List of fastest computers

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This is a historical list of fastest computers and includes computers and supercomputers which were considered the fastest in the world at the time they were built.

Year Country of site Site Vendor / builder Computer Performance[a] Ref.
1938  Germany Personal research and development
Berlin, Germany 		Konrad Zuse Z1 1.00 IPS [1]
1940 Z2 1.25 IPS [2]
1941 Z3 20.00 IPS [3]
1944  United Kingdom Bletchley Park Tommy Flowers and his team,
Post Office Research Station 		Colossus 5.00 kIPS [4]
1945  United States University of Pennsylvania Moore School of Electrical Engineering ENIAC 5.00 kIPS [5]
1951 Massachusetts Institute of Technology MIT Servomechanisms Laboratory Whirlwind I 20.00 kIPS [6]
1958 McGuire Air Force Base IBM AN/FSQ-7 75.00 kIPS [7]
1960  United States Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory 7090 229.00 kIPS [8]
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Remington Rand's UNIVAC LARC 250.00 kIPS [9]
1961  United States Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory IBM 7030 Stretch 1.20 MIPS [10]
1962  United Kingdom University of Manchester University of Manchester,
Ferranti International, and Plessey Co. 		Atlas 1.00 MFLOPS [11]
1964  United States Lawrence Livermore and Los Alamos CDC 6600 3.00 MFLOPS [12]
1969 Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory 7600 36.00 MFLOPS [13]
1974 STAR-100 100.00 MFLOPS [14]
1976 Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory Cray Cray-1 160.00 MFLOPS [15]
1980  United Kingdom Meteorological Office, Bracknell CDC Cyber 205 400.00 MFLOPS [16]
1983  United States National Security Agency Cray X-MP/4 713.00 MFLOPS* [17]
1985  United States Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Cray Cray-2 1.41 GFLOPS* [18]
1988 NASA Ames Research Center Y-MP/832 2.14 GFLOPS* [17]
1990  Japan Fuji Heavy Industries Fujitsu VP2600/10 4.00 GFLOPS* [19]
1992  Canada Atmospheric Environment Service NEC SX-3/44 20.00 GFLOPS* [20]
1993  United States Los Alamos National Laboratory Thinking Machines CM-5/1024 59.70 GFLOPS* [21]
 Japan National Aerospace Laboratory of Japan Fujitsu Numerical Wind Tunnel 124.20 GFLOPS* [22]
1994  United States Sandia National Laboratories Intel Paragon XP/S 140 143.40 GFLOPS* [23]
 Japan National Aerospace Laboratory of Japan Fujitsu Numerical Wind Tunnel 170.00 GFLOPS* [22]
1996 University of Tokyo Hitachi SR2201 232.40 GFLOPS* [24]
University of Tsukuba CP-PACS 368.20 GFLOPS* [25]
1997  United States Sandia National Laboratories Intel ASCI Red 1.06 TFLOPS* [26]
2000 Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory IBM ASCI White 4.93 TFLOPS* [27]
2001 7.20 TFLOPS*
2002  Japan JAMSTEC Earth Simulator Center NEC Earth Simulator 35.86 TFLOPS* [28]
2004  United States Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory IBM Blue Gene/L 70.72 TFLOPS* [29]
2005 136.80 TFLOPS*
280.60 TFLOPS*
2007 478.20 TFLOPS*
2008  United States Los Alamos National Laboratory IBM Roadrunner 1.02 PFLOPS* [30]
1.10 PFLOPS*
2009 Oak Ridge National Laboratory Cray Jaguar 1.75 PFLOPS* [31]
2010  China National Supercomputing Center of Tianjin National University of Defense Technology Tianhe-1A 2.57 PFLOPS* [32]
2011  Japan RIKEN Advanced Institute for Computational Science Fujitsu K computer 10.51 PFLOPS* [33]
2012  United States Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory IBM Sequoia (Blue Gene/Q) 16.32 PFLOPS* [34]
Oak Ridge National Laboratory Cray Titan 17.59 PFLOPS* [35]
2013  China National Supercomputing Center of Guangzhou National University of Defense Technology Tianhe-2 33.86 PFLOPS* [36]
2016 National Supercomputing Center of Wuxi NRCPC Sunway TaihuLight 93.01 PFLOPS* [37]
2018  United States Oak Ridge National Laboratory IBM Summit 122.30 PFLOPS* [38]
2019 148.60 PFLOPS* [39]
2020  Japan RIKEN Center for Computational Science Fujitsu Fugaku 415.53 PFLOPS* [40]
442.01 PFLOPS*
2022  United States Oak Ridge National Laboratory HPE Cray Frontier 1.102 EFLOPS* [41]
2023 1.194 EFLOPS*
2024 1.206 EFLOPS*
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory El Capitan 1.742 EFLOPS* [42]
2025 1.809 EFLOPS*

