak customers and The Toll Roads customers are both eligible to use FasTrak at SFO ... Customers of Orange County's 91 Express Lanes, and San Diego's I-15 and South Bay Expressway, currently are not eligible to pay for parking at SFO." 
  39. ↑ Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority. "Metro ExpressLanes FAQ". Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority. http://www.metro.net/projects/expresslanes/faq/. 
  40. ↑ Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority (July 24, 2012). Metro ExpressLanes: Rules of the Road (Video). Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority. 2 minutes in – via YouTube.
  41. ↑ Transportation Corridor Agencies (September 23, 2013). "TCA Switchable Transponders Now Available". The Toll Roads Blog. Transportation Corridor Agencies. http://thetollroadsblog.com/2013/09/23/tca-switchable-transponders-now-available/. 
  42. ↑ Orange County Transportation Authority (Spring 2015). "A Tale of Two Transponders: Standard and Switchable". 91 Express Lanes Newsletter. Orange County Transportation Authority. http://www.octa.net/pdf/15X_022%2091X%20Newsletter%20-%20Spring%202015_LR.pdf. 
  43. ↑ Richards, Gary (July 11, 2014). "Bay Area Carpoolers Must Use FasTrak in Express Lanes Under New Law". San Jose Mercury News. http://www.mercurynews.com/bay-area-news/ci_26133543/carpoolers-must-use-fastrak-toll-lanes-under-new. 
  44. ↑ Golden Gate Bridge, Highway and Transportation District. "All Electronic Tolling at the Golden Gate Bridge". Golden Gate Bridge, Highway and Transportation District. http://goldengate.org/tolls/. 
  45. ↑ Transportation Corridor Agencies. "All Electronic Tolling (AET)". Transportation Corridor Agencies. https://www.thetollroads.com/commonquestions/all-electronic-tolling.php. 
  46. ↑ Smith, Darrell (September 7, 2019). "Do you drive to the Bay Area? A big change is coming to toll booths at the bridges". The Sacramento Bee. https://www.sacbee.com/news/california/article234765937.html. 
  47. ↑ "New Year Brings New Toll Collection System to Bay Area Bridges" (in en). December 28, 2020. https://mtc.ca.gov/news/new-year-brings-new-toll-collection-system-bay-area-bridges. 
  48. ↑ San Diego Association of Governments. "Cash or Credit Payment". South Bay Expressway. San Diego Association of Governments. https://sbxthe125.com/index.php/how-to-use-sbx/cash-or-credit-payment. 
  49. ↑ California Legislature (August 12, 2013). "An Act to Amend Section 27565 of the Streets and Highways Code, Relating to Transportation". California Legislative Information. http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201320140AB493. 
  50. ↑ California approves 6C electronic toll collection protocol
  51. ↑ "Sticker". Transportation Corridor Agencies. https://thetollroads.com/sticker. 
  52. ↑ "FasTrak Replaces Hard-Case Transponders With Free Stickers For OC Drivers, Eliminates Fee". CBS Los Angeles. June 28, 2019. https://losangeles.cbslocal.com/2019/06/28/fastrak-replaces-hard-case-transponders-with-free-stickers-for-oc-drivers-eliminates-fee/. 
  53. ↑ Park, Jeong (June 7, 2019). "70¢ FasTrak stickers will replace $20 transponders, and TCA is mailing 15,000 of them daily". Orange County Register. https://www.ocregister.com/2019/06/07/new-bandage-sized-fastrak-transponders-are-being-mailed-out-orange-county/. 
  54. ↑ "Antioch Bridge". https://www.bayareafastrak.org/en/tolls/antioch-bridge.shtml. 
  55. ↑ "Benicia–Martinez Bridge". https://www.bayareafastrak.org/en/tolls/benicia-martinez-bridge.shtml. 
  56. ↑ "Carquinez Bridge". https://www.bayareafastrak.org/en/tolls/carquinez-bridge.shtml. 
  57. ↑ "Dumbarton Bridge". https://www.bayareafastrak.org/en/tolls/dumbarton-bridge.shtml. 
  58. ↑ "Golden Gate Bridge". https://www.bayareafastrak.org/en/tolls/golden-gate-bridge.shtml. 
  59. ↑ "Richmond–San Rafael Bridge". https://www.bayareafastrak.org/en/tolls/richmond-san-rafael-bridge.shtml. 
  60. ↑ "San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge". https://www.bayareafastrak.org/en/tolls/san-francisco-oakland-bridge.shtml. 
  61. ↑ "San Mateo–Hayward Bridge Bridge". https://www.bayareafastrak.org/en/tolls/san-mateo-hayward-bridge.shtml. 
