Finance:Global Gender Gap Report

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Short description: Index designed to measure gender equality

The Global Gender Gap Report is an index designed to measure gender equality. It was first published in 2006 by the World Economic Forum.[1]

Global Gender Gap Report 2020

It "assesses countries on how well they are dividing their resources and opportunities among their male and female populations, regardless of the overall levels of these resources and opportunities," the Report says.[2] "By providing a comprehensible framework for assessing and comparing global gender gaps and by revealing those countries that are role models in dividing these resources equitably between women and men, the Report serves as a catalyst for greater awareness as well as greater exchange between policymakers."[2]

According to the World Economic Forum's Global Gender Gap Report 2023, it will take 131 years for the gender gap to close.[3][4]

Methodology

The report's Gender Gap Index ranks countries regarding the gender inequality in four key areas: health, education, economy and politics.

  • Economic participation and opportunity – outcomes on salaries, participation levels and access to high-skilled employment
  • Educational attainment – outcomes on access to basic and higher-level education
  • Political empowerment – outcomes on representation in decision-making structures
  • Health and survival – outcomes on life expectancy and sex ratio. In this case parity is not assumed, there are assumed to be fewer female births than male (944 female for every 1,000 males), and men are assumed to die younger. Provided that women live at least six percent longer than men, parity is assumed. But if it is less than six percent it counts as a gender gap.[5]

Thirteen out of the fourteen variables used to create the index are from publicly available "hard data" indicators from international organizations, such as the International Labour Organization, the United Nations Development Programme and the World Health Organization.[6]

2025 Report

The 2025 report covered 148 economies. Papua New Guinea and Trinidad and Tobago returned to the index, and Gabon was included for the first time.[7] Several countries that were ranked in previous editions, are not covered in the 2025 edition. These include Afghanistan (last ranked in 2023), Bahamas (2021), Cuba (2021), Iraq (2021), Malawi (2023), Mauritania (2021), Myanmar (2023), Qatar (2024), Russia (2021), Syria (2021), Venezuela (2021), and Yemen (2021).

rank Economy Score 2025[8]
1  Iceland 0.926
2  Finland 0.879
3  Norway 0.863
4  United Kingdom 0.838
5  New Zealand 0.827
6  Sweden 0.817
7  Moldova 0.813
8  Namibia 0.811
9  Germany 0.803
10  Ireland 0.801
11  Estonia 0.799
12  Spain 0.797
13  Australia 0.792
14  Denmark 0.791
15  Barbados 0.786
16  Costa Rica 0.786
17  Switzerland 0.785
18  Nicaragua 0.783
19  Lithuania 0.783
20  Philippines 0.781
21  Latvia 0.778
22  Chile 0.777
23  Mexico 0.776
24  Bangladesh 0.775
25  Ecuador 0.774
26  Serbia 0.774
27  Belgium 0.773
28  Trinidad and Tobago 0.772
29  Slovenia 0.770
30  Cape Verde 0.769
31  Guyana 0.768
32  Canada 0.767
33  South Africa 0.767
34  Portugal 0.767
35  France 0.765
36  Albania 0.763
37  Argentina 0.762
38  Jamaica 0.762
39  Rwanda 0.762
40  Liberia 0.760
41  Colombia 0.758
42  United States 0.756
43  Netherlands 0.756
44  Burundi 0.756
45  Poland 0.750
46  Eswatini 0.748
47  Singapore 0.748
48  Bolivia 0.747
49  Zimbabwe 0.747
50  Luxembourg 0.745
51  Panama 0.741
52  Suriname 0.738
53  Mozambique 0.738
54  Belarus 0.736
55  Tanzania 0.736
56  Austria 0.735
57  Peru 0.735
58  Madagascar 0.734
59  Armenia 0.731
60  Botswana 0.731
61  Dominican Republic 0.730
62  Ukraine 0.730
63  Georgia 0.729
64  Croatia 0.728
65  Mongolia 0.728
66  Thailand 0.728
67  Honduras 0.727
68  Malta 0.727
69  United Arab Emirates 0.724
70  Slovakia 0.723
71  Uruguay 0.720
72  Brazil 0.720
73  Bosnia and Herzegovina 0.717
74  Vietnam 0.713
75  Ethiopia 0.710
76  Israel 0.709
77  Greece 0.709
78  El Salvador 0.709
79  Zambia 0.707
80  Uganda 0.707
81  Guatemala 0.706
82  Cyprus 0.706
83  Bulgaria 0.706
84  Montenegro 0.705
85  Italy 0.704
86  Timor-Leste 0.704
87  Paraguay 0.703
88  Ghana 0.703
89  Belize 0.702
90  North Macedonia 0.699
91  Gabon 0.699
92  Kazakhstan 0.698
93  Cameroon 0.697
94  Romania 0.697
95  Kyrgyzstan 0.696
96  Laos 0.692
97  Indonesia 0.692
98  Kenya 0.689
99  Lesotho 0.688
100  Azerbaijan 0.688
101  South Korea 0.687
102  Czech Republic 0.686
103  China 0.686
104  Bahrain 0.684
105  Hungary 0.684
106  Cambodia 0.682
107  Brunei 0.681
108  Malaysia 0.681
109  Vanuatu 0.679
110  Uzbekistan 0.678
111  Mauritius 0.677
112  Sierra Leone 0.677
113  Benin 0.676
114  Gambia 0.674
115  Comoros 0.672
116  Senegal 0.670
117  Angola 0.668
118  Japan 0.666
119  Bhutan 0.663
120  Burkina Faso 0.659
121  Togo 0.657
122  Jordan 0.655
123  Tunisia 0.654
124  Nigeria 0.649
125    Nepal 0.648
126  Fiji 0.647
127  Côte d'Ivoire 0.647
128  Kuwait 0.646
129  Tajikistan 0.646
130  Sri Lanka 0.645
131  India 0.644
132  Saudi Arabia 0.643
133  Papua New Guinea 0.638
134  Oman 0.637
135  Turkey 0.633
136  Lebanon 0.632
137  Morocco 0.628
138  Maldives 0.626
139  Egypt 0.625
140  Mali 0.617
141  Algeria 0.614
142  Niger 0.613
143  Democratic Republic of the Congo 0.601
144  Guinea 0.595
145  Iran 0.583
146  Chad 0.571
147  Sudan 0.570
148  Pakistan 0.567

