Medicine:Hyperalphalipoproteinemia
Hyperalphalipoproteinemia (HALP) is abnormally high levels of high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) in plasma above the 90th percentile of values in the general population.[1] Hyperalphalipoproteinemia represents a subset of dyslipidemia disorders and a superset of hypercholesterolemia. Hyperalphalipoproteinemia is a chronic disorder that is typically asymptomatic but epidemiological studies have shown contradictory results on the relationship between high density lipoprotein levels and cardiovascular risk in subjects with primary HALP.[1]
Signs and symptoms
Hyperalphalipoproteinemia, on its own, is almost entirely asymptomatic.[2] However, Extremely high levels of High-density lipoprotein categorized by Hyperalphalipoproteinemia, and can predispose one to more serious medical issues, including higher rates of cardiovascular disease.[3]
Causes
The major causes of hyperalphalipoproteinemia are various genetic mutations causing Apolipoprotein A-I overproduction and Apolipoprotein C-III variants leading to higher levels of High-density lipoprotein.[2] Individuals with a genetic predisposition for hyperalphalipoproteinemia or a family history are at a greater risk for this disease.
High-density-lipoprotein Cholesterol
High-density lipoprotein (HDL) is one of the five main lipoproteins, composed of multiple proteins that carry fats (lipids) all around the body's cells.[4][5] It is generally considered to as "good cholesterol" because they transport fat molecules out of artery walls, reduce macrophage accumulation, and thus help prevent or even regress atherosclerosis.[5] It can be affected by behavioral or genetic factors, including tobacco use, obesity, inactivity, hypertriglyceridemia, diabetes, high carbohydrate diet, medication side effects (beta-blockers, anabolic steroids, progestins, benzodiazepines)[5] and genetic mutations.[1] Extremely high levels are categorized as greater than100 mg/dL.[6] While low levels are categorized as less than 40 mg/dL.[7]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Giammanco, Antonina; Noto, Davide; Barbagallo, Carlo Maria; Nardi, Emilio; Caldarella, Rosalia; Ciaccio, Marcello; Averna, Maurizio Rocco; Cefalù, Angelo Baldassare (2021-06-18). "Hyperalphalipoproteinemia and Beyond: The Role of HDL in Cardiovascular Diseases" (in en). Life 11 (6): 581. doi:10.3390/life11060581. ISSN 2075-1729. PMID 34207236. Bibcode: 2021Life...11..581G.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Isolated Elevated High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (HDL-C) Levels - Endocrinology" (in en-US). https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/endocrine-and-metabolic-disorders/lipid-disorders/isolated-elevated-high-density-lipoprotein-cholesterol-hdl-c-levels.
- ↑ Ryu, Ha-Eun; Jung, Dong Hyuk; Heo, Seok-Jae; Park, Byoungjin; Lee, Yong Jae (2025-05-15). "Extremely high HDL cholesterol paradoxically increases the risk of all-cause mortality in non-diabetic males from the Korean population: Korean genome and epidemiology study-health examinees (KoGES-HEXA) cohorts". Frontiers in Medicine 12. doi:10.3389/fmed.2025.1534524. ISSN 2296-858X. PMID 40443511.
- ↑ CDC (2026-03-13). "LDL and HDL Cholesterol and Triglycerides" (in en-us). https://www.cdc.gov/cholesterol/about/ldl-and-hdl-cholesterol-and-triglycerides.html.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 "HDL: The "Good" Cholesterol". https://medlineplus.gov/hdlthegoodcholesterol.html.
- ↑ Inazu, Akihiro (2025-08-01). "Cholesteryl Ester Transfer Protein Deficiency and Hyperalphalipoproteinemia". Journal of Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis 32 (8): 911–923. doi:10.5551/jat.RV22037. ISSN 1880-3873. PMID 40436797.
- ↑ Kopin, L.; Lowenstein, C. (2017). "ACP Journals" (in en). Annals of Internal Medicine 167 (11): ITC81–ITC96. doi:10.7326/AITC201712050. PMID 29204622. https://www.acpjournals.org/action/cookieAbsent. Retrieved 2026-04-07.
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