a. ^ Performance figures for computers prior to 1983 represent nominal operation rates or peak instruction throughput.
An asterisk (*) denotes Rmax – the highest sustained performance measured using the LINPACK benchmarks suite.

This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.

See also

References

  1. ↑ "History of Computers and Computing, Birth of the modern computer, Relays computer, Konrad Zuse". https://history-computer.com/ModernComputer/Relays/Zuse.html. 
  2. ↑ "Z2". https://horst-zuse.hier-im-netz.de/Konrad_Zuse_index_english_html/rechner_z2.html. 
  3. ↑ Reinhardt, Helmut (1996) (in German). Automatisierungstechnik : theoretische und gerätetechnische Grundlagen, SPS. Berlin: Springer. pp. 241. ISBN 3-540-60626-2. OCLC 68764206. 
  4. ↑ "The Colossus Machine". https://cs.stanford.edu/people/eroberts/courses/soco/projects/2008-09/colossus/colossus.html. 
  5. ↑ Koerner, Brendan I. (2014-11-25). "How the World's First Computer Was Rescued From the Scrap Heap". Wired. https://www.wired.com/2014/11/eniac-unearthed/. Retrieved 2020-02-28. 
  6. ↑ "The Whirlwind I computer". Papers and discussions presented at the Dec. 10-12, 1951, joint AIEE-IRE computer conference: Review of electronic digital computers on - AIEE-IRE '51. ACM. 1951. pp. 70–74. doi:10.1145/1434770.1434781. https://research.microsoft.com/en-us/um/people/gbell/Computer_Structures__Readings_and_Examples/00000157.htm. Retrieved 2020-02-29. 
  7. ↑ "IBM AN/FSQ-7". https://www.old-computers.com/museum/computer.asp?st=1&c=1050. 
  8. ↑ "IBM Archives: 7090 Data Processing System" (in en-US). 2003-01-23. https://www.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/mainframe/mainframe_PP7090.html. 
  9. ↑ "LARC Links". https://people.cs.clemson.edu/~mark/larc.html. 
  10. ↑ Padua, David (2011). Encyclopedia of Parallel Computing. New York: Springer. pp. 406. ISBN 978-0-387-09766-4. OCLC 772461594. 
  11. ↑ Lavington, Simon Hugh (1975). A History of Manchester Computers (2nd ed.). Swindon: British Computer Society. ISBN 978-1-902505-01-5. OCLC 156380308. 
  12. ↑ Anthony, Sebastian (2012-04-10). "The history of supercomputers". https://www.extremetech.com/extreme/125271-the-history-of-supercomputers. 
  13. ↑ Bell, Gordon (1998-01-25). "CDC 7600". https://gordonbell.azurewebsites.net/craytalk/sld052.htm. 
  14. ↑ LARGE COMPUTER SYSTEMS AND NEW ARCHITECTURES, T. Bloch, CERN, Geneva, Switzerland, November 1978
  15. ↑ "Company History". http://www.cray.com/About/History.aspx. 
  16. ↑ "PDS: The Performance Database Server (Linpack)". https://performance.netlib.org/performance/html/linpack.data.col0.html. 
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 "Frequently Asked Questions". https://www.top500.org/resources/frequently-asked-questions/. 
  18. ↑ "CRAY-2/4-512". https://www.top500.org/system/167086. 
  19. ↑ "VP2600/10". https://www.top500.org/system/172259/. 
  20. ↑ "AES Installs Worlds Fastest Supercomputer". 1991-10-09. http://www.verycomputer.com/125_c31ffa015d596e79_1.htm. 
  21. ↑ "CM-5: Los Alamos National Lab". https://www.top500.org/resources/top-systems/cm-5-los-alamos-national-lab/. 