Global Gender Gap Index 2006-2025

The highest possible score is 1.0 (equality or better for women, except for lifespan (106% or better for women) and gender parity at birth (94.4% or better for women[9]) and the lowest possible score is 0. Data for some countries are unavailable.[10][11][12]

Location Year[13] ^
Country Region 2025[7] 2024[14] 2023[15] 2022 2021[16] 2020[17] 2018 2017 2016[18] 2015[19] 2014 2013 2012 2011 2010 2009 2008 2007 2006
 Afghanistan South Asia N/A N/A 0.405 0.435 0.444 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
 Albania Europe 0.763 0.780 0.791 0.787 0.770 0.769 0.734 0.728 0.704 0.701 0.6869 0.6412 0.6655 0.6748 0.6726 0.6601 0.6591 0.6685 0.6607
 Algeria Africa 0.614 0.612 0.573 0.602 0.633 0.634 0.629 0.629 0.642 0.632 0.6182 0.5966 0.6112 0.5991 0.6052 0.6119 0.6111 0.6068 0.6018
 Angola Africa 0.668 0.668 0.656 0.638 0.657 0.660 0.633 0.640 0.643 0.637 0.6311 0.6659 N/A 0.6624 0.6712 0.6353 0.6032 0.6034 0.6039
 Argentina South America 0.762 0.772 0.762 0.756 0.752 0.746 0.733 0.732 0.735 0.734 0.7317 0.7195 0.7212 0.7236 0.7187 0.7211 0.7209 0.6982 0.6829
 Armenia West Asia 0.731 0.721 0.721 0.698 0.673 0.684 0.678 0.677 0.669 0.668 0.6622 0.6634 0.6636 0.6654 0.6669 0.6619 0.6677 0.6651 N/A
 Australia Oceania 0.792 0.78 0.778 0.738 0.731 0.731 0.730 0.731 0.721 0.733 0.7409 0.7390 0.7294 0.7291 0.7271 0.7282 0.7241 0.7204 0.7163
 Austria Europe 0.735 0.743 0.740 0.781 0.777 0.744 0.718 0.709 0.716 0.733 0.7266 0.7437 0.7391 0.7165 0.7091 0.7031 0.7153 0.7060 0.6986
 Azerbaijan West Asia 0.688 0.685 0.692 0.687 0.688 0.687 0.680 0.676 0.684 0.675 0.6753 0.6582 0.6546 0.6577 0.6446 0.6626 0.6856 0.6781 N/A
 Bahamas Central America N/A N/A N/A N/A 0.725 0.720 0.741 0.743 0.729 0.728 0.7269 0.7128 0.7156 0.7340 0.7128 0.7179 N/A N/A N/A
 Bahrain West Asia 0.684 0.666 0.666 0.632 0.632 0.629 0.627 0.632 0.615 0.644 0.6261 0.6334 0.6298 0.6232 0.6217 0.6136 0.5927 0.5931 0.5894
 Bangladesh South Asia 0.775 0.689 0.722 0.714 0.719 0.726 0.721 0.719 0.698 0.704 0.6973 0.6848 0.6684 0.6812 0.6702 0.6526 0.6531 0.6314 0.6270
 Barbados Central America 0.786 0.773 0.769 0.765 0.769 0.749 0.753 0.750 0.739 0.744 0.7289 0.7301 0.7232 0.7170 0.7176 0.7236 0.7188 N/A N/A
 Belarus Europe 0.736 0.733 0.752 0.750 0.758 0.746 0.747 0.744 0.737 0.734 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
 Belgium Europe 0.773 0.793 0.796 0.793 0.789 0.750 0.738 0.739 0.745 0.753 0.7809 0.7684 0.7652 0.7531 0.7509 0.7165 0.7163 0.7198 0.7078
 Belize Central America 0.702 0.696 0.696 0.695 0.699 0.671 0.662 0.692 0.676 0.668 0.6701 0.6449 0.6465 0.6489 0.6536 0.6636 0.6610 0.6426 N/A
 Benin Africa 0.676 0.629 0.616 0.612 0.653 0.658 0.654 0.652 0.636 0.625 N/A 0.5885 0.6258 0.5832 0.5719 0.5643 0.5582 0.5656 0.5780
 Bhutan South Asia 0.663 0.651 0.682 0.637 0.639 0.635 0.638 0.638 0.642 0.646 0.6364 0.6651 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
 Bolivia South America 0.747 0.746 0.730 0.734 0.722 0.734 0.748 0.758 0.746 0.749 0.7049 0.7340 0.7222 0.6862 0.6751 0.6693 0.6667 0.6574 0.6335
 Bosnia and Herzegovina Europe 0.717 0.710 0.698 0.710 0.713 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
 Botswana Africa 0.731 0.73 0.719 0.719 0.716 0.709 0.715 0.720 0.715 0.710 0.7129 0.6752 0.6744 0.6832 0.6876 0.7071 0.6839 0.6797 0.6897
 Brazil South America 0.720 0.716 0.726 0.696 0.695 0.691 0.681 0.684 0.687 0.686 0.6941 0.6949 0.6909 0.6679 0.6655 0.6695 0.6737 0.6637 0.6543
 Brunei Darussalam Southeast Asia 0.681 0.684 0.693 0.680 0.678 0.686 0.686 0.671 0.669 0.684 0.6719 0.6730 0.6750 0.6787 0.6748 0.6524 0.6392 N/A N/A
 Bulgaria Europe 0.706 0.723 0.715 0.740 0.746 0.727 0.756 0.756 0.726 0.722 0.7444 0.7097 0.7021 0.6987 0.6983 0.7072 0.7077 0.7085 0.6870
 Burkina Faso Africa 0.659 0.661 0.676 0.659 0.651 0.635 0.629 0.646 0.64 0.651 0.6500 0.6513 0.6455 0.6153 0.6162 0.6081 0.6029 0.5912 0.5854
 Burundi Africa 0.756 0.757 0.763 0.777 0.769 0.745 0.741 0.755 0.768 0.748 0.7565 0.7397 0.7338 0.7270 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
 Cambodia Southeast Asia 0.682 0.685 0.695 0.690 0.685 0.694 0.683 0.676 0.658 0.662 0.6520 0.6509 0.6457 0.6464 0.6482 0.6410 0.6469 0.6353 0.6291
 Cameroon Africa 0.697 0.693 0.693 0.692 0.692 0.686 0.714 0.689 0.684 0.682 N/A 0.6560 0.6291 0.6073 0.6110 0.6108 0.6017 0.5919 0.5865
 Canada North America 0.767 0.761 0.77 0.772 0.772 0.772 0.771 0.769 0.731 0.740 0.7464 0.7425 0.7381 0.7407 0.7372 0.7196 0.7136 0.7198 0.7165