  62. ↑ "Map and Rates". Transportation Corridor Agencies. https://thetollroads.com/tolls/map-rates. 
  63. ↑ "South Bay Expressway Toll Schedule". San Diego Association of Governments. July 2020. https://www.myfastrak.511sd.com/en/assets/documents/SBX_Toll_Schedule_2020.pdf. 
  64. ↑ "FAQ". https://www.91expresslanes.com/frequently-asked-questions/. 
  65. ↑ "Toll Schedules". https://www.91expresslanes.com/toll-schedules/. 
  66. ↑ "I-15 Express Lanes". San Diego Association of Governments. https://www.myfastrak.511sd.com/en/learn/i15-express-lanes. 
  67. ↑ "How to drive the Express Lanes". Orange County Transportation Authority. https://www.405expresslanes.com/en/how-it-works/. 
  68. ↑ "I-580 Express Lanes". https://www.bayareafastrak.org/en/tolls/i-580-express-lanes.shtml. 
  69. ↑ "I-880 Express Lanes". https://www.bayareafastrak.org/en/tolls/i-880-express-lanes.shtml. 
  70. ↑ "I-680 Sunol Express Lanes". https://www.bayareafastrak.org/en/tolls/i-680-sunol-express-lanes.shtml. 
  71. ↑ "I-680 Contra Costa Express Lanes". https://www.bayareafastrak.org/en/tolls/i-680-contra-express-lanes.shtml. 
  72. ↑ 72.0 72.1 72.2 "101/SR-85 Santa Clara County Express Lanes". https://www.bayareafastrak.org/en/tolls/101-sr85-santa-clara-express-lanes.shtml. 
  73. ↑ "SR 237 Express Lanes". https://www.bayareafastrak.org/en/tolls/sr237-express-lanes.shtml. 
  74. ↑ "Using Metro ExpressLanes". Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority. https://www.metroexpresslanes.net/how-it-works/using-metro-expresslanes/. 
  75. ↑ "101 San Mateo Express Lanes". https://www.bayareafastrak.org/en/tolls/101-san-mateo-express-lanes.shtml. 
  76. ↑ "US 101 Express Lanes". Metropolitan Transportation Commission. https://511.org/driving/express-lanes/us-101-express-lanes. 
  77. ↑ "I-5 Express Lanes Project". TransNet (San Diego Association of Governments). https://www.keepsandiegomoving.com/i-5-corridor/what-is-an-EL.aspx. "Later phases (2020-2035) will upgrade the carpool lanes to Express Lanes" 
  78. ↑ "I-10 ExpressLanes Extension Project". Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority. https://www.metro.net/projects/i-10-extension/. 
  79. ↑ 79.0 79.1 79.2 "I-10 Express Lanes". San Bernardino County Transportation Authority. https://www.gosbcta.com/project/i-10-corridor-project-phase-i/. 
  80. ↑ Mendoza, Alexandra (June 29, 2021). "California, Mexico sign agreement to open new Otay Mesa border crossing by late 2024" (in en-US). https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/latest/story/2021-06-29/california-mexico-sign-agreement-to-open-new-otay-mesa-border-crossing-by-late-2024. 
  81. ↑ "Construction Begins On I-80 Express Lanes Between Fairfield And Vacaville" (in en). 2022-05-16. https://www.cbsnews.com/sacramento/news/express-lane-construction-solano-80/. 
  82. ↑ "Project To Relieve Yolo Causeway Traffic With Toll Lanes Gets $85.9 Million Federal Grant" (in en). July 1, 2021. https://www.cbsnews.com/sacramento/news/sacramento-davis-yolo-causeway-grant-toll-lanes-project/. 
  83. ↑ "Yolo 80 Managed Lanes Project". Caltrans District 3. https://dot.ca.gov/caltrans-near-me/district-3/d3-projects/d3-i80-corridor-improvements. 
  84. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Silicon Valley Express Lanes Phase 4
  85. ↑ "I-105 ExpressLanes Project". Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority. https://www.metro.net/projects/i105-expresslanes/. 
  86. ↑ "I-405 Sepulveda Pass ExpressLanes". Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority. https://www.metro.net/projects/i-405-expresslanes-project/. 
  87. ↑ "I-680 Sunol Express Lanes Project". Alameda County Transportation Commission. https://www.alamedactc.org/programs-projects/expresslanes/i-680-sunol-express-lanes-project. 
  88. ↑ "I-680 Express Lanes From SR-84 to Alcosta Boulevard". Alameda County Transportation Commission. https://www.alamedactc.org/programs-projects/expresslanes/i-680-express-lanes-from-sr-84-to-alcosta-boulevard-project. 

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