Mapping cone (topology)
In mathematics, especially homotopy theory, the mapping cone is a construction [math]\displaystyle{ C_f }[/math] of topology, analogous to a quotient space. It is also called the homotopy cofiber, and also notated [math]\displaystyle{ Cf }[/math]. Its dual, a fibration, is called the mapping fibre. The mapping cone can be understood to be a mapping cylinder [math]\displaystyle{ Mf }[/math], with one end of the cylinder collapsed to a point. Thus, mapping cones are frequently applied in the homotopy theory of pointed spaces.
Definition
Given a map [math]\displaystyle{ f\colon X \to Y }[/math], the mapping cone [math]\displaystyle{ C_f }[/math] is defined to be the quotient space of the mapping cylinder [math]\displaystyle{ (X \times I) \sqcup_f Y }[/math] with respect to the equivalence relation [math]\displaystyle{ \forall x,x' \in X, (x, 0) \sim \left(x', 0\right)\, }[/math], [math]\displaystyle{ (x, 1) \sim f(x) }[/math]. Here [math]\displaystyle{ I }[/math] denotes the unit interval [0, 1] with its standard topology. Note that some authors (like J. Peter May) use the opposite convention, switching 0 and 1.
Visually, one takes the cone on X (the cylinder [math]\displaystyle{ X \times I }[/math] with one end (the 0 end) identified to a point), and glues the other end onto Y via the map f (the identification of the 1 end).
Coarsely, one is taking the quotient space by the image of X, so [math]\displaystyle{ C_f = Y/f(X) }[/math]; this is not precisely correct because of point-set issues, but is the philosophy, and is made precise by such results as the homology of a pair and the notion of an n-connected map.
The above is the definition for a map of unpointed spaces; for a map of pointed spaces [math]\displaystyle{ f\colon (X, x_0) \to (Y, y_0), }[/math] (so [math]\displaystyle{ f\colon x_0 \mapsto y_0 }[/math]), one also identifies all of [math]\displaystyle{ x_0 \times I }[/math]; formally, [math]\displaystyle{ (x_0, t) \sim \left(x_0, t'\right)\,. }[/math] Thus one end and the "seam" are all identified with [math]\displaystyle{ y_0. }[/math]
Example of circle
If [math]\displaystyle{ X }[/math] is the circle [math]\displaystyle{ S^1 }[/math], the mapping cone [math]\displaystyle{ C_f }[/math] can be considered as the quotient space of the disjoint union of Y with the disk [math]\displaystyle{ D^2 }[/math] formed by identifying each point x on the boundary of [math]\displaystyle{ D^2 }[/math] to the point [math]\displaystyle{ f(x) }[/math] in Y.
Consider, for example, the case where Y is the disk [math]\displaystyle{ D^2 }[/math], and [math]\displaystyle{ f\colon S^1 \to Y = D^2 }[/math] is the standard inclusion of the circle [math]\displaystyle{ S^1 }[/math] as the boundary of [math]\displaystyle{ D^2 }[/math]. Then the mapping cone [math]\displaystyle{ C_f }[/math] is homeomorphic to two disks joined on their boundary, which is topologically the sphere [math]\displaystyle{ S^2 }[/math].
Double mapping cylinder
The mapping cone is a special case of the double mapping cylinder. This is basically a cylinder [math]\displaystyle{ X \times I }[/math] joined on one end to a space [math]\displaystyle{ Y_1 }[/math] via a map
- [math]\displaystyle{ f_1: X \to Y_1 }[/math]
and joined on the other end to a space [math]\displaystyle{ Y_2 }[/math] via a map
- [math]\displaystyle{ f_2: X \to Y_2 }[/math]
The mapping cone is the degenerate case of the double mapping cylinder (also known as the homotopy pushout), in which one of [math]\displaystyle{ Y_1, Y_2 }[/math] is a single point.