 Cape Verde Africa 0.769 0.755 0.761 0.736 0.716 0.725 0.702 0.686 0.729 0.717 0.7133 0.7122 0.7180 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
 Chad Africa 0.571 0.576 0.570 0.579 0.593 0.596 0.580 0.575 0.587 0.580 0.5764 0.5588 0.5594 0.5334 0.5330 0.5417 0.5290 0.5381 0.5247
 Chile South America 0.777 0.781 0.777 0.736 0.716 0.723 0.717 0.704 0.699 0.698 0.6975 0.6670 0.6676 0.7030 0.7013 0.6884 0.6818 0.6482 0.6455
 China East Asia 0.686 0.684 0.678 0.682 0.682 0.676 0.673 0.674 0.676 0.682 0.6830 0.6908 0.6853 0.6866 0.6881 0.6907 0.6878 0.6643 0.6561
 Colombia South America 0.758 0.745 0.751 0.710 0.725 0.758 0.729 0.731 0.727 0.725 0.7122 0.7171 0.6901 0.6714 0.6927 0.6939 0.6944 0.7090 0.7049
 Comoros Africa 0.672 0.663 0.664 0.631 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
 Costa Rica Central America 0.786 0.785 0.793 0.796 0.786 0.782 0.749 0.727 0.736 0.732 0.7165 0.7241 0.7225 0.7266 0.7194 0.7180 0.7111 0.7014 0.6936
 Côte d'Ivoire Africa 0.647 N/A N/A 0.632 0.637 0.606 0.627 0.611 0.597 0.606 0.5874 0.5814 0.5785 0.5773 0.5691 N/A N/A N/A N/A
 Croatia Europe 0.728 0.723 0.730 N/A 0.733 0.720 0.712 0.711 0.7 0.708 0.7075 0.7069 0.7053 0.7006 0.6939 0.6944 0.6967 0.7210 0.7145
 Cuba Central America N/A N/A N/A N/A 0.746 0.746 0.749 0.745 0.74 0.740 0.7317 0.7540 0.7417 0.7394 0.7253 0.7176 0.7195 0.7169 N/A
 Cyprus West Asia 0.706 0.705 0.678 0.696 0.707 0.692 0.684 0.684 0.684 0.671 0.6741 0.6801 0.6732 0.6567 0.6642 0.6706 0.6694 0.6522 0.6430
 Czech Republic Europe 0.686 0.684 0.685 0.710 0.711 0.706 0.693 0.688 0.69 0.687 0.6737 0.6770 0.6767 0.6789 0.6850 0.6789 0.6770 0.6718 0.6712
 Democratic Republic of the Congo Africa 0.601 0.609 0.612 0.575 0.576 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
 Denmark Europe 0.791 0.789 0.78 0.764 0.768 0.782 0.778 0.776 0.754 0.767 0.8025 0.7779 0.7777 0.7778 0.7719 0.7628 0.7538 0.7519 0.7462
 Dominican Republic Central America 0.730 0.706 0.704 0.703 0.699 0.700 0.701 0.697 0.676 0.686 0.6906 0.6867 0.6659 0.6682 0.6774 0.6859 0.6744 0.6705 0.6639
 Ecuador South America 0.774 0.788 0.737 0.743 0.739 0.729 0.729 0.724 0.726 0.738 0.7455 0.7389 0.7206 0.7035 0.7072 0.7220 0.7091 0.6881 0.6433
 Egypt Africa 0.625 0.629 0.626 0.635 0.639 0.629 0.614 0.608 0.614 0.599 0.6064 0.5935 0.5975 0.5933 0.5899 0.5862 0.5832 0.5809 0.5786
 El Salvador Central America 0.709 0.695 0.714 0.727 0.738 0.706 0.690 0.705 0.702 0.706 0.6863 0.6609 0.6630 0.6567 0.6596 0.6939 0.6875 0.6853 0.6837
 Estonia Europe 0.799 0.774 0.782 0.733 0.733 0.751 0.734 0.731 0.747 0.749 0.7017 0.6997 0.6977 0.6983 0.7018 0.7094 0.7076 0.7008 0.6944
 Eswatini Africa 0.748 0.744 0.745 0.728 0.729 N/A N/A 0.670 0.665 0.670 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
 Ethiopia Africa 0.710 0.709 0.711 0.710 0.691 0.705 0.656 0.656 0.662 0.640 0.6144 0.6198 0.6200 0.6136 0.6019 0.5948 0.5867 0.5991 0.5946
 Fiji Oceania 0.647 0.642 0.65 0.676 0.674 0.678 0.669 N/A N/A 0.645 0.6286 0.6286 0.6285 0.6255 0.6256 0.6414 N/A N/A N/A
 Finland Europe 0.879 0.875 0.863 0.860 0.861 0.832 0.821 0.823 0.845 0.850 0.8453 0.8421 0.8451 0.8383 0.8260 0.8252 0.8195 0.8044 0.7958
 France Europe 0.765 0.781 0.756 0.791 0.784 0.781 0.779 0.778 0.755 0.761 0.7588 0.7089 0.6984 0.7018 0.7025 0.7331 0.7341 0.6824 0.6520
 Gambia, The Africa 0.674 0.679 0.651 0.641 0.644 0.628 0.642 0.649 0.667 0.674 N/A N/A 0.6630 0.6763 0.6762 0.6752 0.6622 0.6421 0.6448
 Georgia West Asia 0.729 0.716 0.708 0.731 0.732 0.708 0.677 0.679 0.681 0.687 0.6855 0.6750 0.6691 0.6624 0.6598 0.6680 0.6654 0.6665 0.6700
 Germany Europe 0.803 0.81 0.815 0.801 0.796 0.787 0.776 0.778 0.766 0.779 0.7780 0.7583 0.7629 0.7590 0.7530 0.7449 0.7394 0.7618 0.7524
 Ghana Africa 0.703 0.701 0.688 0.672 0.666 0.673 0.688 0.695 0.705 0.704 0.6661 0.6811 0.6778 0.6811 0.6782 0.6704 0.6679 0.6725 0.6653
 Greece Europe 0.709 0.714 0.693 0.689 0.689 0.701 0.696 0.692 0.68 0.685 0.6784 0.6782 0.6716 0.6916 0.6908 0.6662 0.6727 0.6648 0.6540
 Guatemala Central America 0.706 0.697 0.659 0.664 0.655 0.666 0.668 0.667 0.666 0.667 0.6821 0.6304 0.6260 0.6229 0.6238 0.6209 0.6072 0.6144 0.6067
 Guinea Africa 0.595 0.601 0.617 0.647 0.660 0.642 0.656 0.659 0.64 0.618 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
 Guyana South America 0.768 0.765 N/A 0.752 0.728 N/A N/A N/A N/A 0.702 0.7010 0.7085 0.7119 0.7084 0.7090 0.7108 N/A N/A N/A