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 "Numerical Wind Tunnel: National Aerospace Laboratory of Japan". https://www.top500.org/resources/top-systems/numerical-wind-tunnel-national-aerospace-laborator/. 
  23. ↑ "Intel XP/S 140 Paragon: Sandia National Labs". https://www.top500.org/resources/top-systems/intel-xps-140-paragon-sandia-national-labs/. 
  24. ↑ "Hitachi SR2201: University of Tokyo". https://www.top500.org/resources/top-systems/hitachi-sr2201-university-of-tokyo/. 
  25. ↑ "CP-PACS: University of Tsukuba". https://www.top500.org/resources/top-systems/cp-pacs-university-of-tsukuba/. 
  26. ↑ "ASCI Red: Sandia National Laboratory". https://www.top500.org/resources/top-systems/asci-red-sandia-national-laboratory/. 
  27. ↑ "ASCI White: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory". https://www.top500.org/resources/top-systems/asci-white-lawrence-livermore-national-laboratory/. 
  28. ↑ "The Earth Simulator: Earth Simulator Center". https://www.top500.org/resources/top-systems/the-earth-simulator-earth-simulator-center/. 
  29. ↑ "BlueGene/L: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory". https://www.top500.org/resources/top-systems/bluegenel-lawrence-livermore-national-laboratory/. 
  30. ↑ "Roadrunner: Los Alamos National Laboratory". https://www.top500.org/resources/top-systems/roadrunner-los-alamos-national-laboratory/. 
  31. ↑ "Jaguar: Oak ridge National Laboratory". https://www.top500.org/resources/top-systems/jaguar-oak-ridge-national-laboratory/. 
  32. ↑ "Tianhe-1A: National Supercomputing Center in Tianjin". https://www.top500.org/resources/top-systems/tianhe-1a-national-supercomputing-center-in-tianji/. 
  33. ↑ "K Computer: RIKEN Advanced Institute for Computational Science". https://www.top500.org/resources/top-systems/k-computer-riken-advanced-institute-for-computatio/. 
  34. ↑ "Sequoia: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory". https://www.top500.org/resources/top-systems/sequoia-lawrence-livermore-national-laboratory/. 
  35. ↑ "Titan: Oak Ridge National Laboratory". https://www.top500.org/resources/top-systems/titan-oak-ridge-national-laboratory/. 
  36. ↑ "Tianhe-2 (MilkyWay-2) : National University of Defense Technology". https://www.top500.org/resources/top-systems/tianhe-2-milkyway-2-national-university-of-defense/. 
  37. ↑ "Sunway TaihuLight: National Supercomputing Center in Wuxi". https://www.top500.org/resources/top-systems/sunway-taihulight-national-supercomputing-center-i/. 
  38. ↑ "Summit: DOE/SC/Oak Ridge National Laboratory". https://www.top500.org/resources/top-systems/summit-doescoak-ridge-national-laboratory/. 
  39. ↑ "Summit - IBM Power System AC922, IBM POWER9 22C 3.07GHz, NVIDIA Volta GV100, Dual-rail Mellanox EDR Infiniband". https://www.top500.org/system/179397. 
  40. ↑ "Supercomputer Fugaku - Supercomputer Fugaku, A64FX 48C 2.2GHz, Tofu interconnect D". https://www.top500.org/system/179807/. 
  41. ↑ "Frontier - HPE Cray EX235a, AMD Optimized 3rd Generation EPYC 64C 2GHz, AMD Instinct MI250X, Slingshot-11". https://top500.org/system/180047/. 
  42. ↑ "El Capitan - HPE Cray EX255a, AMD 4th Gen EPYC 24C 1.8GHz, AMD Instinct MI300A, Slingshot-11, TOSS". https://top500.org/system/180307/. 



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