Dual construction: the mapping fibre
The dual to the mapping cone is the mapping fibre [math]\displaystyle{ F_f }[/math]. Given the pointed map [math]\displaystyle{ f\colon (X, x_0) \to (Y, y_0), }[/math] one defines the mapping fiber as[1]
- [math]\displaystyle{ F_f = \left\{(x, \omega) \in X \times Y^I : \omega(0) = y_0 \mbox{ and } \omega(1) = f(x)\right\} }[/math].
Here, I is the unit interval and [math]\displaystyle{ \omega }[/math] is a continuous path in the space (the exponential object) [math]\displaystyle{ Y^I }[/math]. The mapping fiber is sometimes denoted as [math]\displaystyle{ Mf }[/math]; however this conflicts with the same notation for the mapping cylinder.
It is dual to the mapping cone in the sense that the product above is essentially the fibered product or pullback [math]\displaystyle{ X\times_f Y }[/math] which is dual to the pushout [math]\displaystyle{ X\sqcup_f Y }[/math] used to construct the mapping cone.[2] In this particular case, the duality is essentially that of currying, in that the mapping cone [math]\displaystyle{ (X\times I)\sqcup_f Y }[/math] has the curried form [math]\displaystyle{ X \times_f (I\to Y) }[/math] where [math]\displaystyle{ I\to Y }[/math] is simply an alternate notation for the space [math]\displaystyle{ Y^I }[/math] of all continuous maps from the unit interval to [math]\displaystyle{ Y }[/math]. The two variants are related by an adjoint functor. Observe that the currying preserves the reduced nature of the maps: in the one case, to the tip of the cone, and in the other case, paths to the basepoint.
Applications
CW-complexes
Attaching a cell.
Effect on fundamental group
Given a space X and a loop [math]\displaystyle{ \alpha\colon S^1 \to X }[/math] representing an element of the fundamental group of X, we can form the mapping cone [math]\displaystyle{ C_\alpha }[/math]. The effect of this is to make the loop [math]\displaystyle{ \alpha }[/math] contractible in [math]\displaystyle{ C_\alpha }[/math], and therefore the equivalence class of [math]\displaystyle{ \alpha }[/math] in the fundamental group of [math]\displaystyle{ C_\alpha }[/math] will be simply the identity element.
Given a group presentation by generators and relations, one gets a 2-complex with that fundamental group.
Homology of a pair
The mapping cone lets one interpret the homology of a pair as the reduced homology of the quotient. Namely, if E is a homology theory, and [math]\displaystyle{ i\colon A \to X }[/math] is a cofibration, then
- [math]\displaystyle{ E_*(X,A) = E_*(X/A,*) = \tilde E_*(X/A) }[/math],
which follows by applying excision to the mapping cone.[2]
Relation to homotopy (homology) equivalences
A map [math]\displaystyle{ f\colon X\rightarrow Y }[/math] between simply-connected CW complexes is a homotopy equivalence if and only if its mapping cone is contractible.
More generally, a map is called n-connected (as a map) if its mapping cone is n-connected (as a space), plus a little more.[3][page needed]
Let [math]\displaystyle{ \mathbb{}H_* }[/math] be a fixed homology theory. The map [math]\displaystyle{ f\colon X\rightarrow Y }[/math] induces isomorphisms on [math]\displaystyle{ H_* }[/math], if and only if the map [math]\displaystyle{ \{pt\}\hookrightarrow C_f }[/math] induces an isomorphism on [math]\displaystyle{ H_* }[/math], i.e., [math]\displaystyle{ H_*(C_f,pt)=0 }[/math].
Mapping cones are famously used to construct the long coexact Puppe sequences, from which long exact sequences of homotopy and relative homotopy groups can be obtained.[1]
See also
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Rotman, Joseph J. (1988). An Introduction to Algebraic Topology. Springer-Verlag. ISBN 0-387-96678-1. See Chapter 11 for proof.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 May, J. Peter (1999). A Concise Course in Algebraic Topology. Chicago Lectures in Mathematics. ISBN 0-226-51183-9. http://www.math.uchicago.edu/~may/CONCISE/ConciseRevised.pdf. See Chapter 6.
- ↑ * Hatcher, Allen (2002). Algebraic topology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521795401. https://www.math.cornell.edu/~hatcher/AT/ATpage.html.
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