 Honduras Central America 0.727 0.726 0.735 0.705 0.716 0.722 0.706 0.711 0.69 0.688 0.6935 0.6773 0.6763 0.6945 0.6927 0.6893 0.6960 0.6661 0.6483
 Hungary Europe 0.684 0.686 0.689 0.699 0.688 0.677 0.674 0.670 0.669 0.672 0.6759 0.6742 0.6718 0.6642 0.6720 0.6879 0.6867 0.6731 0.6698
 Iceland Europe 0.926 0.935 0.912 0.908 0.892 0.877 0.858 0.878 0.874 0.881 0.8594 0.8731 0.8640 0.8530 0.8496 0.8276 0.7999 0.7836 0.7813
 India South Asia 0.644 0.641 0.643 0.629 0.625 0.668 0.665 0.669 0.683 0.664 0.6455 0.6551 0.6442 0.6190 0.6155 0.6151 0.6060 0.5936 0.6011
 Indonesia Southeast Asia 0.692 0.686 0.697 0.697 0.688 0.700 0.691 0.691 0.682 0.681 0.6725 0.6613 0.6591 0.6594 0.6615 0.6580 0.6473 0.6550 0.6541
 Iran West Asia 0.583 0.579 0.575 0.576 0.582 0.584 0.589 0.583 0.587 0.580 0.5811 0.5842 0.5927 0.5894 0.5933 0.5839 0.6021 0.5903 0.5803
 Iraq West Asia N/A N/A N/A N/A 0.535 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
 Ireland Europe 0.801 0.802 0.795 0.804 0.800 0.798 0.796 0.794 0.797 0.807 0.7850 0.7823 0.7839 0.7830 0.7773 0.7597 0.7518 0.7457 0.7335
 Israel West Asia 0.709 0.699 0.701 0.727 0.724 0.718 0.722 0.721 0.719 0.712 0.7005 0.7032 0.6989 0.6926 0.6957 0.7019 0.6900 0.6965 0.6889
 Italy Europe 0.704 0.703 0.705 0.720 0.721 0.707 0.706 0.692 0.719 0.726 0.6973 0.6885 0.6729 0.6796 0.6765 0.6798 0.6788 0.6498 0.6456
 Jamaica Central America 0.762 0.655 0.650 0.749 0.741 0.735 0.724 0.717 0.724 0.703 0.7128 0.7085 0.7035 0.7028 0.7037 0.7013 0.6980 0.6925 0.7014
 Japan East Asia 0.666 0.758 0.779 0.650 0.656 0.652 0.662 0.657 0.66 0.670 0.6584 0.6498 0.6530 0.6514 0.6524 0.6447 0.6434 0.6455 0.6447
 Jordan West Asia 0.655 0.663 0.647 0.639 0.683 0.623 0.605 0.604 0.603 0.593 0.5968 0.6093 0.6103 0.6117 0.6048 0.6182 0.6275 0.6203 0.6109
 Kazakhstan Central Asia 0.698 0.652 0.646 0.719 0.710 0.710 0.712 0.713 0.718 0.719 0.7210 0.7218 0.7213 0.7010 0.7055 0.7013 0.6976 0.6983 0.6928
 Kenya Africa 0.689 0.710 0.721 0.729 0.692 0.671 0.700 0.694 0.702 0.719 0.7258 0.6803 0.6768 0.6493 0.6499 0.6512 0.6547 0.6508 0.6486
Template:Country data Korea, Rep. East Asia 0.687 0.712 0.708 0.689 0.687 0.672 0.657 0.650 0.649 0.651 0.6403 0.6351 0.6356 0.6281 0.6342 0.6146 0.6154 0.6409 0.6157
 Kuwait West Asia 0.646 0.636 0.651 0.632 0.621 0.650 0.630 0.679 0.624 0.646 0.6457 0.6292 0.6320 0.6322 0.6318 0.6356 0.6358 0.6409 0.6341
 Kyrgyz Republic Central Asia 0.696 0.700 0.700 0.700 0.681 0.689 0.691 0.691 0.687 0.693 0.6974 0.6948 0.7013 0.7036 0.6973 0.7058 0.7045 0.6653 0.6742
 Laos Southeast Asia 0.692 0.700 0.733 0.733 0.750 0.731 0.748 0.703 N/A 0.713 0.7044 0.6993 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
 Latvia Europe 0.778 0.773 0.794 0.771 0.778 0.785 0.758 0.756 0.755 0.752 0.7691 0.7610 0.7572 0.7399 0.7429 0.7416 0.7397 0.7333 0.7091
 Lebanon West Asia 0.632 0.632 0.628 0.644 0.638 0.599 0.595 0.596 0.598 0.598 0.5923 0.6028 0.6030 0.6083 0.6084 N/A N/A N/A N/A
 Lesotho Africa 0.688 0.691 0.702 0.700 0.698 0.695 0.693 0.695 0.706 0.706 0.7255 0.7530 0.7608 0.7666 0.7678 0.7495 0.7320 0.7078 0.6807
 Liberia Africa 0.760 0.754 0.76 0.709 0.693 0.685 0.681 0.669 0.652 0.652 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
 Lithuania Europe 0.783 0.793 0.800 0.799 0.804 0.745 0.749 0.742 0.744 0.740 0.7208 0.7308 0.7191 0.7131 0.7132 0.7175 0.7222 0.7234 0.7077
 Luxembourg Europe 0.745 0.744 0.747 0.736 0.726 0.725 0.712 0.706 0.734 0.738 0.7333 0.7410 0.7439 0.7216 0.7231 0.6889 0.6802 0.6786 0.6671
 North Macedonia Europe 0.699 0.727 0.711 0.716 0.715 0.711 0.707 0.702 0.696 0.701 0.6943 0.7013 0.6968 0.6966 0.6996 0.6950 0.6914 0.6967 0.6983
 Madagascar Africa 0.734 0.720 0.737 0.735 0.725 0.719 0.691 0.692 0.704 0.698 0.7214 0.7016 0.6982 0.6797 0.6713 0.6732 0.6736 0.6461 0.6385
 Malawi Africa N/A N/A 0.676 0.632 0.671 0.664 0.662 0.672 0.7 0.701 0.7281 0.7139 0.7166 0.6850 0.6824 0.6738 0.6664 0.6480 0.6437
 Malaysia Southeast Asia 0.681 0.668 0.682 0.681 0.676 0.677 0.676 0.670 0.666 0.655 0.6520 0.6518 0.6539 0.6525 0.6479 0.6467 0.6442 0.6444 0.6509
 Maldives South Asia 0.626 0.633 0.649 0.648 0.642 0.646 0.662 0.669 .65 0.652 0.6557 0.6604 0.6616 0.6480 0.6452 0.6482 0.6501 0.6350 N/A
 Mali Africa 0.617 0.604 0.605 0.601 0.591 0.621 0.582 0.583 0.591 0.599 0.5779 0.5872 0.5842 0.5752 0.5680 0.5860 0.6117 0.6019 0.5996
 Malta Europe 0.727 0.723 0.713 0.703 0.703 0.693 0.686 0.682 0.664 0.668 0.6707 0.6761 0.6666 0.6658 0.6695 0.6635 0.6634 0.6615 0.6518
 Mauritania Africa N/A N/A N/A N/A 0.606 0.614 0.607 0.614 0.624 0.613 0.6029 0.5810 0.6129 0.6164 0.6152 0.6103 0.6117 0.6022 0.5835
 Mauritius Africa 0.677 0.683 0.689 0.679 0.679 0.665 0.663 0.664 0.652 0.646 0.6541 0.6599 0.6547 0.6529 0.6520 0.6513 0.6466 0.6487 0.6328
 Mexico North America 0.776 0.768 0.765 0.764 0.757 0.754 0.721 0.692 0.7 0.699 0.6900 0.6917 0.6712 0.6604 0.6577 0.6503 0.6441 0.6441 0.6462
 Moldova Europe 0.813 0.791 0.788 0.788 0.768 0.757 0.733 0.740 0.741 0.742 0.7405 0.7037 0.7101 0.7083 0.7160 0.7104 0.7244 0.7172 0.7128
 Mongolia East Asia 0.728 0.705 0.704 0.715 0.716 0.706 0.714 0.713 0.705 0.709 0.7212 0.7204 0.7111 0.7140 0.7194 0.7221 0.7049 0.6731 0.6821
 Montenegro Europe 0.705 0.718 0.714 0.732 0.732 0.710 0.706 0.693 0.681 0.689 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
 Morocco Africa 0.628 0.628 0.621 0.624 0.612 0.605 0.607 0.598 0.597 0.593 0.5988 0.5845 0.5833 0.5804 0.5767 0.5926 0.5757 0.5676 0.5827
 Mozambique Africa 0.738 0.776 0.778 0.752 0.758 0.723 0.721 0.741 0.75 0.741 0.7370 0.7349 0.7350 0.7251 0.7329 0.7195 0.7266 0.6883 N/A
 Myanmar Southeast Asia N/A N/A 0.650 0.677 0.681 0.665 0.690 0.691 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
 Namibia Africa 0.811 0.805 0.802 0.807 0.809 0.784 0.789 0.777 0.765 0.760 0.7219 0.7094 0.7121 0.7177 0.7238 0.7167 0.7141 0.7012 0.6864
   Nepal South Asia 0.648 0.664 0.659 0.692 0.683 0.680 0.671 0.664 0.661 0.658 0.6458 0.6053 0.6026 0.5888 0.6084 0.6213 0.5942 0.5575 0.5478
 Netherlands Europe 0.756 0.775 0.777 0.767 0.762 0.736 0.747 0.737 0.756 0.776 0.7730 0.7608 0.7659 0.7470 0.7444 0.7490 0.7399 0.7383 0.7250
 New Zealand Oceania 0.827 0.835 0.856 0.841 0.840 0.799 0.801 0.791 0.781 0.782 0.7772 0.7799 0.7805 0.7810 0.7808 0.7880 0.7859 0.7649 0.7509
 Nicaragua Central America 0.783 0.811 0.811 0.810 0.796 0.804 0.809 0.814 0.78 0.776 0.7894 0.7715 0.7697 0.7245 0.7176 0.7002 0.6747 0.6458 0.6566
 Niger Africa 0.613 0.628 0.622 0.635 0.629 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
 Nigeria Africa 0.649 0.65 0.637 0.639 0.627 0.635 0.621 0.641 0.643 0.638 0.6391 0.6469 0.6315 0.6011 0.6055 0.6280 0.6339 0.6122 0.6104
 Norway Europe 0.863 0.875 0.879 0.845 0.849 0.842 0.835 0.830 0.842 0.850 0.8374 0.8417 0.8403 0.8404 0.8404 0.8227 0.8239 0.8059 0.7994
 Oman West Asia 0.637 0.628 0.614 0.609 0.608 0.602 0.605 N/A 0.612 0.604 0.6091 0.6053 0.5986 0.5873 0.5950 0.5938 0.5960 0.5903 N/A
 Pakistan South Asia 0.567 0.570 0.575 0.564 0.556 0.564 0.550 0.546 0.556 0.559 0.5522 0.5459 0.5478 0.5583 0.5465 0.5458 0.5549 0.5509 0.5434
 Panama Central America 0.741 0.742 0.724 0.743 0.737 0.730 0.722 0.722 0.721 0.772 0.7195 0.7164 0.7122 0.7042 0.7072 0.7024 0.7095 0.6954 0.6935
 Papua New Guinea Oceania 0.638 N/A N/A N/A 0.635 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
 Paraguay South America 0.703 0.707 0.695 0.707 0.702 0.683 0.672 0.678 0.676 0.666 0.6890 0.6724 0.6714 0.6818 0.6804 0.6868 0.6379 0.6659 0.6556
 Peru South America 0.735 0.755 0.764 0.749 0.721 0.714 0.720 0.719 0.687 0.683 0.7198 0.6787 0.6742 0.6796 0.6895 0.7024 0.6959 0.6624 0.6619
 Philippines Southeast Asia 0.781 0.779 0.791 0.783 0.784 0.781 0.799 0.790 0.786 0.790 0.7814 0.7832 0.7757 0.7685 0.7654 0.7579 0.7568 0.7629 0.7516
 Poland Europe 0.750 0.740 0.722 0.709 0.713 0.736 0.728 0.728 0.727 0.715 0.7051 0.7031 0.7015 0.7038 0.7037 0.6998 0.6951 0.6756 0.6802
 Portugal Europe 0.767 0.787 0.765 0.766 0.775 0.744 0.732 0.734 0.737 0.731 0.7243 0.7056 0.7071 0.7144 0.7171 0.7013 0.7051 0.6959 0.6922
 Qatar West Asia N/A 0.640 0.627 0.617 0.624 0.629 0.629 0.626 0.643 0.645 0.6403 0.6299 0.6264 0.6230 0.6059 0.5907 0.5948 0.6041 N/A
 Romania Europe 0.697 0.717 0.697 0.698 0.700 0.724 0.711 0.708 0.69 0.693 0.6936 0.6908 0.6859 0.6812 0.6826 0.6805 0.6763 0.6859 0.6797
 Russia Europe N/A N/A N/A N/A 0.708 0.706 0.701 0.696 0.691 0.694 0.6927 0.6983 0.6980 0.7037 0.7036 0.6987 0.6994 0.6866 0.6770
 Rwanda Africa 0.762 0.757 0.794 0.811 0.805 0.791 0.804 0.822 0.8 0.794 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
 Saudi Arabia West Asia 0.643 0.647 0.637 0.636 0.603 0.599 0.590 0.584 0.583 0.605 0.6059 0.5879 0.5731 0.5753 0.5713 0.5651 0.5537 0.5647 0.5242
 Senegal Africa 0.670 0.679 0.680 0.668 0.684 0.684 0.682 0.684 0.685 0.698 0.6912 0.6923 0.6657 0.6573 0.6414 0.6427 N/A N/A N/A
 Serbia Europe 0.774 0.779 0.76 0.779 0.780 0.736 0.730 0.727 0.72 0.720 0.7086 0.7116 0.7037 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
 Sierra Leone Africa 0.677 0.708 0.667 0.672 0.655 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
 Singapore Southeast Asia 0.748 0.744 0.739 0.734 0.727 0.724 0.707 0.702 0.712 0.711 0.7046 0.7000 0.6989 0.6914 0.6914 0.6664 0.6625 0.6609 0.6550
 Slovakia Europe 0.723 0.731 0.72 0.717 0.712 0.718 0.693 0.694 0.679 0.675 0.6806 0.6857 0.6824 0.6797 0.6778 0.6845 0.6824 0.6797 0.6757
 Slovenia Europe 0.770 0.766 0.773 0.744 0.741 0.743 0.784 0.805 0.786 0.784 0.7443 0.7155 0.7132 0.7041 0.7047 0.6982 0.6937 0.6842 0.6745
 South Africa Africa 0.767 0.785 0.787 0.782 0.781 0.780 0.755 0.756 0.764 0.759 0.7527 0.7510 0.7496 0.7478 0.7535 0.7709 0.7232 0.7194 0.7125
 Spain Europe 0.797 0.797 0.791 0.788 0.788 0.795 0.746 0.746 0.738 0.742 0.7325 0.7266 0.7266 0.7580 0.7554 0.7345 0.7281 0.7444 0.7319
 Sri Lanka South Asia 0.645 0.653 0.663 0.670 0.670 0.680 0.676 0.669 0.673 0.686 0.6903 0.7019 0.7122 0.7212 0.7458 0.7402 0.7371 0.7230 0.7199
 Suriname South America 0.738 0.739 0.736 0.737 0.729 0.707 0.695 0.689 0.679 0.670 0.6504 0.6369 0.6409 0.6395 0.6407 0.6726 0.6674 0.6794 N/A
 Sweden Europe 0.817 0.816 0.815 0.822 0.823 0.820 0.822 0.816 0.815 0.823 0.8165 0.8129 0.8159 0.8044 0.8024 0.8139 0.8139 0.8146 0.8133
 Switzerland Europe 0.785 0.785 0.783 0.795 0.798 0.779 0.755 0.755 0.776 0.785 0.7798 0.7736 0.7672 0.7627 0.7562 0.7426 0.7360 0.6924 0.6997
 Syria West Asia N/A N/A N/A N/A 0.568 0.567 0.568 0.568 0.567 0.568 0.5775 0.5661 0.5626 0.5896 0.5926 0.6072 0.6181 0.6216 N/A
 Tajikistan Central Asia 0.646 0.673 0.672 0.663 0.650 0.626 0.638 0.678 0.679 0.675 0.6654 0.6682 0.6608 0.6526 0.6598 0.6661 0.6541 0.6578 N/A
 Tanzania Africa 0.736 0.734 0.740 0.719 0.707 0.713 0.704 0.700 0.716 0.718 0.7182 0.6928 0.7091 0.6904 0.6829 0.6797 0.7068 0.6969 0.7038
 Thailand Southeast Asia 0.728 0.72 0.711 0.709 0.710 0.708 0.702 0.694 0.699 0.706 0.7027 0.6928 0.6893 0.6892 0.6910 0.6907 0.6917 0.6815 0.6831
 Timor-Leste Southeast Asia 0.704 0.704 0.693 0.730 0.720 0.662 0.638 0.628 0.637 N/A N/A N/A 0.6855 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
 Togo Africa 0.657 0.71 0.696 0.697 0.683 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
 Trinidad and Tobago Central America 0.772 N/A N/A N/A 0.749 0.756 N/A N/A 0.723 0.720 0.7154 0.7166 0.7116 0.7372 0.7353 0.7298 0.7245 0.6859 0.6797
 Tunisia Africa 0.654 0.668 0.642 0.643 0.649 0.644 0.648 0.651 0.636 0.634 0.6272 N/A N/A 0.6255 0.6266 0.6233 0.6295 0.6283 0.6288
 Turkey West Asia 0.633 0.645 0.638 0.639 0.638 0.635 0.628 0.625 0.623 0.624 0.6183 0.6081 0.6015 0.5954 0.5876 0.5828 0.5853 0.5768 0.5850
 Uganda Africa 0.707 0.706 0.706 0.724 0.717 0.717 0.724 0.721 0.704 0.708 0.6821 0.7086 0.7228 0.7220 0.7169 0.7067 0.6981 0.6833 0.6797
 Ukraine Europe 0.730 0.722 0.714 0.707 0.714 0.721 0.708 0.705 0.7 0.702 0.7056 0.6935 0.6894 0.6861 0.6869 0.6896 0.6856 0.6790 0.6797
 United Arab Emirates West Asia 0.724 0.713 0.712 0.716 0.716 0.655 0.642 0.649 0.639 0.646 0.6436 0.6372 0.6392 0.6454 0.6397 0.6198 0.6220 0.6184 0.5919
 United Kingdom Europe 0.838 0.789 0.792 0.780 0.775 0.767 0.744 0.770 0.752 0.758 0.7383 0.7440 0.7433 0.7462 0.7460 0.7402 0.7366 0.7441 0.7365
 United States North America 0.756 0.747 0.748 0.769 0.763 0.724 0.720 0.718 0.722 0.740 0.7463 0.7392 0.7373 0.7412 0.7411 0.7173 0.7179 0.7002 0.7042
 Uruguay South America 0.720 0.715 0.714 0.711 0.702 0.737 0.715 0.710 0.681 0.679 0.6871 0.6803 0.6745 0.6907 0.6897 0.6936 0.6907 0.6608 0.6549
 Vanuatu Oceania 0.679 0.673 0.678 0.670 0.625 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
 Venezuela South America N/A N/A N/A N/A 0.699 0.713 0.709 0.706 0.694 0.691 0.6851 0.7060 0.7060 0.6861 0.6863 0.6839 0.6875 0.6797 0.6664
 Vietnam Southeast Asia 0.713 0.715 0.711 0.705 0.701 0.700 0.698 0.698 0.7 0.687 0.6915 0.6863 0.6867 0.6732 0.6776 0.6802 0.6778 0.6889 N/A
 Yemen West Asia N/A N/A N/A N/A 0.492 0.494 0.499 0.516 0.516 0.484 0.5145 0.5128 0.5054 0.4873 0.4603 0.4609 0.4664 0.4510 0.4595
 Zambia Africa 0.707 0.697 0.699 0.723 0.726 0.731 N/A N/A N/A 0.650 0.6364 0.6312 0.6279 0.6300 0.6293 0.6310 0.6205 0.6288 0.6360
 Zimbabwe Africa 0.747 0.740 0.746 0.734 0.732 0.730 0.721 0.717 0.71 0.709 0.7013 N/A N/A 0.6607 0.6574 0.6518 0.6485 0.6464 0.6461

Upper limiting value of the Gender Gap Index

1. Economic participation and opportunity
Ratio Limit[20] Weight[21] Value
Labour force participation 1.0 0.199 0.199
Wage equality for similar work 1.0 0.310 0.310
Estimated earned income 1.0 0.221 0.221
Legislators, senior officials and managers 1.0 0.149 0.149
Professional and technical workers 1.0 0.121 0.121
Sum 1.0 1.0
2. Educational attainment
Ratio Limit[20] Weight[21] Value
Literacy rate 1.0 0.191 0.191
Enrolment in primary education 1.0 0.459 0.459
Enrolment in secondary education 1.0 0.229 0.229
Enrolment in tertiary education 1.0 0.121 0.121
Sum 1.0 1.0
3. Health and survival
Ratio Limit[20] Weight[21] Value
Sex ratio at birth 0.944[22] 0.693 0.654
Healthy life expectancy 1.060[23] 0.307 0.325
Sum 1.0 0.980
4. Political empowerment
Ratio Limit[20] Weight[21] Value
Women in parliament 1.0 0.310 0.310
Women in ministerial positions 1.0 0.247 0.247
Years with female head of state 1.0 0.443 0.443
Sum 1.0 1.0
Compilation
1. Economic participation and opportunity 1.000
2. Educational attainment 1.000
3. Health and survival 0.980
4. Political empowerment 1.000
Sum 3.980

Gender Gap Index: 3.98 / 4 = 0.9949

This is the upper limiting value of the Gender Gap Index (limes superior) for the female-to-male ratio and for the male-to-female ratio.

Criticisms and challenges

Cover of the 2008 report

The index is designed to "measure gender-based gaps in access to resources and opportunities in countries rather than the actual level of the available resources and opportunities in those countries."[18]

In an academic publication from 2010, Beneria and Permanyer criticized the Global Gender Gap Index for only capturing inequality in certain aspects of women's lives therefore making it an incomplete measure of gender inequality.[24]

In an academic publication from 2019, Stoet and Geary discussed several limitations of the index. For example, in the current ranking methodology, no country can, by definition, be more favorable for women than for men. This causes the Index to undervalue issues that disproportionately affect men.[25] According to the Global Gender Gap Report 2021, the index does not penalize a country where women outperform men in certain aspects, and it considers that parity is achieved in life expectancy only if women live five years longer than men.[16]

See also

Notes

References

  1. ↑ "Global Gender Gap Report 2017" (in en-US). http://reports.weforum.org/global-gender-gap-report-2017/?doing_wp_cron=1526073649.7157220840454101562500. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2008 Report, p. 24
  3. ↑ "Global Gender Gap Report 2023" (in en). https://www.weforum.org/reports/global-gender-gap-report-2023/digest/. 
  4. ↑ "To fight climate change, more female leaders are fundamental" (in en). https://www.eib.org/en/stories/female-leaders-climate. 
  5. ↑ 2014 report, page 5
  6. ↑ 2008 Report, p. 5
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 "Gender Gap Report 2025" (in en). https://www.weforum.org/publications/global-gender-gap-report-2025/. 
  8. ↑ Saadia Zahidi, ed (2025). The Global Gender Gap Report 2025 (Report). World Economic Forum, Geneva, Switzerland. p. 13. https://reports.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GGGR_2025.pdf. Retrieved 2025-12-01. 
  9. ↑ 2016 Report, Page 6
  10. ↑ Ricardo Hausmann, ed (2012). The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 (Report). World Economic Forum, Geneva, Switzerland. http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GenderGap_Report_2012.pdf. Retrieved 2012-10-26. 
  11. ↑ "The Global Gender Gap Report 2013". World Economic Forum. pp. 12–13. http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GenderGap_Report_2013.pdf#page=20. 
  12. ↑ "Global Gender Gap Report 2014 - Reports - World Economic Forum". Global Gender Gap Report 2014. http://reports.weforum.org/global-gender-gap-report-2014/rankings/. 
  13. ↑ Years of report publication. Values may reflect data collected the previous year.
  14. ↑ "Global Gender Gap Report 2024" (in en). https://www.weforum.org/publications/global-gender-gap-report-2024/. 
  15. ↑ "Global Gender Gap Report 2023" (in en). https://www.weforum.org/publications/global-gender-gap-report-2023/in-full/. 
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 "Global Gender Gap Report 2021". World Economic Forum. http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GGGR_2021.pdf. 
  17. ↑ "Global Gender Gap Report 2020". World Economic Forum. http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GGGR_2020.pdf. 
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 "Global Gender Gap Report 2017 - Rankings". World Economic Forum. 17 November 2017. https://time.com/5028384/gender-gap-united-states-world-economic-forum/. 
  19. ↑ "Global Gender Gap Report 2015 - Rankings". World Economic Forum. http://reports.weforum.org/global-gender-gap-report-2015/rankings/. 
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 20.3 The Global Gender Gap Report 2018 (GGGR), p. 5, Construction of the Index, § 2. Data truncation at equality benchmark: As a second step, these ratios are truncated at the "equality benchmark”. For all indicators, except the two health indicators, this equality benchmark is considered to be 1, meaning equal numbers of women and men.
    GGGR 2018, p. 42, Country Score Card: … To calculate the Index, all ratios were truncated at the parity benchmark of 1 and thus the highest score possible is 1.
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 21.3 GGGR 2018, p. 6; Table 2: Calculation of weights within each subin-dex
  22. ↑ GGGR 2018, p. 5, Construction of the Index, § 2. Data truncation at equality benchmark: … In the case of sex ratio at birth, the equality benchmark is set at 0.944,
    GGGR 2018, p. 42, Country Score Card: … except for the sex ratio at birth (0.944)
  23. ↑ GGGR 2018, p. 5, Construction of the Index, § 2. Data trun-cation at equality benchmark: … the case of healthy life expectancy the equality benchmark is set at 1.06.
    GGGR 2018, p. 42, Country Score Card: … and the healthy life expectancy (1.06) indicators.
  24. ↑ Beneria, L., Permanyer, I.,(2010). The Measurement of Socio-economic Gender Inequality Revisited, Development and Change, 41:3, pp.375-399
  25. ↑ Stoet, Gijsbert; Geary, David C. (2019-01-03). "A simplified approach to measuring national gender inequality" (in en). PLOS ONE 14 (1). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0205349. ISSN 1932-6203. PMID 30605478. PMC 6317789. https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0205349. 

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